数字射线成像中射线对面阵 CCD图像传感器影响的研究

目的 研究数字射线成像系统中X射线对CCD图像传感器及其系统成像质量的影响方式、特点以及图像质量的改善算法。方法 利用实验手段,对CCD图像传感器区域上的受摄像影响的像素数进行了统计,并对统计的结果进行了分析。结果与结论 在DR系统中,x射线对CCD产生的影响直接造成了图像上的单像素、高幅值的尖峰脉冲,针对这种噪声特点,文中介绍了两种滤波算法。     

Accurate pixel-to-pixel correspondence adjustment in a digital micromirror device camera by using the phase-shifting moiré method

A camera based on the digital micromirror device (DMD) technology has been previously developed. In this optical system, the correspondence of each mirror of the DMD to each pixel of the CCD cannot readily be done since the pixel sizes of the DMD and the CCD are very small. An accurate pixel-to-pixel correspondence adjustment in the DMD camera by means of the phase-shifting moiré method is proposed. To perform high accurate adjustment of the optical system, the phase distribution of a moiré fringe pattern is analyzed when the CCD pixels and the DMD mirrors have a mismatch and/or misalignment with each other. This technique does not need a complicated setting or complex image processing to generate the moiré fringe pattern, and it needs only one captured image. In the adjustment experiment, the proposed method provided very accurate adjustment whose error was less than 1/25 pixel. An experiment of phase analysis to demonstrate the usefulness was performed.     

便携式 X-射线透视仪图像非均匀性分析及校正

从射线场强度的非均匀性、转换屏响应不一致性和 CCD 相机像元光电响应不一致性三方面对便携式X射线透视仪图像非均匀性的产生机理进行了理论分析. 并在此基础上建立了透视仪每个像元通道光电响应的数学模型. 基于该模型,提出了一种多点线性拟合校正算法. 给出了应用本方法校正前后的图像结果及标准差对比情况. 本方法已应用于便携式安检排爆 X-射线检测系统.     

数码相机CCD噪点的检测

CCD的噪点是影响数码相机成像质量的关键因素之一。本文讨论了CCD噪点形成的原因，提出了针对不同特性的噪点进行软件检测的两种方法，并对实验检测结果进行了分析。     

Geometric superresolution by code division multiplexing

In many highly resolved optical systems the resolution is limited not by the optics but by the CCD's nonzero pixel size. As a result, overall resolution is decreased. Here we propose a novel approach to enhancing resolution beyond the limit set by the CCD's pixels. This method does not involve additional mechanical elements, such as those used for microscans. In this scheme neither the CCD nor additional elements are moved. The geometric superresolving procedure is based on code-division multiplexing, with all its inherent benefits, such as relative noise immunity to single-tone interference. A setup is proposed for coherent and incoherent illumination, with slight modifications for the latter. A theoretical analysis of the setup is presented and compared with empirical results. This scheme is shown to enhance one-dimensional image resolution with the use of only a simple mask that doubles image resolution. This method can easily be expanded to two-dimensional images and to resolution-enhancement factors greater than 2.     

Calculation of the properties of digital mammograms using a computer simulation

A Monte Carlo computer model of mammography has been developed to study and optimise the performance of digital mammographic systems. The program uses high-resolution voxel phantoms to model the breast, which simulate the adipose and fibroglandular tissues, Cooper's ligaments, ducts and skin in three dimensions. The model calculates the dose to each tissue, and also the quantities such as energy imparted to image pixels, noise per image pixel and scatter-to-primary (S/P) ratios. It allows studies of the dependence of image properties on breast structure and on position within the image. The program has been calibrated by calculating and measuring the pixel values and noise for a digital mammographic system. The thicknesses of two components of this system were unknown, and were adjusted to obtain a good agreement between measurement and calculation. The utility of the program is demonstrated with the calculations of the variation of the S/P ratio with and without a grid, and of the image contrast across the image of a 50-mm-thick breast phantom.     

自动识别航空CCD图像上建筑物的方法

针对高分辨率航空CCD图像上建筑物的特点,提出了一种自动识别规则建筑物的新方法。通过系统级几何校正和平滑处理实现图像的预处理,组合拉普拉斯图像锐化和阈值分割方法准确检测CCD图像上的边缘信息。应用二值图像像元的邻接连通量提取线段信息,提出了根据图像双向投影图确定建筑物角点位置的方法,并对角点位置序列进行搜索和匹配识别,从而提取建筑物轮廓信息。通过实际的航空CCD图像处理说明方法是可行的,识别的有效率达到85%左右。     

High resolution digital holographic microscopy with a wide field of view based on a synthetic aperture technique and use of linear CCD scanning

Theoretical analysis shows that, to improve the resolution and the range of the field of view of the reconstructed image in digital lensless Fourier transform holography, an effective solution is to increase the area and the pixel number of the recorded digital hologram. A new approach based on the synthetic aperture technique and use of linear CCD scanning is presented to obtain digital holographic images with high resolution and a wide field of view. By using a synthetic aperture technique and linear CCD scanning, we obtained digital lensless Fourier transform holograms with a large area of 3.5 cm x 3.5 cm (5000 x 5000 pixels). The numerical reconstruction of a 4 mm object at a distance of 14 cm by use of a Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral shows that a theoretically minimum resolvable distance of 2.57 microm can be achieved at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis.     

