大差异双组分混合颗粒的最小流化特性

在一套f260 mm′2000 mm的有机玻璃实验装置中,对大差异双组分混合颗粒的最小流化特性进行了实验研究,得到了混合颗粒的流化曲线,由此给出了其起始流化速度、最小流化速度、临界分离速度、完全流化速度等特征速度. 实验结果表明,流化过程可分为4个阶段,即完全流化、大小颗粒分离、大颗粒静止小颗粒流化、固定床阶段,对应混合颗粒的3个状态：完全混合、部分混合部分分离、完全分离状态;混合颗粒的特征速度随小颗粒质量分率的增加而减小,且在小颗粒质量分率达到0.4~0.5后其减小的趋势减缓;混合颗粒的固定床阶段和完全流化阶段的床层空隙率及混合颗粒的体积收缩比在小颗粒质量分率为0.4时达到极值.     

金属铁颗粒高温流化特性

利用高温可视流化床研究了金属铁颗粒的高温流化特性和粘结失流化行为。探讨了流化气速,颗粒尺寸对粘结温度的影响。结果表明,气速越高,粒径越大,粘结失流化越难发生。不同温度下颗粒初始流化速率的测定结果表明,初始流化速率在高温下随温度升高而增大。热机械分析表明,随着温度的升高,颗粒表面粘度降低,颗粒间粘性力增大。结合粘性流理论,探讨了金属铁颗粒流化特性转变和粘结失流化的机理。     

振动流化床内二元颗粒体系分布特性的研究

近年来,人们对风速大于小颗粒临界流化速度时振动流化床内的颗粒分布特性进行了研究。但是对于小于流化风速的情况下引入振动的情况鲜有报道。本文在500mm×200mm×500mm的准二维颗粒床中研究了振动和气流共同作用下,二元颗粒体系从只受振动激励到振动流化这一过程中从巴西果分离到反巴西果分离的转变及颗粒体系在这一过程中的分布特性。实验结果表明,大小颗粒粒径比的增大,质量比的减小及振动强度的减小有利于颗粒体系的分离,反之则利于颗粒体系的混合。当操作气速在小颗粒临界流化速度的0.6倍到0.8倍之间时,颗粒体系混合比较均匀。巴西果分离向反巴西果分离的转变发生在小颗粒临界流化速度的0.8倍左右。     

搅拌流化床中超细氧化铁粉流态化及还原实验研究

在内径50 mm的搅拌流化床内进行了平均粒径239 nm的氧化铁粉的流态化及氢气还原实验. 结果表明,床中氧化铁颗粒以聚团鼓泡形式实现完全流化,最小流化速度为0.025 m/s,最大床层膨胀比为2.0. 在500℃下用氢气还原该氧化铁粉的反应过程为：Fe2O3?Fe3O4?Fe,Fe颗粒的粒径比Fe2O3小,有颗粒烧结现象,由Fe引起的颗粒烧结和粘结作用可能导致失流. 与普通流化床相比,搅拌能使流化时间由3 min延长至15 min,使失流时样品的金属化率由15%提高至76%.     

振动流化床双组分颗粒的混合与分离

研究了振动流化床中颗粒的轴向浓度分布及最小流化速度,根据不同操作条件下最小流化速度的实验值,定义了最小流化速度的计算式;同时考察双组分颗粒混合与分离情况,根据实验结果,修正了Ｎｉｅｎｏｗ定义的双组分颗粒的转变气速,并与实验值相符。     

铁基载氧体与干化市政污泥二元混合物流化特性

化学链燃烧技术处置污泥可有效抑制有害气体排放,但干化污泥与铁基载氧体的物理性质相差较大,在流化床内会产生混合分离等问题。在内径(φ)为100 mm的有机玻璃冷态流化床装置上,进行了干化污泥与载氧体二元颗粒流化实验,讨论了颗粒粒径大小、干化污泥与载氧体质量比和操作风速对二元颗粒流化特性的影响。结果表明,污泥与平均粒径为0.66 mm的载氧体能实现混合流化,最小流化速度 和最小混合操作风速Um相等;污泥与平均粒径为1.46 mm的载氧体流化时,随操作风速增大,逐渐由分离流化状态过渡到混合流化状态,Um? ;污泥与平均粒径为2.43 mm的载氧体流化时,始终保持分离流化状态。基于提出的表征混合/分离流化状态的无量纲数Gd,当00.8时处于分离流化。     

