带钝体的旋流燃烧器出口气相流场数值模拟

应用重整化群k-ε模型和雷诺应力模型,在弱旋和强旋两种状态下,对带钝体的旋流燃烧器进行了冷态气相数值计算,弱旋流动以重整化群k-ε模型计算结果为参考,强旋流动以雷诺应力模型计算结果为参考,对比了燃烧器出口轴向平均速度和切向平均速度变化.模拟结果可以为燃烧器的设计和运行提供依据.     

用RNG k-ε模型计算内燃机缸内湍流流动

应用快速畸变假设对RNG k-ε湍流模型进行压缩性修正后,将其应用于内燃机缸内湍流流动的数值模拟,计算采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉法.给出了用RNG k-ε模型算得的结果,并与标准的k-ε模型算得的结果和实验结果进行了对比.结果表明,用RNG k-ε湍流模型算得的结果比k-ε模型算得的结果有所改进,此模型适合于计算内燃机缸内湍流流动.     

不同湍流模型对强旋流动的数值模拟

在径向浓淡旋流煤粉燃烧器单相冷态试验的基础上，充分考虑旋转对湍流流场的影响，有用k-ε双方程及其修正模型和二阶矩雷诺应力模型（DSM），对流旋煤粉燃烧器出口强旋流场进行了数值模拟。数值计算结果表明：k-ε双方程模型定性上可以预报出强旋流场的主要特点，但回流区的预报区域偏大，轴向速度的预报结果与试验值有一定差距，预报的回流速度偏低，速度衰减过快，这是由于k-ε湍流模型采用了较多的简化和未考虑旋转对湍流的影响。采用基于旋转体系使湍流脉动加强和削弱两种作用的修正方法对k-ε双方程的湍流耗散率方程进行修正。计算结果表明：从旋转体系可使湍流能量加强出发的Bardina涡量修正方法，预报回流区范围较标准k-ε湍流模型缩小，更加接近于试验值。其计算结果优于使湍流 脉动削弱的Richardson修正。DSM模型对轴向回流速度和切向速度后期分布预报结果较上述模型有较大改善，可体现出湍流雷诺应力非均匀各向异性的特点，虽然此模型仍有收敛速度慢、计算时间长的缺点，但对预报强旋流动是一个精度较高、极具潜力的方法 。图9参11     

采用不同湍流模型及差分格式对四角切向燃烧煤粉锅炉内冷态流场的数值模拟

采用商业软件FLUENT所提供的不同湍流模型;K－ε模型、RNG K－ε模型、带旋流修正的RNG K－ε模型、Realizable K－ε模型、雷诺应力模型,对四角切向燃烧煤粉锅炉内冷态气相流动进行了数值模拟。为减小数值伪扩散对强旋流动的影响,本文采用了减小网格尺寸和提高差分模式精度等措施。通过与实验结果的对比分析,客观评价了这些模型与方法对该流动模拟效果的影响,为理论分析强旋湍流流动和对四角切向燃烧煤粉锅炉内流体流动的工程设计提供了参考依据。     

内燃机缸内几种湍流流动涡粘度模型的比较

将几种湍流涡粘度模型 ,即压缩修正的 k-ε模型、RNG- k-ε模型和修正的非线性三方程模型用于计算内燃机缸内的湍流流动 ;对计算结果进行了分析 ,并与实验数据作了对比。结果表明 :RNG- k-ε湍流模型的计算结果较 k-ε模型有所改进 ,而修正的非线性三方程模型则克服了涡粘度模型不能反映平顶活塞压缩上止点处雷诺应力各向异性的缺点 ,在定量和定性上明显优于各种 k-ε模型。     

冲击射流预混火焰的数值模拟

采用FLUENT软件,选择标准k-ε模型、RNG k-ε模型、低雷诺k-ε模型（Abe-Kondoh-Nagan）对停滞板燃烧器内冷态流场进行数值模拟,然后将模拟结果和实验结果进行比较。结果表明,RNG k-ε模型和AKN（Abe-Kondoh-Nagan）模型得到的结果与实验结果比较接近。用RNG k-ε模型和Abe-Kondoh-Nagan模型对停滞板燃烧器的预混燃烧进行数值模拟,通过与实验结果的比较,评价了两种湍流模型对停滞板预混燃烧的数值预测能力。     

