光纤无线电系统上行信道的均衡算法

光纤无线电技术是近年发展起来的一种新兴宽带传输技术，满足日益增长的用户带宽需求和灵活的移动接入。然而，由于电光转换的非线性失真和无线信道的多径衰落，接收信号会受到干扰的影响而恶化，因而需要采用均衡技术对信道响应进行补偿。文中将上行信道等效为Wiener模型，接收端均衡器首先补偿光纤信道的非线性失真，减少交扰调制失真，然后采用判决反馈结构的均衡器对无线信道的响应进行补偿减少码间干扰。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Protocol-aided channel equalization in wireless ATM

We study the equalization problem in time division multiple access wireless asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) systems. Aiming at minimizing the overhead associated with equalization, we propose a protocol-aided channel equalization (PACE) approach for wireless ATM. Specifically, the medium access control (MAC) and data link control (DLC) protocols are exploited to provide known ATM cell headers to the receiver at the base station. A blind channel estimation-decision feedback equalizer (BCE-DFE) algorithm is developed for uplink data transmissions. There are two advantages of the BCE-DFE algorithm: the elimination of training symbols for uplink data bursts and the removal of channel estimation error propagation suffered by conventional block equalization schemes. Simulation results show the BCE-DFE has a robust performance for wireless ATM uplink data transmissions over fast time-varying channels     

A DECISION FEEDBACK EQUALIZER FOR NON-LINEAR CHANNELS

A Simple and useful decision feedback equalizer used for non-linear channels with severe linear distortion and mild non-linear distortion is proposed. It is a combination of a nonlinear channel equalizer based on connectionist model and a common decision feedback equalizer for linear channels. For a typical non-linear channel model it is shown that the equalization performances of the proposed equalizer are improved significantly.     

基于输出信号过采样的RoF下行链路辨识

在分析ROF(Radio over Fiber)系统的组成与下行传输模型的基础上,提出了一种对ROF系统下行链路模型的辨识算法.ROF下行链路由非线性无记忆的光纤链路和一个时变的线性多径无线信道组成,通过对ROF系统输出的失真信号进行过采用,从而辨识出无线信道的传输函数,重构ROF系统的中间信号,最后由系统的输入信号和重构的中间信号估计出ROF系统非线性链路的模型参数.通过仿真分析表明,该算法对ROF系统下行链路模型辨识的有效性.     

基于非线性啁啾光栅和波长扫描的ROF系统

为了降低光信号在不同传输距离产生的色散对光载射频(ROF)(光载无线电)传输系统的信号质量的影响,提出了一种基于静态非线性啁啾光纤光栅(NLCFBG)和动态波长扫描相结合的可调谐色散补偿ROF传输系统方案。在对所提出系统方案进行理论分析的基础上制作了NLCFBG,并对ROF传输中的可调谐色散效果进行半实物仿真,分析和比较了有无光栅色散补偿时系统的传输性能;验证了此方案对不同传输距离、不同激光频率以及不同射频载波频率的光纤传输系统色散补偿性能。     

A nonlinear electrical equalizer with decision feedback for OOK optical communication systems

In this paper we introduce a nonlinear equalizer using the Radial Basis Function (RBF) network with decision feedback equalizer (DFE) for electronic dispersion compensation in optical communication systems with on-off-keying and a direct detection receiver. The RBF method introduces a non-linear equalization technique suitable for optical communication direct detection systems that include nonlinear transformation at the photodetector. A bit error rate performance comparison shows that the RBF with DFE out performs the RBF without DFE and achieves similar results provided by maximum likelihood sequence estimator.     

Adaptive Equalization for SQPSK and SQPR Over Frequency Selective Microwave LOS Channels

This paper compares the effectiveness of linear and decision feedback equalizers in counteracting the effect of frequency-selective distortion in microwave relay links. A quadratic frequency-selective model of the channel is employed and particular attention is given to channels with a null in the passband. Both staggered QPSK and QPR modems are studied. Performance is studied for error probability and mean squared error. The general conclusion is reached that a decision feedback equalizer is required for robust performance.     

