MnO2/AC复合材料的机械化学法制备及其电容性能

采用机械化学法制备MnO2以及MnO2/AC复合电极材料.用X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）研究了所合成材料的晶型与形貌;用循环伏安、交流阻抗和恒流充放电对电极在6 mol/LKOH电解液中的电容性能进行了测试.结果发现,加入活性炭后,MnO2超级电容器放电电压从1.2 V提高到1.8 V;电极比容量达到了312 F/g,经过300次循环后为260 F/g.     

MnO2超级电容器材料在中性电解质中的电化学特性

采用常温液相氧化法制备了MnO2超级电容器材料,并用X射线衍射(XRD)和循环伏安以及恒电流充放电测试等方法对所得的MnO2电极材料的结构和电化学特性进行了研究。结果表明:所得的水含MnO2·xH2O为无定型结构,该电极材料在硫酸盐水溶液中比在氯化物溶液中有更宽电位窗口,可达0～1 0V(vs.SCE),比电容达144 1F g,并具有良好的准电容特性和循环寿命。     

α-MnO2的机械化学法合成及其电容性质

以高锰酸钾与乙酸锰为原料,采用机械化学法制备MnO2.利用SEM、BET、XRD、交流阻抗法、循环伏安以及恒电流充放电对电极材料结构与性能表征,对充放电曲线求斜率分析.结果表明产物为弱结晶型α-MnO2,其比表面积为385.5 m2,平均孔径为3.4 nm.α-MnO2电化学电容器表现出法拉第电容与双电层电容的双重特征;随着循环次数增加,Mn3O4生成,交换电流密度从177 mA/g减少到69.8 mA/g,微分电容从2.40×10-1 F减少到1.91×10-3 F;电极过程主要受电极电位状态变量影响;电极最大比容量达到416 F/g,经过近500次循环后,比容量为220 F/g.     

活性炭孔分布对其电容衰减性能的影响

以8种不同孔结构的活性炭为实验对象,利用低温N2(77 K)吸附法测定活性炭的比表面积和孔径分布,并将其涂布到铝箔集流体上组装成双电层超级电容器。以1 mol/L四氟硼酸四乙基铵的乙腈溶液(Et4NBF4/AN)为电解液,利用循环伏安和恒流充放电技术研究活性炭的比表面积、中孔和微孔分布以及孔容等对双电层电容器倍率衰减性能的影响。结果表明:活性炭的比表面积、孔径和孔容的适量增大均能提高活性炭的比容量;中孔的适量增加不仅可以减小超级电容器的电阻,还可以提高活性炭的大电流充放电性能,降低大电流充放电时的电容衰减。当电流密度从0.15 A/g增大到9.6 A/g时:中孔活性炭的比电容衰减率平均为14.13%,而微孔活性炭的平均衰减率为20.58%;中孔表面积对比电容的贡献由10.10μF/cm2下降至9.95μF/cm2,而微孔表面积的贡献则由5.68μF/cm2下降至4.21μF/cm2。     

纳米MnO2超级电容器性能研究

采用液相反应制备了纤维状纳米MnO2，X射线衍射分析表明：产物是α-MnO2和7-MnO2组成的混合晶相。利用循环伏安和恒流充放电测试其电化学性能。在0．15V～0．75V(SCE)工作电压范围内考察了在不同浓度(NH4)2SO4电解液中的电容性能，结果表明：该电极材料在浓度为1mol／L的(NH4)2SO4中具有优异的电容性能；恒流充放测试其比容量可达142．2F／g。     

Co(OH)_2/GO复合物的制备及其电化学性能研究

以硫酸钴和氧化石墨为原料,采用化学沉淀法制备出疏松多孔的片状Co(OH)_2/GO复合物。复合物的结构和形貌用X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)进行了表征;用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)对样品的成分进行了测定;复合物的电化学性能用循环伏安、恒电流充放电等测试方法进行了测试。经分析测试结果,发现采用该方法制备的样品,其电化学性能与氧化石墨的含量有关;当氧化石墨含量为10%时性能最佳,比电容达到1498F/g。此外,电流密度为1A/g时,600次充放电循环后比电容仍保留了初始值的85.3%。因此,Co(OH)_2/GO复合物有望成为电化学电容器电极材料。     

α-MnO2纳米棒在1 mol/L KOH溶液中的电容行为

通过水热法合成的MnO2纳米粉体,用X射线衍射(XRD)证明其为α MnO2,透射电镜(TEM)证明颗粒形貌为棒状,直径20nm左右,长度在0 5～1 0μm之间。用循环伏安、恒电流充放电、交流阻抗等方法研究了该MnO2电极在1mol LKOH溶液中,-0 25～0 45V(vs·Hg HgO)的电位范围内的法拉第"准电容行为"。结果表明:该MnO2电极在1mol LKOH中具有良好的电容性能,其比电容可达300F g以上,在5mA cm2的电流密度下恒电流充放1000个循环后,其容量衰减在10%以内。     

氧化石墨烯掺杂量与pH值对石墨烯气凝胶储能性能的影响

采用溶胶凝胶法制备石墨烯气凝胶（GA）,并研究了前驱液中的pH值与氧化石墨烯（GO）的质量分数对GA材料储能性能的影响。使用X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、氮气吸脱附分析、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对样品微观结构与形貌进行表征。用循环伏安（CV）、恒流充放电（CP）、电化学交流阻抗（EIS）测试了样品的电化学性能。结果表明,前驱液中的pH值及GO质量分数的不同会影响GA中团簇颗粒的大小和数量,进一步影响GA三维结构。在pH值为6.3、GO 的质量分数为1%时,制得的GA比表面积最大为530 m2?g?1,在1 A?g?1的电流密度下比电容高达364 F?g?1。此外,将该材料制成对称超级电容器具有高的库伦效率,在1 A?g?1下进行CP测试,得到电容器的比电容为98 F?g?1,循环800次后其循环稳定性能为初始比电容值的95.9%。      

