COMPARATIVE REACTION STUDY OF METHYLCYCLOHEXANE AND 3-METHYLHEXANE IN H2 AND N2 ON Pt/Al2O3 CATALYST

The reaction of methylcyclohexane and 3-methylhexane were studied in a pulse microcatalytic reactor using H₂ and N₂ carriers on Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst at temperatures from 350 to 500°C, contact times (W/F) of 1.25 × 10^-3-3.75 × 10^-3 g min/ml and a total pressure of 4.0 kg/cm². In N₂, there was complete conversion of methylcyclohexane to methane, benzene and toluene while similar products were produced for 3-methylhexane, albeit with diminished conversion level. In H₂, methane was produced from 3-methylhexane conversion while aromatization without demethylation was obtained in addition to some cracking for methylcyclohexane at the low temperature range (350-400°C); a higher temperature range (460-500°C) resulted in complete fragmentation for methylcyclohexane. In H₂-N₂ mixtures, the presence of N₂ of not less than 50% in the carrier gas stream yielded an aromatic catalyst at conditions where only cracking activity was previously evident. The differences in product distribution and/or product types for the two reactants in H₂ and N₂ suggest a different reaction mechanism for both reactants.     

Synthesis and Surface Active Properties of Novel Nonionic Aryl Oleic Diethanolamide Surfactants

A series of novel aryl oleic diethanolamide (AOD) surfactants with different hydrophobic groups were synthesized. An aromatic ring introduced to a long alkyl chain had a significant effect on reducing water surface tension. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the surface tension (γ_cmc) at the CMC were investigated. The CMC was 4.56 × 10^-8 mol/L to 5.83 × 10^-6 mol/L for AOD1:1 (molar ratio of aryl oleic acid: diethanolamide = 1:1) and corresponding γ_cmc was 36.4 mN/m to 39.3 mN/m. The CMC of AOD1:2 (molar ratio of aryl oleic acid: diethanolamide = 1:2) were in 1.21 × 10^-7-9.98 × 10^-6 mol/L and γ_cmc were in 31.6-34.4 mN/m.     

ESTIMATION OF TOXIC COKE DEPOSITS ON FRESH AND REGENERATED Pt/Al2O3 CATALYST FROM METHYLCYCLOPENTANE REFORMING IN H2 AND N2 ATMOSPHERES.

An estimate of the quantity of toxic coke deposited on fresh and regenerated Pt/Alj₂O₃ catalyst has been determined for methylcyclopentane (MCP) reforming in a Berty CSTR at 390°C, W/F=0·11 g min cm^-3, total pressure of 1 atm and MCP partial pressure of 9·2 × 10^-2 atm in H₂ or N₂ carrier. Eleven cycles consisting each of catalyst deactivation, regeneration and reduction were investigated with 3 in H₂ and 8 in N₂. Oxidizable (primary) coke deposits were higher in N₂. However, higher levels of toxic (secondary) coke were deposited in H₂. The ratio of oxidizable to toxic coke lies between 1-15×10³ in H₂ and 22 - 55 × 10³ in N₂ The coke-time profiles for secondary coke removal exhibited maxima suggestive of three types of secondary coke with varying reactivity in H₂. Furthermore, the results strongly suggest that the cokes were layered on acidic coke forming sites with the solid phase transformation of primary to secondary coke occurring at the catalyst-coke interface.     

A Comprehensive Evaluation of High Viscous Crude Oil from Shuguang No. 1 Zone of Liaohe Oil Field

The high viscous crude oil from Shuguang No. 1 zone of Liaohe oil field has the characteristics of high density (ρ₂₀ = 0.9977 g cm^-3), great viscosity (ν₁₀₀ = 1223.9 mm² s^-1) and high pour point (48°C), which are similar to those of the residue distillation of general crude oils. It contains no gasoline distillation and the diesel oil fraction yield is just 7.19%. It is often used as fuels after emulsification. But this oil is so vicious that it cannot be atomized uniformly and burned fully. In order to make full use of it, this kind of high viscous crude oil has been evaluated comprehensively and the properties of its various distillations are analyzed respectively. The results indicate that this crude oil contains less wax, but more resins and asphaltene, which belongs to low-sulfur naphthene-base crude oils and it is the suitable material to produce high-quality paving asphalt. Based on its characteristics, the optimum processing scheme is put forward and the high-quality paving asphalt is produced by using the distillation higher than 350°C.     