Adaptive interference cancellation for DS-CDMA systems using neuralnetwork techniques

The objective of this study is to apply and investigate a neural network-based decision feedback scheme for interference suppression in direct sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) wireless networks. It is demonstrated that a decision feedback functional link equalizer (DFFLE) in combination with an eigenvector network can closely approximate a Bayesian receiver with significant advantages, such as improved bit-error ratio (BER) performance, adaptive operation, and single-user detection in a multiuser environment. It is assumed that the spreading codes of the interfering users will be unknown to the receiver. This detector configuration is appropriate for downlink communication between a base station and a mobile user in a digital wireless network. The BER performance in the presence of interfering users is evaluated. The improved performance of such a DFFLE receiver for CDMA is attributed to the nonlinear decision boundary it evaluates for the desired user. The receiver structure is also capable of rapid adaptation in a dynamic communications scenario for which there is entry/exit of users and imperfect power control. The convergence performance and error propagation of the DFFLE receiver are also considered and exhibit reasonable promise for third generation wireless DS-CDMA networks     

Unquantized and uncoded channel state information feedback in multiple-antenna multiuser systems

We propose a channel state information (CSI) feedback scheme based on unquantized and uncoded (UQ-UC) transmission. We consider a system where a mobile terminal obtains the downlink CSI and feeds it back to the base station using an uplink feedback channel. If the downlink channel is an independent Rayleigh fading channel, then the CSI may be viewed as an output of a complex independent identically distributed Gaussian source. Further, if the uplink feedback channel is an additive white Gaussian noise channel, and the downlink CSI is perfectly known at the mobile terminal, it can be shown that UQ-UC CSI transmission (that incurs zero delay) is optimal in that it achieves the same minimum mean-squared error distortion as a scheme that optimally (in the Shannon sense) quantizes and encodes the CSI, while theoretically incurring infinite delay. Since the UQ-UC transmission is suboptimal on correlated wireless channels, we propose a simple linear CSI feedback receiver that can be used to improve the performance of UQ-UC transmission while still retaining the attractive zero-delay feature. We provide bounds on the performance of such UQ-UC CSI feedback and study its impact on the achievable information rates. Furthermore, we explore its application and performance in multiple-antenna multiuser wireless systems, and also propose a corresponding pilot-assisted channel-state estimation scheme.     

Adaptive Decision Feedback Space–Time Equalization With Generalized Sidelobe Cancellation

In wireless communications, cochannel interference (CCI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) are two main factors that limit system performance. Conventionally, a beamformer is used to reduce CCI, whereas an equalizer is used to compensate for ISI. These two devices can be combined into one as space–time equalizer (STE). A training sequence is usually required to train the STE prior to its use. In some applications, however, spatial information corresponding to a desired user is available, but the training sequence is not. In this paper, we propose an adaptive decision feedback STE to cope with this problem. Our scheme consists of an adaptive decision feedback generalized sidelobe canceller (DFGSC), a blind decision feedback equalizer (DFE), and a channel estimator. Due to the feedback operation, the proposed DFGSC is not only superior to the conventional generalized sidelobe canceller but also robust to multipath channel propagation and spatial signature error. Theoretical results are derived for optimum solutions, convergence behavior, and robustness properties. With the special channel-aided architecture, the proposed blind DFE can reduce the error propagation effect and be more stable than the conventional blind DFE. Simulation results show that the proposed STE is effective in mitigating both CCI and ISI, even in severe channel environments.      

非线性信道判决反馈均衡器

本文针对严重线性失真、轻度非线性失真的信道提出了一种简单实用的非线性信道判决反馈均衡器。它是一个将关联模型非线性信道均衡器与线性信道判决反馈均衡器相结合的产物。对典型的非线性信道模型所做的模拟试验表明,该均衡器不仅简单实用、便于实时处理,而且均衡性能得到较大的改善。     

