L-半胱氨酸浓度对氧化还原电位和生物产氢过程的影响(英文)

The effects of L-cysteine concentration on biohydrogen production by Enterobacterium Bacterium M580 were investigated in batch cultivation.The experimental results showed that L-cysteine could enhance the cell growth,hydrogen production rate and hydrogen yield when its concentration was less than 500 mg·L-1,while it had negative effects when its concentration was higher than 500 mg·L-1.The hydrogen production was the highest 1.29 mol·mol-1(H2/glucose) when 300 mg·L-1L-cysteine was added into the culture,and the yield was 9.4% higher than that in the control.The oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) ,which was influenced by L-cysteine,also affected hydrogen production.The ORP values were in the range-300 mV to-150 mV when the L-cysteine concentration was higher than 500 mg·L-1.Although the ORP in this range was favorable for hydrogen production,it was not suitable for the biomass growth.Hence,less hydrogen was produced.When the L-cysteine concentration was lower than 500 mg·L-1,the ORP was more suitable for both biomass growth and hydrogen production.In addition,at least 91%glucose was consumed when L-cysteine was added to the culture media,compared to the 97.37% consumption without L-cysteine added.     

Simultaneous recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from liquid digestate by vacuum membrane distillation with permeate fractional condensation

A vacuum membrane distillation(VMD) process with permeate fractional condensation on membrane downstream has been developed for simultaneous recovery of phosphorus and nitrogen from liquid digestate. The polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) membrane flux could reach 6000 g·m~(-2)·h~(-1) with the rejection efficiency of total phosphorus(TP) over 0.99, under the condition of flowrate being 120 L·h~(-1) and temperature being 40°C. Membrane fouling occurred with a film of organics and microorganism deposited on the surface of the membrane. Membrane flux could be reversed after the membrane was rinsed by water. Higher feed temperature and flowrate could improve the membrane flux, while hardly affect the rejection efficiency of total phosphorus. The concentration of TP could reach 1600 mg·L~(-1) after membrane distillation, which is about 5 times of that in initial liquid digestate. On the downstream of the membrane, some of the permeate vapor was condensed under the vacuum condition and most of water was collected here. The remaining vapor enriched with total nitrogen(TN) was compressed and pumped to the atmospheric condition to condense. The TN concentration in atmospheric condensate was as high as 7000 mg·L~(-1) with the process separation factor for ammonia being enhanced to 114.     

Microwave-assisted catalytic oxidation of gaseous toluene with a Cu-Mn-Ce/cordierite honeycomb catalyst

A novel Cu-Mn-Ce/cordierite honeycomb catalyst was prepared by an incipient wetness method and the catalyst was characterized. The active ingredients were present as various spinel species of Cu, Mn and Ce oxides with different valences and they were unevenly dispersed over the surface of the catalyst. The catalytic oxidation of gaseous toluene was primarily investigated using a fixed bed reactor under microwave heating in the continuous flow mode. Under the optimal conditions of 6.7 wt-% loading of the active component, a bed temperature of 200℃, a flow rate of 0.12 m^3 · h^-1 and an initial concentration of toluene of 1000 mg·m^-3, the removal and mineralization efficiencies of toluene were 98% and 70%, respectively. Thus the use of the microwave effectively improved the oxidation of toluene and this is attributed to dipole polarization and hotspot effects. After four consecutive cycles (a total of 1980 min), the Cu-Mn- Ce/cordierite catalyst still exhibited excellent catalytic activity and structural stability, and the toluene removal was higher than 90%. This work demonstrates the possibility of treating volatile organic compounds in exhaust gases by microwave-assisted catalytic oxidation.     