DEEP DESULPHURISATION OF A DIESEL BLEND IN A PILOT PLANT TRICKLE BED REACTOR

A pilot plant investigation was conducted to study the influence of hydrotreating conditions on conversion and characteristics of diesel blend and to determine the severity of operating conditions required to meet the proposed product specifications for diesel fuel in India. A typical diesel blend derived from various refinery streams with sulphur content of 2·06 wt% was hydrodesulphurised over a commercial NiO-MoO₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst in a pilot plant trickle bed reactor. The experiments were conducted at 300-370°C, 30-50 kg/cm², 2·0 3·0 hr^-1 liquid hourly space velocity and constant H₂/oil ratio of 185 m³/m³. The data showed that the diesel blend could be hydrotreated to meet revised product specifications of 0·25 wt% sulphur, 46 cetane number by increasing the severity of operation. The cetane number and aromatic saturation were limited by thermodynamic equilibrium at temperatures above 360°C. The influence of temperature was found to be more pronounced than that of pressure in the range of operating conditions studied.     

REFORMING OF N-OCTANE ON A Pt/Al2O3 CATALYST. II. KINETIC ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN DEPENDENCE.

The conversion of n-octane on Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst was found to pass through pronounced maxima with the variation of the partial pressure of hydrogen at temperatures between 420°C-460°C, P_N = 7·63 × 10^-3 atm and W/F = 0·11lg min cm_-3. The products of reaction were hydrocracked products, octane, ethylbenzene, o-.p-,m,-xylene and toluene. The order of appearance of the optimum PH for the various reactions were: Isooctane>Dehydrocyclized products>Hydrocracked products.

A sequence of elementary steps earlier postulated was found to predict the maximum in the n-octane P_H profiles for the three temperatures investigated. The rate determining steps for the two rate equations that were found suitable were conversion of adsorbed isooctane to adsorbed o-xylene and ethylbenzene.     

准噶尔盆地南部霍玛吐构造带古近系紫泥泉子组储层发育特征与控制因素分析

油气勘探与评价结果表明,储层发育的复杂性是除复杂构造变形特征与构造样式之外控制准南前陆盆地霍玛吐构造带油气成藏与油气分布的另一重要因素。从沉积相和岩石学特征入手,结合常规薄片观察、扫描电镜、压汞实验等分析成果,对霍玛吐构造带古近系紫泥泉组储层特征进行分析研究。结果表明,紫泥泉子组三段储层岩性主要为细砂岩和粉砂岩,岩石粒度偏细。由于沉积作用和成岩作用的共同控制,决定了霍玛吐构造带3个构造储层物性的差异性：玛纳斯背斜储层物性最好,孔渗分布模式呈现“后峰型‘’;霍尔果斯背斜储层物性中等,孔渗分布较均匀,呈现“双峰型”;而吐谷鲁背斜储层物性最差,孔隙度分布略呈现“双峰型‘’,渗透率分布则呈现“前峰型”。     

