中国铅基研究堆非能动余热排出系统可靠性分析

铅冷快堆是第四代核能系统推荐堆型之一,世界上多个铅冷快堆采用非能动余热排出系统。非能动系统中作为驱动的自然力与阻力在数量级上接近,由周边环境、材料参数的变化引起的波动不可忽略,因此需要研究非能动系统可靠性。改进了常用的响应面分析法,并应用于中国铅基研究堆反应堆容器空气冷却系统(Reactor Vessel Air Cooling System,RVACS)中。分析中使用流体计算软件Fluent模拟中国铅基研究堆RVACS系统的余热排出过程,研究了输入参数的不确定性对系统可靠性及反应堆安全产生的影响。在大量模拟数据的基础上结合神经网络法建立了输入参数不确定性和结果不确定性之间的映射关系,并以此分析RVACS非能动失效概率。分析结果表明在全厂断电的情况下,RVACS四组并联排热管中的两组也能够可靠地导出反应堆余热。     

核电厂非能动余热排出系统的失效概率评价

先进核电厂设计中大量采用非能动安全系统提高反应堆安全性。但目前尚无系统性评价非能动系统的成熟方法,而且概率安全评价(PSA)也未考虑非能动系统自然循环现象不确定性导致的功能失效。在欧盟非能动系统可靠性评价研究项目(RMPS)研究成果的基础上,以压水堆二次侧非能动余热排出系统(PRS)为研究对象,基于统计学和热工水力计算确定了影响性能的参数重要度,进而利用蒙特卡罗抽样和响应面分析对全厂断电事故下的PRS自然循环失效概率进行了量化分析评价。初步评价结果表明:非能动系统功能失效概率为2.14×10-3,在PSA中应当充分考虑各种非能动系统的功能失效。本文的评价方法还可以为非能动安全系统设计优化提供支持。     

基于自适应重要抽样法非能动系统功能故障概率评估

针对非能动系统功能故障概率评估,提出一种新的自适应重要抽样方法。这种方法先对失效域进行预抽样,然后拟合出失效域中样本分布的密度函数,以之作为重要抽样密度函数。以1000 MW非能动先进压水堆(AP1000)非能动余热排出系统为研究对象,考虑模型和输入参数的不确定性,将响应面法和自适应重要抽样法相结合,对其进行功能故障概率评估。结果表明:与传统的概率评估方法相比,自适应重要抽样法具有较高的计算效率,同时又能保证很高的计算精度。     

FHR在全厂断电事故下对RVACS散热能力的要求

氟盐冷却高温堆(Fluoride salt-cooled High-temperature Reactor,FHR)是一种采用包覆颗粒燃料、高温熔融氟盐冷却剂的先进反应堆。部分FHR概念采用了反应堆容器辅助冷却系统(Reactor Vessel Auxiliary Cooling System,RVACS)导出事故下的堆芯余热。RVACS通过导热、对流换热、辐射换热等非能动过程,在事故发生时将堆芯余热排出至大气中。本文采用中国科学院上海应用物理研究所设计的10 MW FHR作为基准,利用RELAP5-MS程序,对其在全厂断电事故下的瞬态过程进行了模拟,验证了RVACS的余热导出能力。本文进一步研究了高反应堆功率情况下的全厂断电事故的瞬态过程,探讨了不同反应堆功率的FHR对RVACS散热能力的要求。     

AP1000非能动余热排出系统可靠性与概率安全评价模型的融合

研究AP1000非能动余热排出系统可靠性,应用重要度和敏感性指标全面详细地分析系统设备可靠性,得到导致系统失效的设备各种失效模式的重要度和敏感性排序结果;整合了系统设备可靠性与物理过程可靠性,将整体可靠性融合进概率安全评价模型。分析结果表明:研究非能动余热排出系统可靠性时不仅需要分析其设备可靠性,还应该重点考虑系统物理过程可靠性,应整合两种可靠性并将系统整体可靠性融合进概率安全评价模型,综合分析非能动余热排出系统可靠性。     