一种新的混合信道盲均衡算法

为同时提高盲均衡的稳态MSE性能和收敛速度,该文提出了一种混合信道盲均衡算法。该算法采用判决反馈均衡器结构,在判决可靠时采用DD-LMS(Directed Decision-Least Mean Square)误差项进行迭代,而判决不可靠时采用改进恒模算法(Modified Constant Modulus Algorithm,MCMA)误差项进行迭代,同时判决可靠区间根据直接判决误差进行自适应迭代。该文采用经过数字无线信道的64QAM信号进行了信道均衡仿真。仿真结果表明,相比MCMA算法,该文提出的混合盲均衡算法有效地提高了收敛速度,并具有良好的稳态MSE性能,在误比特率为10-6时,能提高SNR约2dB。     

应用于LTE上行链路的D-MMSE-FE 均衡算法

为克服线性均衡性能的局限性及避免传统判决反馈均衡器的高复杂度,提出了一种判决反馈均衡算法D-MMSE-FE。该均衡器先是分析线性MMSE均衡的结果成分,并根据最小均方误差准则计算出均衡器的前、后向传递函数,形成反馈链路,提高均衡器性能。将该种均衡器应用于TDD-LTE 1×2 SIMO上行链路中,在协议中常用的信道下进行了计算机仿真,仿真结果表明,TDD-LTE 1×2 SIMO均衡器相对于线性均衡器使系统性最多可提高达2 dB。     

Performance of smart lightwave receivers with linear equalization

Signal processing techniques can be used to reduce linear and nonlinear distortion in high-speed lightwave systems caused by fiber dispersion and nonideal responses of optoelectronic and electronic components. The improvement in the performance of 2.5 and 10 Gb/s intensity modulation, direct detection systems is assessed for receivers which utilize an analog taped delay line equalizer to compensate for signal distortion. Synchronous and fractionally spaced equalizers are evaluated. Smart receivers that jointly optimize the decision time, decision threshold, and equalizer tap weights under a minimum bit error ration criterion are considered. This yields the optimum system performance and allows consideration of both reduced distortion and enhanced noise arising from the signal processing. The effectiveness of the equalization is determined as a function of several important system parameters. Three-tap and five-tap synchronous equalizers yield virtually the same improvement in receiver sensitivity. Depending on the system, a five-tap fractionally spaced equalizer with half-bit-period tap spacing may or may not be significantly more effective than a three-tap synchronous equalizer     

A channel subspace post-filtering approach to adaptive least-squares estimation

A major challenge while communicating in dynamic channels, such as the underwater acoustic channel, is the large amount of time-varying inter-symbol interference (ISI) due to multipath. In many realistic channels, the fluctuations between different taps of the sampled channel impulse response are correlated. Traditional least-squares algorithms used for adapting channel equalizers do not exploit this correlation structure. A channel subspace post-filtering algorithm is presented that treats the least-squares channel estimate as a noisy time series and exploits the channel correlation structure to reduce the channel estimation error. The improvement in performance of the post-filtered channel estimator is predicted theoretically and demonstrated using both simulation and experimental data. Experimental data is also used to demonstrate the improvement in performance of a channel estimate-based decision feedback equalizer that uses this post-filtered channel estimate to determine the equalizer coefficients.     

A binary adaptive decision-selection equalizer for channels with nonlinear intersymbol interference

An enhanced adaptive decision feedback equalizer (ADFE) is presented for binary data transmission applications where the communication channel exhibits nonlinear intersymbol interference (ISI). The nonlinearity in the channel manifests itself as a distorted constellation space constructed from the equalizer input state variables. Since a conventional ADFE can construct a hyperplane decision boundary of only one orientation with symmetrically spaced distance from the origin as a function of the detected feedback symbols and feedback filter coefficient values, there is room for improvement since the distorted constellation of the nonlinear system is better served by hyperplane boundaries of varying orientation. The method proposed here is not to feed back the decision variables but, instead, to use these binary variables to choose and adapt different sets of coefficients, i.e., different hyperplane boundaries. Hence, the name given to this new method is the adaptive decision-selection equalizer (ADSE). Although the hyperplane may not be the optimum boundary for the conditional constellations, in many cases, it is an adequate approximation. Nonetheless, for nonlinear channels, the ADSE is generally an improvement over the conventional ADFE in high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regimes, where the bit error rate (BER) is within the desired operating range. The major advantage of the new method is improved performance on the studied channel while retaining simplicity when implemented as a variation of the least-mean-squared (LMS) algorithm. Some drawbacks are decreased convergence rate and limitations of the minimum mean-squared-error (MMSE) strategy of optimization, as implemented by the LMS algorithm, for a system where error probability, not MMSE, is important.     