厌氧-好氧生物处理工艺用于去除水中杀虫剂(英文)

The biodegradability of wastewater containing priority pollutant pesticideVydine or triadimenol(C14H18CLN3O2) in different bio-reactor configurations was investigated.Two laboratory scale biological reactors were employed:one reactor under aerobic condition and the other under anaerobic condition.The aerobic reactor was operated at an ambient temperature(22±2) °C,while the anaerobic reactor was run in the lower mesophilic range(30±2) °C.The effect of pesticide concentration,hydraulic retention time(HRT) ,and co-substrate on the treatment process was explored,using glucose as a supplemental carbon substrate.More than 96%pesticide was removed after an acclimation period of approximately 172 d(aerobic) and 230 d(anaerobic) .The aerobic reactor achieved complete Vydine utilization at feed concentrations up to 25 mg·L-1 .On the other hand,the anaerobic reactor was able to degrade 25 mg·L-1 of Vydine.Moreover,glucose was consumed first throughout the experiment in a sequential utilization pattern.The combination of anaerobic and aerobic biological processes yielded higher biomass concentration and lower retention time than individual units.The biomass in the combined reactors was first acclimated with the corresponding pesticide.Then,the target pesticide,at a concentration of 25 mg·L-1,was sequentially treated in a semi batch mode in the reactors.HRT studies showed that 24 h HRT of aerobic and 12 h HRT of anaerobic were the optimum combination for the treatment of simulated wastewater containing Vydine,which produced Vydine effluent at concentration below 0.1 mg·L-1 .The optimum ratio of substrate(Vydine) to co-substrate(glucose) was 1︰100.     

工业尾气变压吸附提纯一氧化碳中试

Using pressure swing adsorption （PSA） technology to purify carbon monoxide （CO） discharged from industrial gases is a high-efficiency and economical method. In this article, a four-bed PSA experiment for CO purification was improved and optimized, in which a set of 120 m^3·h^-1 pilot-scale PSA device was developed to purify CO from industrial tail gases, a set of control systems suitable for industry production was developed, and the influences of the operating parameters on CO purification were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the pilot-scale PSA device could produce qualified product gas and get high CO recovery ratio under optimized conditions. The research may provide reliable fundamental data, for industrial scale utilization of CO, from industrial tail gases, and have strong market competitive power and a broad promoted application prospect.     

Purification and concentration of gluconic acid from an integrated fermentation and membrane process using response surface optimized conditions

A response surface method was used to optimize the purification and concentration of gluconic acid from fermentation broth using an integrated membrane system. Gluconobacter oxydans was used for the bioconversion of the glucose in sugarcane juice to gluconic acid (concentration 45 g·L^-1) with a yield of 0.9 g·g^-1. The optimum operating conditions, such as trans-membrane pressure (TMP), pH, cross-flow rate (CFR) and initial gluconic acid concentration, were determined using response surface methodology. Five different types of polyamide nanofiltration membranes were screened and the best performing one was then used for downstream purification of gluconic acid in a flat sheet cross-flow membrane module. Under the optimum conditions (TMP=12 bar and CFR=400 L·h^-1), this membrane retained more than 85% of the unconverted glucose from the fermentation broth and had a gluconic acid permeation rate of 88% with a flux of 161 L·m^-2·h^-1. Using response surface methods to optimize this green nanofiltration process is an effective way of controlling the production of gluconic acid so that an efficient separation with high flux is obtained.     

超声气升式反应器处理乐果水溶液

Ultrasonic airlift loop reactor （UALR） shows potential and wide application for wastewater treatment. In this paper the performance and efficiency of UALR in dimethoate degradation were presented. The effects of O3 flow rate, ultrasonic intensity and initial concentration of dimethoate on degradation rate were investigated. UALR imposed a synergistic effect combining sonochemical merit with high O3 transfer rate. The results showed that UALR not only increased degradation rate, but also was better than the simole sum of degradation by O3 and ultrasound separately. Under the operation conditions of O3 flow of 0.34 m^3·h^-1, ultrasonic intensity 3.71 W.cm^-2, and initial concentration of dimethoate at 20 mg·L^- 1, the degradation rate of dimethoate increased to 80%. UALR seems an advisable choice for treating organic wastewater and this process may have wide application prospect in industry.     