中美海相页岩气地质特征对比研究

通过中国海相页岩气详细研究和美国典型页岩气区带解剖,对比研究了中美页岩气地质特征的异同,这些研究对指导我国四川盆地海相页岩气的研究具有重要理论和实践意义。 ①美国Barnett页岩、Marcellus页岩和Haynesville页岩气区带的盆地类型为前陆盆地,中国四川早古生代盆地为克拉通。沉积环境均为深水陆棚,岩石类型以硅质和硅质钙质页岩为主,脆性矿物含量高。②Barnett页岩TOC值为3%~13%,平均为4.5%,Marcellus页岩TOC值为3%~12%,平均为4.0%,Haynesville页岩TOC值为0.5%~4%。四川盆地五峰组-龙马溪组和筇竹寺组页岩TOC值分别为1.5%~3%和2.5%~4.5%。③美国三大页岩成熟度适中,四川盆地海相页岩处于过成熟阶段。Barnett页岩、Marcellus页岩和Haynesville页岩R_O值分别为0.5%~2.1%、1.2%～3.5%和1.2%~3%。四川盆地筇竹寺组页岩R_O值一般为2.5%~4.5%,平均为3.5%,龙马溪组页岩R_O值为1.5%~3%。 ④Barnett页岩核心区厚度为30~180m,总孔隙度为4%~5%,基质渗透率小于1×10^-3μm²,Marcellus页岩厚度为 15～60m,孔隙度平均为10%,渗透率小于1×10^-3μm², Haynesville页岩厚度为70~100m,孔隙度为8%~9%,渗透率小于5×10^-3μm²,四川盆地五峰组-龙马溪组页岩厚度为25~120m,孔隙度为3%~10%,渗透率为(0.01~)×10^-3μm²,筇竹寺组页岩厚度为40~100m,孔隙度为0.1%~3%,渗透率为(0.01~42)×10^-3μm²。⑤Barnett页岩、Marcellus页岩和Haynesville页岩含气量分别为4.2~9.9m³/t、1.70～2.83m³/t和2.5~9m³/t。四川盆地五峰组-龙马溪组和筇竹寺组页岩含气量分别为1.7~4.5m³/t和0.55~1.2m³/t。中国海相页岩吸附气含量大于美国。⑥美国海相页岩埋深为1 220~3 990m,中国海相页岩埋深可高达5 000m,一般为1 500~4 000m;Barnett页岩和筇竹寺组页岩为正常地层压力,压力系数分别为0.99~1.01和1,Marcellus页岩,Haynesville页岩和五峰组-龙马溪组为异常高压,地层压力系数分别为0.9~1.4、1.61~2.07和1~2.3。⑦除四川盆地筇竹寺组页岩外,其他4套页岩均具有良好封盖层,有利于天然气保存。⑧美国地表条件更有利,多以平原为主,而四川多为丘陵。 ⑨四川盆地五峰组-龙马溪组页岩气地质资源量为17.5×10¹²m³,技术可采资源量为1.77×10¹²m³,筇竹寺组页岩气地质资源量为8.86×10¹²m³,技术可采资源量为0.886×10¹²m³。     

Hydrotreating Activity of Heavy Gasoil over NiMo/γ-Al2O3-TiO2

Different γ-Al₂O₃-TiO₂ catalysts were tested in a pilot plant fixed-bed reactor in order to evaluate the effect of atomic ratio (Ni/Ni + Mo) on hydrotreating activity of heavy gasoil FCC feed. Hydrotreating reactions were carried out at three temperatures (330, 365, and 400°C) and LHSV of 6 h^-1. Studies of atomic ratio were done varying Ni amounts (2, 2.4, and 2.95 wt%) whereas molybdenum loading was kept constant (6 wt%) for all catalysts, the behavior of these catalysts was compared with a reference catalyst containing 11.5 wt% of Mo and 2.95 wt% of Ni, which was evaluated at the same conditions. All catalysts were prepared by incipient impregnation method over γ-Al₂O₃-TiO₂ (Ti = 5.6 wt%). Experimental results showed correlation between the atomic ratio (Ni/Ni + Mo) and the best results for hydrodemetallization where found for the catalyst with atomic ratio of (Ni/Ni + Mo) = 0.45.     

KINETICS OF CORN COB CHAR GASIFICATION IN CARBON DIOXIDE

The Reactivity of corn cob char in CO₂ has been studied on a thermogravimetric balance to develop a rate equation for the design of biomass gasifiers operating on corn cob char. Experiments in the range of 650-1000^°C were conducted with cylindrical shaped pellets of 1 cm diameter having L/D=l. The average porosity of the pellets was 0.5. It was observed that the rate of the CO₂/char reaction decreased with increase in temperature from 650-750^°C and then increased with temperature upto 1000^°C.

The data obtained at temperatures 750^°C and above has been used to determine a rate equation for char gasification. It has been found that the reaction proceeds according to the Sharp Interface Model (SIM) with a first order chemical reaction as the rate controlling step. The activation energy is found to be 40 Kcal/mole with frequency factor being 1.2 × 10⁷ mm/sec. Analysis of the data obtained for the decreasing reaction rate regime (650-750^°C) indicates that the change in the ash structure result in this kind of behavior.     