基于图像法的甲醇制烯烃流化床反应器内催化剂颗粒输送分离高度的研究

甲醇制烯烃(MTO)生产过程中,输送分离高度直接影响反应器和再生器的结构尺寸、相关位置及催化剂的损失等。使用平均粒径为90 mm的工业MTO催化剂颗粒,在覫90 mm×1 000 mm的有机玻璃冷态试验台上对催化剂颗粒的浓度分布和输送分离高度随流化气速的变化情况进行研究。采用粒子图像测速技术获取冷态床的实验图像,并通过数字图像处理技术最终获得MTO催化剂颗粒的浓度分布。在此基础上建立数学模型,进行计算回归,得到其与催化剂颗粒输送分离高度的实验关联式。     

宽粒度分布颗粒临界流化特性研究

在二维流化床(240mm×80mm)中,以平均粒径为1.675mm的三种宽筛分玻璃珠颗粒为物料,研究了颗粒临界流化特性,得到了三种颗粒临界流化速度,并与其他研究者的结果进行了对比,通过实验数据得到了预测宽筛分颗粒临界流化速度的关联式.结果表明,宽筛分颗粒临界流化速度与窄筛分颗粒的值有较大差别,本研究理论预测的临界流化速度与实验值吻合更好。结果可为宽组分颗粒临界流化特性研究提供参考。     

气固流化床中细长颗粒数量浓度分布的数值研究

细长颗粒的循环流化在工业生产中具有非常广泛的应用背景,如生物质秸秆在循环流化床中的燃烧、烟丝在循环流化床中的干燥或加湿等。由于细长颗粒具有六自由度,因此,其运动姿态比球形颗粒复杂,其在流化床内的流化特性也不同于球形颗粒。细长颗粒的数量浓度分布是细长颗粒流化特性的重要特征之一。根据直接模拟Monte Carlo(DSMC)方法的基本思想及刚体动力学原理,建立了考虑细长颗粒间相互碰撞的三维细长颗粒流化运动数学模型,并采用此模型对某一实际流化床内的气固两相流场进行了模拟研究。在实验提升管内,所有物料中小长径比的细长颗粒最先由提升管的近壁处到达提升管出口。细长颗粒在流化过程中有明显的迁移和絮团现象。在流化状态下,细长颗粒的数量浓度分布基本不随入口风速发生变化。     

流态化法进行粉体粒度分级实验研究

流化分级是一种有效的粒度分级手段。颗粒群的悬浮速度是流化分级过程中一个重要的操作参数 ,直接影响到分级效率的高低。实验以 11个粒径范围的颗粒群为研究对象 ,在流化床中对颗粒群的悬浮速度进行了测定和研究 ,考察了平均粒径、床层空隙率等因素对颗粒群悬浮速度的影响 ,得出了颗粒群的悬浮速度与颗粒群平均粒径及床层空隙率间的关系曲线 ,为提高粉粒体流化分级的分级效率提供了实验依据     

Simulations of the effect of hydrodynamic conditions and properties of membranes on the catalytic performance of a fluidized-bed membrane reactor for partial oxidation of methane

In a fluidized-bed membrane reactor the selectivity of separation can be controlled by influencing the hydrodynamics of the fluidized bed. In this reactor type, with the mass transport limitation between bubbles and the emulsion phase, even with the non-selective membranes, high selectivity of separation can be achieved. This opens the possibility for applications of membrane reactors for reaction systems for which selective membranes do not exist, e.g. when Knudsen-type membranes or form-selective separation can not be applied. This paper is aimed at explaining the interaction between the selectivity of separation and the hydrodynamics of the fluidized bed by means of simulations that were performed for a fluidized-bed membrane reactor for catalytic partial oxidation of methane.     

流态化技术在废气处理中的应用

流态化技术作为一种新型的污染治理手段日益受到重视,笔者概述了流态化光催化降解技术、流态化吸附与吸收技术以及循环流化床脱硫技术在废气处理领域中的应用。     

PE流化床反应器床高和床重的测量及控制

分析了全密度聚乙烯(PE)装置流化床床层料位与床重控制的重要性及影响因素.反应器床层下部流化松密度比上部稍高,当上、下松密度值大小倒置时,表明反应器流化状态出现问题.对比国内三套PE装置,适度提高床高可延长树脂和催化剂在反应器中的停留时间,降低聚合物从流化床抽出后的活性,提高催化剂效率.计算得出,随反应器床高的升高,床...     

Investigations on Drying of Salt Granules and the Air Distributing System of Fluidized Bed∗

In the present study, salt granules were dried in a fluidized-bed dryer and suitable technologic parameters of drying operation were obtained. The air distributing structure of fluidized bed dryer was studied and its pressure drop curve was measured. The results indicated that one layer of intertexture net below the air distributing board could produce good air distribution without increase of pressure drop. This kind of structure could also prevent the material from leaking.     