Co-pyrolysis of bituminous coal and biomass in a pressured fluidized bed

An experimental study on co-pyrolysis of bituminous coal and biomass was performed in a pressured fluidized bed reactor. The blend ratio of biomass in the mixture was varied between 0 and 100 wt%, and the temperature was over a range of 550–650 °C under 1.0 MPa pressure with different atmospheres. On the basis of the individual pyrolysis behavior of bituminous coal and biomass, the influences of the biomass blending ratio, temperature, pressure and atmosphere on the product distribution were investigated. The results indicated that there existed a synergetic effect in the co-pyrolysis of bituminous coal and biomass in this pressured fluidized bed reactor, especially when the condition of bituminous coal and biomass blend ratio of 70:30(w/w), 600 °C, and 0.3 MPa was applied. The addition of biomass influenced the tar and char yields and gas and tar composition during co-pyrolysis. The tar yields were higher than the calculated values from individual pyrolysis of each fuel, and consequently the char yields were lower.The experimental results showed that the composition of the gaseous products was not in accordance with those of their individual fuel. The improvement of composition in tar also indicated synergistic effect in the co-pyrolysis.     

小流量高扬程离心漩涡泵气液混输的设计和试验研究

The design method of small-flow high-head centrifugal-vortex pump was presented. This pump, configured with inducer, complex-centrifugal impeller and open-vortex impeller, was put forward to deliver gas-liquid two-phase mixture. An HTB-5/60 type sample pump was developed and tested on a closed-loop test rig. Experimental studies on performance and cavitation tests for gas-liquid two-phase mixture were carried out compared with pure-water experimental results. Also the effect of gas phase on pump was analyzed and discussed. The experimental results show that performance and cavitation characteristics of the sample purnp deteriorates progressively with increasing volume fraction of gas. When the total capacity Qm is between 4.5 m^3·h^-1 and 6 m^3·h^-1 and the gas flow rate qg below 0.66 m^3·h^-1, or qg/Qm is lower than 15%, the characteristic curves are approximately parallel to those in pure water test, but the performance deteriorates sharply until an abrupt flow-cutting at a critical volume fraction of gas. This pump is found suitable for transporting gas-liquid two-phase mixture when working around rated capacity of 5 m^3·h^-1 with qglQm below 15%.     

超声在陶瓷膜处理乳化含油废水中的作用研究

Ultrasonic field was applied in the treatment of oil emulsification wastewater by ZrO2 ceramic mem-brane. The permeate flux, rejection ratio in the filtration process and recovery ratio of flux in the membrane cleaning process were measured. Great improvement in the permeate flux and rejection ratio have been observed for the membrane process enhanced by the ultrasonic field. The permeate flux of water through the membrane was about 210L.m^-2.h^-1 and the oil rejection ratio was over 99.9% under the optimal ultrasonic treatment conditions, which were 8W of ultrasonic power, 7cm of ultrasonic probe length introduced into the membrane channel and the same ultrasonic radiation direction as the wastewater flow. The resistance of the membrane process was compared between the cases with and without ultrasound, and the total resistance was reduced 68% by the use of ultrasound, Four methods including water cleaning, water cleaning under sonication, chemical cleaning and chemical cleaning under sonication were used to recover membrane flux. It was found that the flux recovery ratio increased with the increase of ultrasonic cleaning power. In addition, the use of chemical agents combining with ultrasonic irradiation showed a synergistic effect, which resulted in the highest cleaning efficiency and the shorter cleaning time.     

秸秆水解液发酵产丁二酸高产菌株的选育及其代谢调控

采用酸解与酶解处理秸秆并对菌株代谢途径进行分析,以软X射线诱变选育乙酸及乳酸代谢阻断突变株,并围绕HMP与EMP流量比调控H还原力以及围绕木酮糖激酶实施五、六碳糖共代谢调控。结果表明200 g秸秆水解得57 g葡萄糖和11 g木糖,出发株代谢流量显示丁二酸、乳酸及乙酸流量分别为2.547、0.726、0.611 mmol•g^-1•h^-1。乳酸脱氢酶突变株HF-1代谢分析显示,其乳酸流量降至0.0296 mmol•g^-1•h^-1,氟乙酸抗性突变株HF-2的代谢分析显示,其乙酸流量降至0.100 mmol•g^-1•h^-1,丁二酸流量有所下降。H还原力代谢平衡调控显示,少量柠檬酸盐的添加使HMP与EMP流量比从1.389∶0.389增至1.684∶0.330时,间接促进丁二酸代谢流量从3.005 mmol•g^-1•h^-1增至3.468 mmol•g^-1•h^-1。酶活调控显示,碳酸镁取代碳酸钙作为中和剂促使木酮糖激酶酶活从76 U•mg^-1增至560 U•mg^-1,进而使木糖代谢流量从0.0444 mmol•g^-1•h^-1增至0.453 mmol•g^-1•h^-1,最终五、六碳糖共代谢产丁二酸达68.7 g•L^-1。     