基于PSA的非能动余热排出系统可靠性研究

非能动型反应堆概率安全评价（PSA）工作在分析非能动系统可靠性时，仅考虑系统设备可靠性，未涉及物理过程可靠性。综合考虑非能动系统设备可靠性与物理过程可靠性时，又存在仅考虑系统投入的设备可靠性而忽略运行设备可靠性的问题。针对此问题，以丧失正常给水事故下AP1000非能动余热排出系统（PRHRS）为研究对象，采用自主提出的综合法将系统可靠性融合进PSA模型，兼顾能动设备的需求失效与非能动设备的运行失效，分析了系统设备可靠性的敏感性。结果表明，综合法对PRHRS进行可靠性分析时所得事故序列谱更真实、更全面，与传统方法相比较具有优越性。      

用Monte Carlo方法计算HTR-10余热排出系统物理过程的失效概率

介绍了计算物理过程失效概率的蒙特卡罗方法(Monte Carlo).应用重要抽样蒙特卡罗方法计算了10 MW高温气冷实验堆(HTR-10)余热排出系统物理过程的失效概率,并进行了误差分析.与响应面方法的计算结果进行比较后发现,两种方法得到的计算结果数量级相同,进一步验证了以下结论:由于采用了非能动设计,HTR-10的余热排出系统的失效概率至少降低了3个数量级.     

核动力装置非能动系统可靠性及参数敏感性分析

在非能动安全功能可靠性方法(RMPS)框架下,对某型核动力装置非能动余热排出系统原理性试验系统的热工水力可靠性(TH-R)进行评估,并对影响系统可靠性的不确定性参数进行敏感性分析。相关结论有助于从可靠性角度增强对该非能动余热排出系统热工水力过程不确定性的认识,可用于指导系统的设计优化及运行管理。     

小破口失水事故非能动系统瞬态特性研究

为了解先进压水堆小破口失水事故下非能动安全壳冷却系统、非能动堆芯冷却系统、非能动余热排出系统的瞬态响应特性，需开展小破口失水事故下反应堆冷却剂系统和安全壳的耦合响应特性研究。分析结果表明，小破口失水事故下，耦合分析中非能动余热排出系统、非能动堆芯冷却系统、自动卸压系统和非能动安全壳冷却系统的特性与独立计算有较大差异，小破口失水事故下耦合分析得到的安全壳压力峰值小于独立计算。      

基于PSO优化神经网络响应面技术的非能动系统可靠性分析

在非能动可靠性分析数学模型的基础上，结合某型核动力装置非能动余热排出系统原理性试验装置和改进的热工水力程序的运行数据，识别了输入参数的不确定性，比较了不同神经网络响应面技术替代热工水力程序的精度和优度，分析了粒子群优化算法（PSO）优化神经网络响应面分类准确率。数值结果表明，该响应面具有较高的拟合优度，且能够较为准确的对非能动系统系统可靠性进行判定。      

Quantitative dynamic reliability evaluation of AP1000 passive safety systems by using FMEA and GO-FLOW methodology

The passive safety systems utilized in advanced pressurized water reactor (PWR) design such as AP1000 should be more reliable than that of active safety systems of conventional PWR by less possible opportunities of hardware failures and human errors (less human intervention). The objectives of present study are to evaluate the dynamic reliability of AP1000 plant in order to check the effectiveness of passive safety systems by comparing the reliability-related issues with that of active safety systems in the event of the big accidents. How should the dynamic reliability of passive safety systems properly evaluated? And then what will be the comparison of reliability results of AP1000 passive safety systems with the active safety systems of conventional PWR.

