A Multifunctional Organic Electrolyte Additive for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries Based on Polyaniline Cathode

The practical applications of aqueous zinc ion batteries are hindered by the formation of dendrites on the anode, the narrow electrochemical window of electrolyte, and the instability of the cathode. To address all these challenges simultaneously, a multi-functional electrolyte additive of 1-phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PEA) is developed for aqueous zinc ion batteries based on polyaniline (PANI) cathode. Experiments and theoretical calculations confirm that the PEA additive can regulate the solvation sheath of Zn²⁺ and form a protective layer on the surface of the Zn metal anode. This broadens the electrochemical stability window of the aqueous electrolyte and enables uniform deposition of Zn. On the cathode side, the Cl⁻ anions from PEA enter the PANI chain during charge and release fewer water molecules surrounding the oxidized PANI, thus suppressing harmful side reactions. When used in a Zn||PANI battery, this cathode/anode compatible electrolyte exhibits excellent rate performance and long cycle life, making it highly attractive for practical applications.     

Highly Improved Cycling Stability of Anion De‐/Intercalation in the Graphite Cathode for Dual‐Ion Batteries

Conventional ion batteries utilizing metallic ions as the single charge carriers are limited by the insufficient abundance of metal resources. Although supercapacitors apply both cations and anions to store energy through absorption and/or Faradic reactions occurring at the interfaces of the electrode/electrolyte, the inherent low energy density hinders its application. The graphite‐cathode‐based dual‐ion battery possesses a higher energy density due to its high working potential of nearly 5 V. However, such a battery configuration suffers from severe electrolyte decomposition and exfoliation of the graphite cathode, rendering an inferior cycle life. Herein, a new surface‐modification strategy is developed to protect the graphite cathode from the anion salvation effect and the deposition derived from electrolyte decomposition by generating an artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Such SEI‐modified graphite exhibits superior cycling stability with 96% capacity retention after 500 cycles under 200 mA g^?1 at the upper cutoff voltage of 5.0 V, which is much improved compared with the pristine graphite electrode. Through several ex situ studies, it is revealed that the artificial SEI greatly stabilizes the interfaces of the electrode/electrolyte after reconstruction and gradual establishment of the optimal anion‐transport path. The findings shed light on a new avenue toward promoting the performance of the dual‐ion battery (DIB) and hence to make it practical finally.     

Few Atomic Layered Lithium Cathode Materials to Achieve Ultrahigh Rate Capability in Lithium‐Ion Batteries

The most promising cathode materials, including LiCoO₂ (layered), LiMn₂O₄ (spinel), and LiFePO₄ (olivine), have been the focus of intense research to develop rechargeable lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) for portable electronic devices. Sluggish lithium diffusion, however, and unsatisfactory long‐term cycling performance still limit the development of present LIBs for several applications, such as plug‐in/hybrid electric vehicles. Motivated by the success of graphene and novel 2D materials with unique physical and chemical properties, herein, a simple shear‐assisted mechanical exfoliation method to synthesize few‐layered nanosheets of LiCoO₂, LiMn₂O₄, and LiFePO₄ is used. Importantly, these as‐prepared nanosheets with preferred orientations and optimized stable structures exhibit excellent C‐rate capability and long‐term cycling performance with much reduced volume expansion during cycling. In particular, the zero‐strain insertion phenomenon could be achieved in 2–3 such layers of LiCoO₂ electrode materials, which could open up a new way to the further development of next‐generation long‐life and high‐rate batteries.     

锂离子电池正极材料LiNi-x-yCoxMnyO2的研究现状

正极材料对锂离子电池的性能和价格具有决定性的作用，对正极材料的研究一直是锂离子电池研究中的热点。主要对一类新型正极材料LiNi-x-yCoxMnyO2的国内外研究现状进行了综述，并比较了不同合成方法对其电化学性能的影响，最后对这类正极材料的研究给予了展望。     

锂离子电池镍系正极材料的热稳定性研究进展

镍酸锂作为高性能、低成本的锂离子电池正极材料已倍受关注.但存在一些实用化的困难,热稳定性差即是主要的因素之一.本文综述了镍酸锂材料在全锂或电化学脱锂状态下的热行为和热分解机理的最新研究进展;概述了以解决镍酸锂用作锂离子电池正极材料的热稳定性问题所进行的各种改性研究情况.     

锂离子电池炭负极材料结构的研究进展

综述了近年来锂离子电池碳负极材料结构的研究情况,着重总结了石墨材料、炭材料以及纳米碳材料结构方面的研究进展.     

Macroscopic Carbon Nanotube Structures for Lithium Batteries

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are regarded as one of the most promising materials to manufacture high‐performance lithium batteries. This prospect is closely related to the construction of macroscopic architectures of CNTs. The superaligned CNT (SACNT) array is a unique kind of vertically aligned CNT array. Its highly oriented feature and strong intertube force facilitate the fabrication of macroscopic SACNT structures with various forms, including unidirectional films, buckypapers, and aerogels, etc. The as‐produced SACNT macroscopic architectures are successfully introduced into lithium batteries due to their outstanding electrical and mechanical properties. Herein, an overview of the functions of macroscopic SACNTs in lithium batteries is proposed, including their applications in composite electrodes, current collectors, interlayers, and flexible full cells.     