纳米制冷剂管内流动沸腾换热特性

研究了CuO-R113纳米制冷剂在水平直光管内的流动沸腾换热特性。实验测试段长度1.5 m、外径9.52 mm。实验工况的质量流率为100～200 kg•m^-2•s^-1,热通量为3.08～6.16 kW•m^-2, 入口干度为0.2～0.7,纳米颗粒质量分数为0～0.5%。结果表明：CuO-R113纳米制冷剂的传热系数高于纯R113制冷剂的传热系数。纳米颗粒的加入,强化了制冷剂管内流动沸腾换热。质量流率为100、150、200 kg•m^-2•s^-1的情况下,传热系数分别最大提高了29.7%、22.7%、25.6%。     

基于氧碳平衡的重组巴氏毕赤酵母碳源代谢分析

基于氧元素和碳元素平衡对重组巴氏毕赤酵母（Pichia pastoris)的不同碳源代谢进行了分析.结果表明：以甘油为惟一碳源,当比生长速率由0.064h^-1增大到0.257h^-1时,用于细胞生长的甘油代谢比速率由1.36mmol•g^-1•h^-1增大到5.46mmol•g^-1•h^-1,而用于细胞维持代谢流比例降低了10.4%,同时甘油用于合成代谢和分解代谢的比速率均增大,但是分解代谢流比例逐渐下降,而合成代谢流比例却升高了5.9％;以甲醇为碳源进行表达重组人血清白蛋白恒化培养时,当比生长速率由0.019h^-1增大至0.046h^-1时,用于产物重组人血清白蛋白形成的比速率呈先增大后减少的趋势,在比生长速率为0.027h^-1时最大,为0.31mmol•g^-1•h^-1,占甲醇总代谢流的13.2%.     

季铵盐烷基醚化阳离子聚乙烯醇制备及性能

引言 渗透汽化膜分离法可分离恒沸物、热不稳定体系、节能环保,日益被重视.渗透汽化过程的核心是分离膜,膜材料的选择、改性及制备是影响膜分离性能的重要因素.近年来,聚电解质复合物(polyelectrolyte complex,PEC)渗透汽化膜的研究有了较大进展.PEC是将聚阳离子和聚阴离子通过库仑力结合形成的[1].PEC膜具有良好的机械性能,对水及水溶性小分子表现出高透过性[1].本文以聚乙烯醇(PVA)、(3-氯-2-羟丙基)-3-甲基氯化铵为原料,制备了一种QAPVA新型聚阳离子电解质.将其与POAPVA聚阴离子电解质制备PEC膜,用于分离醇/水体系,取得了满意的分离效果.     

界面聚合工艺条件对反渗透复合膜性能的影响

以聚砜超滤膜为支撑膜,间苯二胺(MPD)为水相功能单体,均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)为油相功能单体,通过界面聚合法制备了反渗透复合膜。研究了功能单体浓度、界面聚合反应时间、界面聚合成膜后热处理时间和温度等条件对复合膜分离性能的影响;并对在水相中添加相转移催化剂对复合膜分离性能的影响和相转移催化机理进行了初步探讨。首先在单因素实验条件下确定工艺条件的优化范围,然后经过正交实验得到最佳工艺条件,实验结果表明, 油相中TMC浓度为3 g•L^-1、水相中MPD浓度为20 g•L^-1、界面聚合反应时间为30 s、界面聚合成膜后热处理温度为90 ℃、后处理时间15 min时,所制备的反渗透复合膜表现出良好的分离性能,通量达14.91 L•m^-2•h^-1,截留率为0.951(测试条件: 压力1.6 MPa, 温度25 ℃, NaCl浓度20000 mg•L^-1);当水相中MPD浓度较低时,加入适量的相转移催化剂,能有效地改善膜的分离性能。     

高密度下行床-提升管耦合反应器内的气固流动行为

在新提出并建立的“下行床-提升管”耦合循环流化床装置上进行了实验研究,研究结果表明,与提高一次风率相比,提高二次风率（二次风与一、二次风之和的比值）,有利于提高颗粒循环量.当颗粒循环量达到400 kg•m^-2•s^-1时,第一提升管出口处的固含超过了20％,此时下行床内充分发展段的固含超过了5.5％,即高浓度颗粒充满了整个循环流化床系统,并且第一提升管内的颗粒径向浓度分布趋于均匀.     