For this purpose, a single loop model of AP1000 passive core cooling system (PXS) and passive containment cooling system (PCCS) are assumed separately for quantitative reliability evaluation. The transient behaviors of these passive safety systems are taken under the large break loss-of-coolant accident in the cold leg. The analysis is made by utilizing the qualitative method failure mode and effect analysis in order to identify the potential failure mode and success-oriented reliability analysis tool called GO-FLOW for quantitative reliability evaluation. The GO-FLOW analysis has been conducted separately for PXS and PCCS systems under the same accident. The analysis results show that reliability of AP1000 passive safety systems (PXS and PCCS) is increased due to redundancies and diversity of passive safety subsystems and components, and four stages automatic depressurization system is the key subsystem for successful actuation of PXS and PCCS system. The reliability results of PCCS system of AP1000 are more reliable than that of the containment spray system of conventional PWR. And also GO-FLOW method can be utilized for reliability evaluation of passive safety systems.     

非能动系统可靠性分析方法在AP1000非能动ERVC系统中的应用

由于核电厂安全水平要求的逐渐提高,越来越多的非能动系统被用于先进反应堆堆型中,但对这些非能动系统可靠性评价的工作还处于初级阶段。本文根据非能动系统可靠性评价流程,通过RELAP5热工水力学程序模拟非能动系统物理过程,对AP1000反应堆压力容器外部冷却（ERVC）系统进行了可靠性评价。通过计算得到了压力容器下封头温度等参数的累积密度分布曲线,根据不同的成功准则即可获得AP1000 ERVC系统的可靠性。该非能动系统可靠性评价结果可用于核电厂PSA模型中,以更好地指导核电厂设计及提高核电厂的安全性。     

基于HFR的核动力装置非能动系统敏感性分析方法研究

敏感性分析应用于反应堆非能动系统热工水力过程的不确定性分析和可靠性分析，能够定量识别对系统热工水力行为具有重要影响的不确定性输入参数。基于混合随机均衡-傅里叶幅度敏感性测试（HFR）方法，以某型核动力装置非能动余热排出试验系统作为算例进行全局敏感性分析研究，仿真结果证明了HFR方法的可行性与正确性。敏感性分析给出了系统输入参数重要度随时间的变化规律以及系统稳定运行时输入参数的重要度排序，分析结果有助于指导系统的设计优化及运行管理。      

Passive system reliability analysis using Response Conditioning Method with an application to failure frequency estimation of Decay Heat Removal of PFBR

Innovative nuclear reactor designs include passive means to achieve high reliability in accomplishing safety functions. Functional reliability analyses of passive systems include Monte Carlo sampling of system uncertainties, followed by propagation through mechanistic system models. For complex passive safety systems of high reliability, Monte Carlo simulations using mechanistic codes are computationally expensive and often become prohibitive. Passive system reliability analysis using recently proposed Response Conditioning Method, which incorporates the insights obtained from approximate solutions like response surfaces in simulations to obtain computationally efficient and consistent probability estimates, is presented in this paper. The method is applied to evaluate the reliability of passive Decay Heat Removal (DHR) system of Indian Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR). The accuracy as well as efficiency of the method is compared with direct Monte Carlo simulation. The variability of the reliability values is estimated using bootstrap technique. The system abilities, to prevent critical structural damage as well as to ensure operational safety, are quantitatively ascertained. The system functional failure probabilities are integrated with hardware failure probabilities and the inclusion of passive system unreliability in Probabilistic Safety Assessment is demonstrated.     

Integration of functional reliability analysis with hardware reliability: An application to safety grade decay heat removal system of Indian 500 MWe PFBR

A passive system can fail either due to classical mechanical failure of components, referred to as hardware failure, or due to the failure of physical phenomena to fulfill the intended function, referred to as functional failure. In this paper a methodology is discussed for the integration of these two kinds of unreliability and applied to evaluate the integrated failure probability of the passive decay heat removal system of Indian 500 MWe prototype fast breeder reactor (PFBR). The probability of occurrence of various system hardware configurations is evaluated using the fault tree method and functional failure probabilities on the corresponding configurations are determined based on the overall approach reported in the reliability methods for passive system (RMPS) project. The variation of functional reliability with time, which is coupled to the probability of occurrence of various hardware system configurations is studied and incorporated in the integrated reliability analysis. It is observed that this consideration of the dependence of functional reliability on time will give significant advantages on system reliability. The integrated reliability analysis is also explained using an event tree. The impact of the provision for forced circulation in the primary circuit on functional reliability is also studied with this procedure and it is found that the forced circulation capability helps to bring down the total decay heat removal failure probability by lowering the peak temperatures after the reactor shut down.     