138m^2磁黄铁矿沸腾焙烧炉的设计及运行

介绍400kt／a磁黄铁矿制酸装置138m^2沸腾焙烧炉的设计及运行。详述在原料组成、工艺设计、总体结构、给料方式、换热面布置等方面的主要特点。针对投运初期出现的沸腾层温度波动大等问题进行了技术改造，取得了良好效果。目前装置运行正常，达到设计目标。     

Metal deposition in diaphmgmless fluidized-bed electrolytic cells

Cell voltage is an important parameter when considering the use of fluidized-bed cells for metal deposition. The present paper shows that it is possible to run these cells in the absence of a diaphragm separating the fluidized particles from the anode and, in consequence, cell voltages are greatly reduced. Although current efficiencies are somewhat lower with the diaphragmless cell, there is nevertheless a significant saving in energy consumption. Coupled with the resulting simplified cell design, this development could be of considerable practical importance.     

Crystallization and Drying of Milk Powder in a Multiple-Stage Fluidized Bed Dryer

The rationale of this study has been to use fluidized beds to crystallize amorphous spray-dried skim milk powders with multiple stages of processing at different temperatures and humidities with the aim of rapidly making mostly crystalline powders. This paper discusses the performance of a multiple-stage fluidized bed dryer, and a combination of crystallization of lactose in spray drying at high humidity (lactose nuclei formation) and subsequent fluidized bed drying. Two different combinations of spray dryer and multi-stage fluidized-bed dryer have been suggested to crystallize lactose in skim milk powder. The results show significant improvements in the crystallinity of the powders. Moisture sorption test and X-ray diffraction analysis were used to assess the crystallinity of the powders. The processed powders that were crystallized in a humid-loop spray drying combined with a two-stage fluidized-bed dryer/crystallizer showed 92% improvement in lower amorphicity by processing at different stages of 70°C, 50% RH and 80°C, 50% RH for 15 minutes. The conventionally spray-dried powders that were crystallized in a three-stage fluidized-bed dryer/crystallizer showed 87% improvement in lower amorphicity (less moisture sorption) by processing at different stages of 60°C, 50% RH; 70°C, 40% RH; and 80°C, 40% RH for 20 minutes. The multiple-stage fluidized bed system showed distinctive potential to crystallize lactose significantly in skim milk powder using an industrial-feasible process.     

A comparison of the energy and product distribution from biomass gasifiers

A detailed analyses of the raw producer gas streams generated by a downdraft gasifier and by a fluidized-bed gasifier are presented and are discussed in terms of raw gas clean-up considerations and of energy conversion efficiency. The major gasifier operating parameters such as fuel/air ratio, carbon conversion efficiency, net energy conversion efficiency, and producer gas heating value are then compared between seven operational gasifiers and a computer simulation model of a fluidized-bed gasifier developed by Queen's University. It is concluded that the Queen's University model correctly predicts that the fuel/air ratio is the single most important parameter for determining gasifier performance. Downdraft gasifiers exhibit superior energy conversion efficiency and producer gas quality because they utilize a higher fuel/air ratio than do fluidized bed gasifiers.     

Affinity Separations in Magnetically Stabilized Fluidized Beds: Synthesis and Performance of Packing Materials

Abstract

A magnetically stabilized fluidized-bed separator designed to test the use of pellicular, ferromagnetic affinity chromatography packing materials has been developed. A wire wound solenoid was used to produce the magnetic field. The ferromagnetic packing material is comprised of a magnetite-containing, poly-urethane gel coated onto polystyrene beads. The gel contains free carboxyl groups. These were carbodiimide-coupled to soy-trypsin inhibitor and the material, used for trypsin purification. Narrow-band affinity chromatography was carried out in packed-bed, fluidized-bed and magnetically stabilized, fluidized-bed separators. Pressure drop, capacity, dilution, and peak asymmetry were evaluated for each type of separator. The three types provide comparable efficiency but the fluidized separators exhibit a much lower pressure drop. As might be expected, fluidized-bed separators perform well for affinity chromatography Oarge k') but poorly for size exclusion chromatography.     

Spray Freeze Drying in a Fluidized Bed at Normal and Low Pressure

The aim of this study is to develop the spray freeze drying process and its hardware and to investigate its capabilities to dry thermosensible substances such as pharma-proteins at normal and low pressures. As the result, the spray freeze fluidized–bed dryer was constructed. During the study, the drying kinetic comparison between classical and spray freeze–drying technologies was done. Spray freeze drying has shown short process times and allows advanced control, product particle shape and size uniformity, and high solubility. This shows that the fluidized-bed freeze-drying process could be an alternative for classical freeze-drying processes. Identified problems are the low yield of the primary drying phase and the strong electrostatic effects during the secondary drying step. However, the innovative process has shown an excellent capability to dry and stabilize the thermosensitive substances, such as pharma-proteins.