负压差立管内的气固两相流

在φ800 mm×12000 mm流化床实验装置上对150 mm×11500 mm负压差立管内气固两相流的轴向压力、空隙率和气体流动特性进行了测量和分析.立管出口无约束淹没在密相流化床内,颗粒质量流率范围G_s<1200 kg&#8226;m^-2&#8226;s^-1.立管内气固两相流态有两种存在形式,当颗粒质量流率G_s<200～250 kg&#8226;m^-2&#8226;s^-1时,流态是稀密两相共存形式;当G_s>200～250 kg&#8226;m^-2&#8226;s^-1时,流态是浓相输送流态.两种流态之间可以相互转换,主要取决于颗粒质量流率的变化.影响立管内气固两相流的轴向压力、空隙率分布、气相的流动特性和气固流态存在形式的主要参数是颗粒质量流率G_s、旋风分离器入口速度V_i、下端流化床流化速度u_f,质量流率G_s是主要的影响因素.     

HC290含油混合物水平微肋管内的流动凝结压降

实验测定了HC290含油混合物水平微肋管（长2 m,最大内径11.44 mm）内流动凝结过程的压降,实验中所用润滑油是一种制冷系统中广泛应用的润滑油Suniso 3GS,润滑油浓度范围为1.95%～5.28%;所用微肋管为内表面强化管,肋数60,肋高0.25 mm,螺旋角20°,实验所取冷凝温度为40～45 ℃,质量通量范围为40～240 kg&#8226;m^-2&#8226;s^-1.结果显示实验段内冷凝压降(入口质量含汽率为1,出口质量含汽率为0.1～0.25)随工质质量通量的增加而迅速增大,润滑油浓度对冷凝压降几乎没有影响.同时在对Kaushik和Azer压降计算关系式修正的基础上得到了适用于本实验的相应经验关系式.     

高密度下行床反应器的流体力学特性

在一套内径为80 mm,高5.6 m的新型下行循环流化床内,以硅胶、FCC催化剂以及玻璃珠等颗粒为实验物料,在颗粒循环流率最高达600 kg&#8226;m^-2&#8226;s^-1,床层颗粒平均浓度达14%的条件下,进行了低气速、高浓度下行床内气固流动特性的研究.实验结果表明：高浓度下颗粒浓度的波动特性与低密度的有所差异.在低浓度操作条件下,颗粒浓度的概率分布曲线为单峰,而在高浓度下,概率密度分布曲线近似为水平直线;床层颗粒浓度随固体颗粒循环流率的增加而提高,颗粒直径及密度小的物料容易达到高的床层浓度,密度大而流动性好的物料容易达到高的颗粒循环流率;在低密度操作条件下,下行床内气固沿轴向流动过程可分为两个区域：加速区以及恒速区;而在高浓度操作条件下,可分为3个区域：加速区、恒速区以及出口受限区.     

流向变换催化燃烧反应器的热波特性

在小型中试装置上利用国产催化剂进行了含混合芳烃模拟工业废气的脱毒实验研究,在污染物浓度490～3920mg&#8226;m^-3、换向周期15～60min、空速（2.4～9.6）×10³h^-1和气体流速0.340～1.359m&#8226;s^-1的宽广范围内系统地考察了流向变换催化燃烧反应器的操作特性,特别是热波特性与操作参数如进料浓度、气速和换向周期之间的相互关系.结果表明,凡是影响一个周期内反应器热平衡的操作参数都有可能显著地影响反应段的温度水平.为这一类反应器的科学设计、优化操作和模型化研究奠定了中试基础.