风力机翼型大攻角分离流的数值模拟

为了准确预测风力机翼型在大攻角下分离流动的气动性能,并且为风力机的设计与安全运行提供一种可靠的数值模拟手段,针对某风力机专用翼型,分别采用基于非定常不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程的大涡模拟(LES)模型、RNG k-ε模型和Standard k-ε模型对其气动性能进行数值模拟,并计算出翼型攻角为35～90°,雷诺数为2×106时的气动力参数。将不同湍流模型的计算结果与风洞试验数据进行比较,并分析流场结构。分析结果表明,LES模型能够准确地模拟出翼型表面的分离流动,计算结果与试验数据取得了很好的一致性,并且优于RNG k-ε模型和Standard k-ε模型的模拟结果。     

不同湍流模型对水平轴风力机三维粘性气流特性的影响

对某水平轴风力机叶片附近的三维湍流流场进行了数值模拟,其中在7、15、25m/s 3种不同工况下分别采用S-A、Standard k-ε、RNG k-ε和SST k-ω4种湍流模型。计算结果表明:随着来流速度的逐渐增大,叶片吸力面的分离流沿叶根向叶尖方向逐渐发展,且由于三维旋转效应使得展向流动逐渐增强。和相关实验结果比较,选择不同的湍流模型对数值模拟结果有明显影响,其中RNG k-ε和SST k-ω两种模型可以获得较好的压力分布计算精度。综合考虑压力分布、功率系数和推力系数在不同工况下与实验结果的比较,选择SST k-ω湍流模型较适合模拟该水平轴风力机周围复杂的三维湍流流动。     

用RNGκ—ε模型计算内燃机缸内湍流流动

应用快速畸变假设对RNGκ-ε湍流模型进行压缩性修正后，将其应用于内燃机缸内湍流流动的数值模拟，计算采用任意拉格朗日－欧拉法。给出了用RNGκ-ε模型算得的结果，并与标准的RNGκ-ε模型算得的结果和实验结果进行了对比。结果表明，用RNGκ-ε湍流模型算得的结果比RNGκ-ε模型算得的结果有所改进，此模型适合于计算内燃机缸内湍流流动。     

HCCI发动机燃烧多维数值模拟(Ⅰ)——模型的建立和比较

使用多维骨架动力学模型模拟了以异辛烷为燃料的均质压燃(HCCI)发动机的燃烧过程。通过结合多维CFD程序KIVA和反应动力学程序CHEMKIN实现了化学反应与流动的耦合运算。结果表明网格密度和时间步长对HCCI的燃烧过程影响不大,而初始温度对着火点影响显著。通过修改多维模型比较了RNG k-ε湍流模型和标准k-ε湍流模型、Han和Reitz传热模型和传统传热模型、Kong的混合模型和无混合模型,以及不同的缝隙区模型,发现使用RNG k-ε湍流模型、Han和Reitz传热模型和缝隙流动模型计算结果与实验值更为接近。修改后的多维模型在不同当量比下计算得到的压力、放热率和排放值与实验完全一致。     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Controls on the Karaha–Telaga Bodas geothermal reservoir,Indonesia

Karaha–Telaga Bodas is a partially vapor-dominated, fracture-controlled geothermal system located adjacent to Galunggung Volcano in western Java, Indonesia. The geothermal system consists of: (1) a caprock, ranging from several hundred to 1600 m in thickness, and characterized by a steep, conductive temperature gradient and low permeability; (2) an underlying vapor-dominated zone that extends below sea level; and (3) a deep liquid-dominated zone with measured temperatures up to 353 °C. Heat is provided by a tabular granodiorite stock encountered at about 3 km depth. A structural analysis of the geothermal system shows that the effective base of the reservoir is controlled either by the boundary between brittle and ductile deformational regimes or by the closure and collapse of fractures within volcanic rocks located above the brittle/ductile transition. The base of the caprock is determined by the distribution of initially low-permeability lithologies above the reservoir; the extent of pervasive clay alteration that has significantly reduced primary rock permeabilities; the distribution of secondary minerals deposited by descending waters; and, locally, by a downward change from a strike-slip to an extensional stress regime. Fluid-producing zones are controlled by both matrix and fracture permeabilities. High matrix permeabilities are associated with lacustrine, pyroclastic, and epiclastic deposits. Productive fractures are those showing the greatest tendency to slip and dilate under the present-day stress conditions. Although the reservoir appears to be in pressure communication across its length, fluid, and gas chemistries vary laterally, suggesting the presence of isolated convection cells.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.