Fuzzy uncertainty modeling applied to AP1000 nuclear power plant LOCA

This article presents an uncertainty modeling study using a fuzzy approach applied to the Westinghouse advanced nuclear reactor. The AP1000 Westinghouse Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) is provided of passive safety systems, based on thermo physics phenomenon, that require no operating actions, soon after an incident has been detected. The use of advanced passive safety systems in NPP has limited operational experience. As it occurs in any reliability study, statistically non-significant events report introduces a significant uncertainty level about the failure rates and basic events probabilities used on the fault tree analysis (FTA). In order to model this uncertainty, a fuzzy approach was employed to reliability analysis of the AP1000 large break Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA). The final results have revealed that the proposed approach may be successfully applied to modeling of uncertainties in safety studies.     

XAPR中破口失水事故下堆芯自然循环冷却能力的功能可靠性研究

功能失效是导致自然循环系统运行失效的重要因素，需在其可靠性分析中予以考虑。针对多维不确定性参数及小功能失效概率问题，提出了一种将改进响应面法及重要抽样子集模拟法相结合的功能可靠性分析方法。以西安脉冲堆（XAPR）堆池水自然循环冷却为例，结合中破口失水事故，考虑输入参数及模型的不确定性，对其进行了功能可靠性评估和灵敏度分析。结果表明：XAPR堆芯自然循环功能失效概率为3.796×10^-3，需充分考虑系统功能的可靠性。本文方法具有较高的计算效率，同时又能保证很高的计算精度，对XAPR堆芯自然循环非线性功能函数具有很强的适应性。     

海洋核动力平台堆舱非能动冷却特性研究

海洋核动力平台以输出电能和生产淡水为目标,为国家海洋能源战略提供保障。针对严重事故下海洋核动力平台堆舱安全性问题,在其堆舱非能动冷却系统(PCCS)方案的基础上,提出采用三维冷凝换热与一维自然循环流动换热耦合计算的方法,利用Fluent软件并结合UDF编程,建立堆舱含不凝结气体环境的蒸汽冷凝与舱外海水自然循环耦合换热模型,并分析失水事故(LOCA)条件下PCCS的热工水力行为特性。结果表明,PCCS能实现对喷放蒸汽的长期冷却,可有效降低LOCA后的堆舱温度与压力,为保障严重事故后的堆舱安全性提供可行措施。相关分析方法也可为开展海洋核动力平台PCCS分析设计提供指导。     

Analysis of SBLOCA on CPR1000 with a passive system

Since the Fukushima accident in 2011,more and more attention has been paid to nuclear reactor safety.A number of evolutionary passive systems have been developed to enhance the inherent safety of reactors.This paper presents a passive safety system applied on CPR1000,which is a traditional generation Ⅱ+ reactor.The passive components selected are as follows:(1) the reactor makeup tanks (RMTs);(2) the advanced accumulators (A-ACCs);(3) the passive emergency feedwater system (PEFS);(4)the passive depressurization system (PDS);(5) the incontainment refueling water storage tank (IRWST).The model of the coolant system and the passive systems was established by utilizing a system code (RELAP5/MOD3.3).The SBLOCA (small-break loss of coolant) was analyzed to test the passive safety systems.When the SBLOCA occurred,the RMTs were initiated.The water in the RMTs was then injected into the pressure vessel.The RMTs' low water level triggered the PDS,which depressurized the coolant system drastically.As the pressure of the coolant system decreased,the A-ACCs and the IRWST were put to work to prevent the uncovering of the core.The results show that,after the small-break loss-of-coolant accident,the passive systems can prevent uncovering of the core and guarantee the safety of the plant.