Adaptive multichannel decision feedback equalization for volterra type nonlinear communication channels

A model-based approach for the decision feedback equalization of Volterra type nonlinear communication channels is proposed such that the linear model-based decision feedback equalization can be considered as a special case of the proposed approach. In designing the decision feedback equalizer, the nonlinear decision feedback equalization problem is visualized as a linear, multichannel equalization problem. A complete modified Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization of the input vector is achieved by using modified sequential processing multichannel lattice stages. The elements of the multichannel desired signal vector are then estimated from the new orthogonal set by using only scalar operations. The probability of error performance of the proposed equalizer is improved by the estimation of the elements of the desired signal vector through a sigmoid activation function so that a polynomial perceptron equalizer is realized. The comparative computational complexity calculations and performance results of the proposed decision feedback equalizer are also provided.     

Decision-Feedback Equalization for Pulse-Position Modulation

In this paper, we propose a minimum mean squared error (MMSE) decision feedback equalizer (DFE) for pulse position modulated (PPM) signals in the presence of intersymbol interference (ISI). While traditional uses of PPM may not have had ISI, PPM is increasingly being considered for use in situations where ISI is an issue, such as high-performance optical communication systems and ultrawideband communications. First, we review previous work on the subject which used the zero-forcing criterion under strict assumptions about the channel and equalizer lengths. Then, we derive a computationally efficient MMSE equalizer which removes these restrictions, and is suitable for use with training-based stochastic gradient-descent algorithms. Finally, we demonstrate the performance of the proposed equalizer with simulations.     

Functional link neural network cascaded with Chebyshev orthogonal polynomial for nonlinear channel equalization

Nonlinear intersymbol interference (ISI) leads to significant error rate in nonlinear communication and digital storage channel. In this paper, therefore, a novel computationally efficient functional link neural network cascaded with Chebyshev orthogonal polynomial is proposed to combat nonlinear ISI. The equalizer has a simple structure in which the nonlinearity is introduced by functional expansion of the input pattern by trigonometric polynomial and Chebyshev orthogonal polynomial. Due to the input pattern and nonlinear approximation enhancement, the proposed structure can approximate arbitrarily nonlinear decision boundaries. It has been utilized for nonlinear channel equalization. The performance of the proposed adaptive nonlinear equalizer is compared with functional link neural network (FLNN) equalizer, multilayer perceptron (MLP) network and radial basis function (RBF) along with conventional normalized least-mean-square algorithms (NLMS) for different linear and nonlinear channel models. The comparison of convergence rate, bit error rate (BER) and steady state error performance, and computational complexity involved for neural network equalizers is provided.     

Iterative nonlinear detection for SFBC SC–FDMA uplink MIMO transmission systems

Single‐carrier frequency division multiple access (SC‐FDMA) systems with space frequency block coding (SFBC) transmissions achieve both spatial and frequency diversity gains in wireless communications. However, SFBC SC‐FDMA schemes using linear detectors suffer from severe performance deterioration because of noise enhancement propagation and additive noise presence in the detected output. Both issues are similar to inter‐symbol‐interference (ISI). Traditionally, SC‐FDMA system decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is often used to eliminate ISI caused by multipath propagation. This article proposes frequency domain turbo equalization based on nonlinear multiuser detection for uplink SFBC SC‐FDMA transmission systems. The presented iterative receiver performs equalization with soft decisions feedback for ISI mitigation. Its coefficients are derived using minimum mean squared error criteria. The receiver configuration study is Alamouti's SFBC with two transmit and two receive antennas. New receiver approach is compared with the recently proposed suboptimal linear detector for SFBC SC‐FDMA systems. Simulation results confirm that the performance of the proposed iterative detection outperforms conventional detection techniques. After a few iterations, bit‐error‐rate performance of the proposed receiver design is closely to the matched filter bound. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.