砂岩气藏充注含气饱和度实验研究

针对低渗致密砂岩储层充注含气饱和度难以准确测试技术难题,综合考虑储层展布及物性差异特征、充注动力、地温条件、盖层封闭等要素,建立一套全序列砂岩储层充注含气饱和度测试实验方法,分别对渗透率为0.034×10^-3μm²、0.075×10^-3μm²、0.244×10^-3μm²、0.505×10^-3μm²、0.683×10^-3μm²、1.12×10^-3μm²、1.47×10^-3μm²、4.77×10^-3μm²、10.7×10^-3μm²、38.1×10^-3μm²、49.1×10^-3μm²、99.4×10^-3μm²、126×10^-3μm²的砂岩储层,开展了气源压力为0.1MPa、0.2MPa、0.3MPa、0.5MPa、0.7MPa、0.9MPa、1.0MPa、1.2MPa、1.5MPa、1.8MPa、2.0MPa、2.5MPa、2.8MPa、3.0MPa、3.5MPa、4.0MPa、4.5MPa、5.0MPa、5.5MPa、6.0MPa、7.0MPa、8.0MPa、10.0MPa、15.0MPa、20.0MPa、25.0MPa、30.0MPa下逐级增压充注实验,记录了充注过程中各渗透率储层孔隙压力变化特征,在此基础上,采用充注实验与核磁共振实验结合的方法,对充注过程中含气饱和度变化进行了量化评价。研究结果表明：①低渗致密储层充注时具有高于门限压力进气,源、储压力平衡缓慢以及高压聚气三大特征,进气门限压力与储层渗透率关系密切,建立了门限压力与渗透率关系图版;②认识了含气饱和度（S_g）、地层压力（P）与储层渗透率（K）变化规律,拟合了含气饱和度经验计算公式,以鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田为例,通过实验测试、密闭取心分析与经验公式计算结果对比,建立了含气饱和度与储层渗透率关系图版,为低渗致密砂岩气藏储层含气性评价提供指导;③以取心井为基础,根据含气饱和度、储层渗透率、孔隙度、厚度等参数,建立不同渗透率储层储量辟分方法,为储量分类评价提供了依据。     

修武盆地下寒武统荷塘组海相页岩孔隙特征

通过孔隙度实验、低温N₂吸附法和CO₂吸附法,对修武盆地RDZ01井下寒武统荷塘组页岩孔隙发育特征进行定量表征,结合总有机碳含量、矿物组成及有机质的热演化程度,讨论孔隙发育特征主控因素。结果表明：孔隙形态以楔形孔为主,并发育墨水瓶形孔及狭缝形孔。页岩孔隙度为1.24%~2.91%,具低孔隙度特征;微孔、中孔和大孔3类孔隙分别占总孔体积的35.45%、44.54%和20.01%。页岩总孔体积为5.33×10^-3 ~20.10×10^-3 cm³/g,其中低温N₂吸附法和CO₂吸附法平均孔体积分别为7.40×10^-3 cm³/g和2.24×10^-3 cm³/g;总比表面积为7.62~17.84 m²/g,其中低温N₂吸附法和CO₂吸附法平均比表面积分别为5.23 m²/g和7.41 m²/g。孔径分布的主峰值小于10.00 nm,微孔的结构复杂,0.30~0.70 nm的孔隙较为发育,大的比表面积为页岩气提供更多的吸附位。总有机碳含量是微孔发育的主控因素,同时促进中孔发育,对大孔的影响较弱;黏土矿物增多会降低页岩的孔隙度;高石英含量为总孔体积和总比表面积增大的有利因素。修武盆地下寒武统荷塘组海相页岩和鄂西地区下侏罗统自流井组页岩储集层特征相似,呈现良好的储集能力。     

黔西北威宁地区龙参1井下石炭统旧司组—祥摆组海相页岩气储层物性及含气性特征

黔西北下石炭统旧司组—祥摆组是重要的海相页岩层系,为进一步加强贵州省页岩气的基础地质勘察,形成贵州特色页岩气地质理论,以威宁龙街向斜龙参1井下石炭统旧司组—祥摆组页岩为研究对象,通过岩石学、地球化学、储层物性及含气性相关测试评价了其勘探开发潜力。结果表明：①祥摆组页岩厚度介于74.76~255.6 m之间,有机碳含量中等（平均为2.01%）、热演化程度较高（R_o,max值平均为2.54%）;显微组分以壳质组（平均为43.31%）为主,腐泥组（平均为38.08%）次之;有机质类型为Ⅱ₁型和Ⅱ₂型。②黏土矿物含量较多（质量分数平均为45.4%）,石英次之（质量分数平均为38.08%）,脆性指数整体较高。③孔隙度中等（平均为4.77%）,核磁渗透率范围跨度较大,介于（0.079 7~4.63）×10^-6 μm²之间,平均为1.32×10^-6 μm²,属低渗储层;主要发育微裂缝、粒内孔、粒间孔和有机质孔;孔隙比表面积（平均为14.387 m²/g）和总孔体积（平均为0.016 76 cm³/g）较大,以介孔为主,平均孔径介于3.79~8.45 nm之间,平均为5.89 nm。④旧司组—祥摆组含气量中等,最高达1.48 m³/t,TOC是泥页岩含气性的主要影响因素,TOC与兰氏体积、总孔体积呈良好的正相关关系,石英与TOC、R_O呈正相关关系。旧司组—祥摆组页岩气储层符合产业开发条件,与国内外页岩储层特征综合对比认为,旧司组—祥摆组深色页岩有机质丰度中等,热演化程度较高,脆性指数高,多介孔,有较好的探勘开发潜力。     