Classifier-augmented median filters for image restoration

Developed in this paper is a new approach that augments a fuzzy classifier to determine whether or not the operating pixel, centered in the sliding window, should be involved with the impulse noise filtering process. Owing to the inclusion of the fuzzy K-nearest neighbor (K-NN) scheme, any central operating pixel that is not noise corrupted can be effectively detected and then left unchanged. Thus, the unnecessary pixel replacement can be avoided and the details and signal structure of the image will be best retained. If the center point is found to be noise corrupted, the proposed classifier-augmented median filter facilitates the filtering action only on a subset of pixels, which are not noise contaminated in the window. Due to this impulse pixel exclusion, the biased estimation caused from impulses can be eliminated and, thus, obtains a better estimation of the center pixel. Experimental results showed that this new approach largely outperformed several existing schemes for image noise removal.     

An adaptive image denoising method based on local parameters optimization

In image denoising algorithms, the noise is handled by either modifying term-by-term, i.e., individual pixels or block-by-block, i.e., group of pixels, using suitable shrinkage factor and threshold function. The shrinkage factor is generally a function of threshold and some other characteristics of the neighbouring pixels of the pixel to be thresholded (denoised). The threshold is determined in terms of the noise variance present in the image and its size. The VisuShrink, SureShrink, and NeighShrink methods are important denoising methods that provide good results. The first two, i.e., VisuShrink and SureShrink methods follow term-by-term approach, i.e., modify the individual pixel and the third one, i.e., NeighShrink and its variants: ModiNeighShrink, IIDMWD, and IAWDMBMC, follow block-by-block approach, i.e., modify the pixels in groups, in order to remove the noise. The VisuShrink, SureShrink, and NeighShrink methods however do not give very good visual quality because they remove too many coefficients due to their high threshold values. In this paper, we propose an image denoising method that uses the local parameters of the neighbouring coefficients of the pixel to be denoised in the noisy image. In our method, we propose two new shrinkage factors and the threshold at each decomposition level, which lead to better visual quality. We also establish the relationship between both the shrinkage factors. We compare the performance of our method with that of the VisuShrink and NeighShrink including various variants. Simulation results show that our proposed method has high peak signal-to-noise ratio and good visual quality of the image as compared to the traditional methods: Weiner filter, VisuShrink, SureShrink, NeighBlock, NeighShrink, ModiNeighShrink, LAWML, IIDMWT, and IAWDMBNC methods.     

数码相机进入高像素时代

随着CCD传感器生产技术的迅速进步，数码相机CCD的尺寸显著增加，其所包含的像素更是越来越多，一些著名的照相机工业公司已经推出一系列高像素数码相机，其CCD像素数达到3000万-5000万，特别适合专业摄影之用。     

Large area X-ray detectors based on amorphous silicon technology

The replacement of the radiographic film in medical imaging is a major issue. It requires an ∼40 cm wide detector to cover all examinations, an equivalent noise level of 1-5 X-ray quanta per pixel, and spatial resolution in the range of a few hundred microns. The need for entirely electronic imaging equipment has fostered the development of many X-ray detectors, most of them based on an array of amorphous silicon pixels, which is the only technology able to achieve such large areas. Essentially two concepts have been implemented: intermediate conversion of X-rays to light by a scintillator, detected by an array of light sensitive pixels, comprising a photodiode and a switching device, either a TFT or a diode conversion into electron hole pairs in a photoconductor, collected by an array of electrodes and switches. In both cases, charge amplifiers read the generated charges line by line. Scintillator and photoconductor based systems are now close to production. They achieve better image quality than the classic filmscreen combination, at lower X-ray doses and with a much broader dynamic range. Dynamic imaging up to 30 frames/s has been demonstrated. The technical challenges at the level of the a-Si array are the number of acceptable defects, the on/off ratio of the switches, the quantum efficiency of the photodiodes, the memory effects associated with traps in a-Si. Of course, long-term reliability is a major concern for medical components.     

计算机图像技术在高温锻件尺寸测量中的应用

利用彩色CCD和红外滤光片等搭建了高温锻件的尺寸测量平台,通过数字滤光与物理滤光技术提高锻件图像质量,采用比较测量法精确测量锻件二维尺寸。通过采集标准量块图像并应用畸变校正、噪声抑制、亚像素边缘提取等标定出系统的像素尺寸当量,然后选用其它标准量块进行验证,测量系统的横向测量不确定度为0.005 1 mm,纵向测量不确定度为0.008 7 mm。温度在1 000 ℃时采集45#锻件的图像并进行解算,所得测量尺寸与理论值的绝对误差小于1 mm,满足该系统的测量精度要求。     

神经网络识别图像椒盐噪声的自适应滤波方法

为了使椒盐噪声不影响图像的后续处理,提出一种基于BP神经网络噪声检测的自适应开关滤波器来检测和滤除图像椒盐噪声.该方法利用像素值及其邻域特性作为像素点的描述即神经网络的输入,通过神经网络自动检测图像的噪声位置,据此保持非噪声点不变,对噪声点进行自适应窗口大小的均值滤波处理,且仅窗口内非噪声点参与均值运算.实验结果表明,...     