Synthesis of MoS2@C Nanotubes Via the Kirkendall Effect with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries

A MoS₂@C nanotube composite is prepared through a facile hydrothermal method, in which the MoS₂ nanotube and amorphous carbon are generated synchronically. When evaluated as an anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIB), the MoS₂@C nanotube manifests an enhanced capacity of 1327 mA h g^?1 at 0.1 C with high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 92% and with capacity retention of 1058.4 mA h g^?1 (90% initial capacity retention) after 300 cycles at a rate of 0.5 C. A superior rate capacity of 850 mA h g^?1 at 5 C is also obtained. As for sodium ion batteries, a specific capacity of 480 mA h g^?1 at 0.5 C is achieved after 200 cycles. The synchronically formed carbon and stable hollow structure lead to the long cycle stability, high ICE, and superior rate capability. The good electrochemical behavior of MoS₂@C nanotube composite suggests its potential application in high‐energy LIB.     

The Regulating Role of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in Lithium‐Ion and Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

The ever‐increasing demands for batteries with high energy densities to power the portable electronics with increased power consumption and to advance vehicle electrification and grid energy storage have propelled lithium battery technology to a position of tremendous importance. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene, known with many appealing properties, are investigated intensely for improving the performance of lithium‐ion (Li‐ion) and lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. However, a general and objective understanding of their actual role in Li‐ion and Li–S batteries is lacking. It is recognized that CNTs and graphene are not appropriate active lithium storage materials, but are more like a regulator: they do not electrochemically react with lithium ions and electrons, but serve to regulate the lithium storage behavior of a specific electroactive material and increase the range of applications of a lithium battery. First, metrics for the evaluation of lithium batteries are discussed, based on which the regulating role of CNTs and graphene in Li‐ion and Li–S batteries is comprehensively considered from fundamental electrochemical reactions to electrode structure and integral cell design. Finally, perspectives on how CNTs and graphene can further contribute to the development of lithium batteries are presented.     

电子导电剂对石榴石基固态锂电池循环性能的影响

基于石榴石固体电解质的固态锂电池面临着固体电解质和固体电极之间较大的界面阻抗问题, 导致循环性能不佳。为了解决此问题, 本课题组制备并研究了LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂基正极、Li_6.4La₃Zr_1.4Ta_0.6O₁₂陶瓷固体电解质和金属锂负极构成的固态锂电池。在构筑LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂基正极时采用三种不同的导电碳, 研究表明, 与科琴黑和超导炭黑相比, 使用气相生长碳纤维(Vapor Grown Carbon Fiber, VGCF)时, 固态电池有更优异的循环性能。这是因为充电到高电压时, VGCF比另外两种导电剂引起的副反应更少, 从而减少能增加电池内阻的碳酸盐类副产物的形成。这些结果说明电子导电剂的稳定性对固态锂电池的循环性能有重要影响。     

Polyimide@Ketjenblack Composite: A Porous Organic Cathode for Fast Rechargeable Potassium‐Ion Batteries

Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) configurated by organic electrodes have been identified as a promising alternative to lithium‐ion batteries. Here, a porous organic Polyimide@Ketjenblack is demonstrated in PIBs as a cathode, which exhibits excellent performance with a large reversible capacity (143 mAh g^?1 at 100 mA g^?1), high rate capability (125 and 105 mAh g^?1 at 1000 and 5000 mA g^?1), and long cycling stability (76% capacity retention at 2000 mA g^?1 over 1000 cycles). The domination of fast capacitive‐like reaction kinetics is verified, which benefits from the porous structure synthesized using in situ polymerization. Moreover, a renewable and low‐cost full cell is demonstrated with superior rate behavior (106 mAh g^?1 at 3200 mA g^?1). This work proposes a strategy to design polymer electrodes for high‐performance organic PIBs.     

Novel Silicon Doped Tin Oxide–Carbon Microspheres as Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries: The Multiple Effects Exerted by Doped Si

Silicon doped tin oxide embedded porous carbon microspheres (Si_y Sn_1–y O_x @C) are synthesized. It is found that the doped Si not only improves the reversibility of lithiation/delithiation reactions, but also prevents Sn from aggregation. In addition, the doped Si introduces extra defects into the carbon matrix and produces Li⁺ conductive Li₄SiO₄, which accelerates Li⁺ diffusion. Together with the conductive, porous carbon matrix that provides void space to accommodate the volume change of Sn during charge/discharge cycling, the novel Si_y Sn_1–y O_x @C exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. It shows a high initial columbic efficiency of 75.9%. A charge (delithiation) capacity of 880.32 mA h g⁻¹ is retained after 150 cycles, i.e., 91% of the initial capacity. These results indicate that the as‐synthesized Si_y Sn_1–y O_x @C is a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries.     

锂离子电池NbSnSb负极材料的制备和性能

通过球磨的方法制备了锂离子电池铌锡锑三元合金负极材料。用XRD、TEM和电化学测试对材料进行了表征,用非原位XRD测试研究了材料的反应机理。所制备的铌锡锑三元合金材料颗粒粒径大小分布在2～5μm之间。在充放电电压为1.5V到0V范围内,初始可逆充电容量为568mAh/g,经过20周的循环后,充电容量保持为初始容量的59.2%。由于铌锡锑材料中非活性物质Nb的作用,在相同条件下,与锡锑二元合金负极材料相比,其贮锂容量和循环性能都有明显的提高。