致密砂岩气藏井网加密优化

采用物理模拟实验与数学评价方法相结合,系统研究了井控范围从500 m逐步加密至100 m(相当于井距从1 000 m加密至200 m）过程中不同渗透率砂岩储层在不同含水饱和度条件时的储量采出程度,揭示了井网加密对提高储量采出程度作用,以采出程度提高5%~10%和大于10%为依据,建立井网加密可行性判识图表,为气藏井网部署和加密方案优化提供了参考依据。实验岩心常规空气渗透率分别为1.63×10^-3 μm²、0.58×10^-3 μm²、0.175×10^-3 μm²、0.063×10^-3 μm²,含水饱和度介于30.3%~71.1%之间。研究结果表明：渗透率为1.63×10^-3 μm²的储层,采出程度总体均较高,除了在含水饱和度高达69.9%时的采出程度与井控范围有关外,其余含水饱和度条件下,采出程度与井控范围关系不大,可以采用大井距开发;渗透率为0.58×10^-3 μm²的储层,采出程度与含水饱和度和井控范围关系密切,随含水饱和度降低、井控范围加密而增加;渗透率为0.175×10^-3 μm²的储层,采出程度受含水饱和度的影响十分显著,只有在含水饱和度≤52.3%时,井网加密优化可提高储量采出程度,当含水饱和度>52.3%时,储量采出程度均较低,一般≤10%,即使井控范围加密至100 m,也难以得到提高;渗透率为0.063×10^-3 μm²的储层,总体上采出程度非常低,即使含水饱和度仅有31.6%,井控范围加密至100 m,其采出程度最高也只有2.3%,因此,该类储层依靠井网加密难以得到有效动用。     

Microbiological profile of helva sold at retail markets in Izmir city and the survival of Staphylococcus aureus in this product

The objective of this research was to determine the microbiological profile of tahin helva, a low moisture confectionery. A total of 63 tahin helva samples were collected from the retail markets in Izmir, Turkey. These samples were examined by standard procedures for aerobic plate count (APC) and counts of moulds and yeasts, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. APC of samples ranged from <10 to 1.6 × 10⁵ cfu/g. The counts for moulds, yeasts and Enterobacteriaceae ranged from <10 to 1.8 × 10³, <10 to 7 × 10², <10 to 8.5 × 10² cfu/g, respectively. None of the samples contained S. aureus or Salmonella. The potential for survival of S. aureus in the product stored at refrigeration (4 °C) and room (20 °C) temperatures was evaluated by artificial contamination. S. aureus cells were still recovered after 9 months of storage at both temperatures. The results of this investigation indicate that S. aureus contamination of tahin helva, (a_w of 0.172) may constitute a potential public health hazard, depending on the extent of contamination and mishandled exercise at the sale area and the kitchen.     

特低渗砂岩储层物性下限确定方法——以永进油田西山窑组储集层为例

准噶尔盆地永进油田西山窑组储集层孔隙度的分布范围在4%～6%之间,渗透率分布范围在0.01×10^-3～0.30×10^-3μm²之间,属典型的特低孔、特低渗储层。结合静态、动态资料及岩石物理实验,综合利用经验统计法、含油产状法、物性试油法、核磁共振法、最小流动孔喉半径法、驱替压力法等6种方法,确定了该储层有效物性下限孔隙度为6%、渗透率为0.08×10^-3μm²,为有效厚度划分及储量计算提供了依据。     

EFFECTS OF OXYGEN ON THE FT SYNTHESIS OVER Fe-Cu-K CATALYST

The poisoning of commercial coprecipilated Fe-Cu-K catalyst by oxygen in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was investigated, since synthesis gas obtained by the gasification of coal contains O₂. The pretreated catalysts were oxidized in a oxygen-containing syngas.The effects of poisoning methods, reaction temperature, and oxygen fed to catalyst on the catalytic behavior of reduced Fe-Cu-K catalyst in a fixed bed were studied for synthesis tests with the ratio H₂/CO of 2.3 containing O₂ 5.16×10^-3 under 2.62 MPa and 524.2 K. The relative activity of catalyst exceeded 1 for the first few hours of poisoning by oxygen both in prepoisoning and poisoning in situ process, then decreased linearly with the increasing of oxygen fed to catalyst, and finally increased to the relative activity of 0.6-0.7. The activity decreased less rapidly poisoning in situ than that of prepoisoning. The gaseous hydrocarbons average molecular weight increased greatly when poisoned by oxygen. The wax weight percentage in products and the ratio of olefin to paraffin decreased as poisoned by oxygen. Oxygen also affects the composition of oils and the contents of oxygenated compounds formed in water phase.     