Interline Transfer CCD Camera for Gated Broadband Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman-Scattering Measurements

Use of an interline transfer CCD camera for the acquisition of broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman-scattering (CARS) spectra is demonstrated. The interline transfer CCD has alternating columns of imaging and storage pixels that allow one to acquire two successive images by shifting the first image in the storage pixels and immediately acquiring the second image. We have used this dual-image mode for gated CARS measurements by acquiring a CARS spectral image and shifting it rapidly from the imaging pixel columns to the storage pixel columns. We have demonstrated the use of this dual-image mode for gated single-laser-shot measurement of hydrogen and nitrogen CARS spectra at room temperature and in atmospheric pressure flames. The performance of the interline transfer CCD for these CARS measurements is compared directly with the performance of a back-illuminated unintensified CCD camera.     

基于TMS320DM642的电视测角仪检测研究

通过分析电视测角仪的检测需求,结合数字图像处理技术,提出了以TMS320DM642为核心的视频检测系统框架,并对主要电路的设计进行了详细的介绍。根据CCD像元与数字图像中像素的对应关系,提出了在数字图像中计算弹标偏移量的处理方案,结合电视测角仪捕捉弹标信号的特点,通过追踪窗口的定位缩小了数据处理范围,提高了检测系统的实时性。整个系统以视频采集系统为基础,以数字图像处理为核心,为电视测角仪的检测研究提供了一种新的思路。     

Reduction of Noise‐Induced Bias in Displacement Estimation by Linear Off‐Pixel Digital Image Correlation

Abstract: A linear digital image correlation algorithm is proposed to eliminate noise‐induced bias in one‐dimensional translation estimation using noisy images. The algorithm uses linear interpolation for both initial and current images at off‐pixel positions and solves directly the displacement parameter by minimizing a sum‐of‐squared‐differences coefficient. Both analytical results and numerical simulations using synthetic image sets show that there is indeed no noise‐induced bias in the displacement estimation using the proposed algorithm if the off‐pixel positions in both images are chosen properly according to the relative displacement between two images. When the displacement is only known initially within a range of ±0.5 pixels from the actual displacement, an iterative procedure using the algorithm is able to obtain the displacement estimation with a residual bias that converges to the noiseless subpixel approximation bias. A further refinement of the off‐pixel analysis algorithm will be needed so the remaining residual bias due to subpixel approximation can also be significantly reduced.     

Modeling, calibration, and correction of nonlinear illumination-dependent fixed pattern noise in logarithmic CMOS image sensors

At present, most CMOS image sensors use an array of pixels with a linear response. However, pixels with a logarithmic response are also possible and are capable of imaging high dynamic range scenes without saturating. Unfortunately, logarithmic image sensors suffer from fixed pattern noise (FPN). Work reported in the literature generally assumes the FPN is independent of illumination. This paper develops a nonlinear model y=a+bln(c+x)+/spl epsi/ of a pixel for the digital response y to an illuminance x and shows that the FPN arises from a variation of the offset a, gain b, and bias c from pixel to pixel. Equations are derived to estimate these parameters by calibrating images of uniform stimuli, taken with varying illuminances. Experiments with a Fuga 15d image sensor, demonstrating parameter calibration and FPN correction, show that the nonlinear model outperforms previous models that assume either only offset or offset and gain variation.     

A fast CMOS optical position sensor with high subpixel resolution

This paper describes a novel architecture for an optical position sensor which has been implemented on a single chip using standard digital CMOS technology. The prototype device consists of 20/spl times/20 active pixels and two row and column parallel processing units with corresponding digital decoding logic. The image contour is extracted by means of distributed peak-detection, implemented at pixel level, followed by a digital extraction of the beam centroid position executed at row and column level. The sensor chip achieves up to 3000 frames/s with a position accuracy of 0.013 pixel and a total power consumption of 15 mW at 5 V.     

噪声概率快速估计的自适应椒盐噪声消除算法

提出一种可识别噪声概率自动调节滤波窗口的自适应椒盐噪声消除算法。对非理想椒盐噪声污染图像随机区域进行变窗口中值滤波,将结果与滤波前比对获得噪声点数,滤波区域即按此点数排序。然后取每种滤波窗口下的中间三组数据,该数据平均加权获取图像噪声概率初估计,对初估计平均加权即得图像噪声概率。滤波前首先采用阈值法排除明显噪声点,剩余像素中再以离窗口中心像素距离平方的倒数为权值估计中心像素。最后由噪声概率按照T-S模糊规则对不同模型的输出估计值进行融合。实验证明,与传统中值滤波等算法相比,该算法具有噪声自动估计和自适应窗口调节能力,滤波后标准均方差可减少20%以上,速度可提高一倍多。