鄂尔多斯盆地某地区石盒子组低渗透天然气储层产能测井预测

在油气田勘探与开发中,低渗透储层产能测井预测是一个关键也是一个难点。依据测井、测试和岩心实验资料,首先针对自然生产与压裂生产的不同生产措施,确定物性下限,孔隙度10%、渗透率1×10^-3μm²为自然生产储层物性下限,孔隙度6%、渗透率0.1×10^-3μm²为储层产能物性下限;然后根据生产情况,将产能分为自然生产、压后产气大于10 000m³/d、压后产气3 000～10 000m³/d和压后无产4个等级,总结常规测井响应特征,采用自然伽马与密度—中子视石灰岩孔隙度差值结合储层孔隙度、渗透率建立产能分级预测模型;其次由渗流力学和毛管理论可知,压后每米无阻产气量与可动流体孔隙度呈现指数关系,利用核磁共振测井确定储层有效流动孔隙度,建立压后每米无阻产气量测井定量预测模型;最后将产能测井预测模型应用于鄂尔多斯盆地某地区石盒子组低渗透天然气储层的产能预测,预测结果与测试结果符合很好,压后定量预测结果与测试结果相对误差均在10%以内。     

The Role of Nitrogen in Facilitating Methylcyclohexane Aromatization on Pt/Al2O3 and Pt-Re/Al2O3 Catalysts

The kinetics of methylcyclohexane aromatization on commercial Pt/Al₂O₃ and Pt-Re/Al₂O₃ catalysts was investigated in a micro-reactor using N₂ and/or H₂ as carrier gases at temperatures ranging between 300-500°C, W/F values ranging between 0.83-3.75 mg min/mL and at a total pressure of 4.0 kg/cm². On both catalysts in N₂ atmosphere, aromatization accompanied by demethylation was observed with the formation of cracked products, benzene and toluene. However, in H₂ methane was the predominant product of methylcyclohexane reforming on PtA1₂O₃ and Pt-Re/Al₂O₃ at 500°C and 400-500°C respectively, whereas at 350°C, aromatization was predominant on Pt/Al₂O₃ but on Pt-Re/Al₂O₃, aromatization was accompanied by fragmentation to methane. In N₂-H₂ mixtures, demethylation activity was observed to decrease with H₂ content of the mixture on Pt-Re/Al₂O₃. A preliminary test of the kinetic data using Sica's method of pulse kinetic analysis suggests a first order rate in methylcyclohexane with activation energies of 3.21 kcal/gmol in N₂ and 19.70 kcal/gmol in H₂ for the Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst and 16.66 kcal/gmol in N₂ and 34.94 kcal/gmol in H₂ for the Pt-Re/Al₂O₃ catalyst. However, a more comprehensive kinetic analysis suggested an aromatization mechanism for Pt-Re/Al₂O₃, where adsorbed H₂ was a participant. A different aromatization mechanism for the reaction in N₂ where hydrogen was not needed explained the data on Pt/Al₂O_3. In both cases, the desorption of toluene was determined as the rate determining step.     

Effect of Temperature and Solids on the Rheology of Water-in-Oil Emulsions

This article reports on an experimental study on the effect of temperature on the viscosity behavior of water-in-oil emulsions with added solids. The experimental conditions consisted of combinations of values of temperature (T) and solids volume fraction (φ_s). The temperature had the values of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 70°C; whilst the solids volume fraction had values between 0 and 0.025. All the treatments had been chosen such that each value of φ_s was used once in conjunction with each value of T. In order to obtain an estimate of the experimental error in the experiment, it was necessary to replicate the entire set of experiments a total of three times. Statistical analysis of the experimental data pointed to the existence of an interaction of solids and temperature and to the relative viscosity being a function of these two factors. A model based on the data has been developed to evaluate the relative viscosity as a function of T and φ_s for shear rates above 270 s^-1.