竹炭制备高比表面积活性炭及其电容性质研究

[目的]研究竹炭制备高比表面积活性炭及其电容性质.[方法]采用竹材加工剩余物制成的竹炭为原料,以氢氧化钾为活化剂制备了双电层电容器用活性炭,并通过正交试验研究了液固比、活化温度、活化时间及升温速率对产品吸附性能的影响.[结果]得到最优的活化工艺参数如下:碱炭比为4∶ 1,活化温度为770 ℃,活化时间为60 min,升温速率为10 ℃/min,比表面积高达2 379 m2/g,但其质量比电容不是最大.当比表面积为2 121 m2/g时,质量比电容最大(323 F/g),但其体积比电容偏小.[结论]为研制高比电容量且具有实际应用价值的电极材料提供了依据.     

掺钴氧化钌（RuO2/Co3O4）·nH2O复合薄膜电极的制备与表征

以六水合氯化钴(CoCl2.6H2O)和水合三氯化钌(RuCl3.3H2O)为前驱体,采用胶体法制备超级电容器用(RuO2/Co3O4)·nH2O复合薄膜电极材料。用X射线衍射仪以及CHI660C电化学工作站对该复合薄膜的物相结构及电化学性能进行表征。结果表明:当CoCl2·6H2O和RuCl3·3H2O的物质的量比n(Co):n(Ru)为2:1时,于350℃下热处理2.5 h制备的复合薄膜电极具有优良的性能,在浓度为0.5mol/L的H2SO4电解液中其比电容达到512 F/g,500次充放电循环后比电容量保持在充放电循环前的96.1%;充放电电流为0.01A时,内阻为1.2。     

烧成温度对溶胶凝胶法合成LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2材料性能的影响

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂正极材料,研究了烧成温度对材料结构、形貌和电化学性能的影响。采用XRD、SEM及恒流充放电测试对材料性能进行表征。分析结果表明,材料均呈现典型的α-NaFeO₂层状结构且阳离子有序度较好。不同烧成温度时材料形貌呈现不规则块状且粒径随着温度的增加而增大; 温度低于780 ℃时,材料结晶性不好,生长不完全; 温度高于800 ℃时,材料团聚现象严重、形貌不规整。烧成温度为800 ℃时材料有较好的电化学性能,在5 C高倍率充放电下,首次放电比容量为147.95 mAh/g,循环200次后,容量保持率为76.71%。      

Utility of the injury severity score: a confirmation

When a strand of the rabbit sinoatrial node tissue was shortened by ligation, the spatial decay of electrotonic potential decreased and the input impedance increased. In a piece of the tissue 0.2-0.3 mm in diameter apparently uniform current spread was obtained. Action potentials recorded from three different sites in this small piece occurred simultaneously and were superimposable. In voltage clamp experiments using the double microelectrode method, the membrane potential was usually held at -30 to -40 mV, where no net current flowed. When membrane potential was suddenly changed from the holding potential, the sign and the time course of the ionic current varied with membrane potential. Hyperpolarization gave an inward current which increased with time. Depolarization gave a transient inward current followed by sustained outward current, and repolarization gave an outward current tail which exponentially subsided with a time constant of 0.37 s. The membrane time constant was 12.0 ms. When the specific membrane capacitance was assumed to be 1 muF/cm2, the specific membrane resistance at the resting potential was 12 Komega cm2. The peak of the transient inward current on depolarization was 1.3 X 10(-5) A/cm2.     

On the effects of circuit parameters on electrical behaviour of metallic powders subjected to high rate discharge compaction process

ABSTRACT

In this paper, an attempt is made to investigate the effects of the resistance, voltage, capacitance and input energy during the high rate discharge compaction process. The governing differential equation is complicated to solve due to the resistance change during the discharge. An alternative method is presented to solve the equation numerically by substitution of experimentally obtained resistance curves under different circuit conditions. The experimental results reveal that an increase in voltage beyond the breakdown voltage causes a significant increase in current peak as well as number of conducting fibres. Increasing capacitance at constant voltage leads to reduction of instantaneous values of resistance and alteration in cyclic variation of current trace. A high discharge voltage and a minimum level of capacitance are required to obtain full number of longitudinal fibres and avoid molten channel formation, respectively.     

Study of the non-steady state electrogenic transport of sodium ions by Na+,K(+)-ATPase by the capacitance measurement method

The goal of work was to investigate the electrogenic transport of Na ions by Na+,K(+)-ATPase in membrane fragments absorbed on a planar bilayer lipid membrane. The photorelease of ATP from an inactive precursor, caged ATP, induced a transient current and changes in the net system capacitance measured during the application of an alternating voltage. The increments of capacitance (delta c) decreased with the increase in the frequency of the applied voltage. The characteristic frequency F0 of the steepest slope of the curve significantly decreased in solutions with high ionic strength (either NaCl or choline chloride), in which Na+ transport is decelerated. The value of delta c correlated with the total charge delta q transported across the membrane. The capacitance increments decreased when the Na+ concentration in solution decreased. At a concentration below 2 mM the increment became negative. The increase in membrane capacitance can be attributed to the charge relaxation process inside the protein, as discovered in the cells by other methods. The characteristic frequency F0 depends on the time constants of charge redistribution. The nonlinear dependences of delta c on delta q were explained by a voltage bias across the membrane fragments resulting from pumping. The potentials corresponding to the maximum capacitance change were similar to the midpoint potentials of the equilibrium charge distribution and depended on the Na+ concentrations in solution. The model enabled also the determination of the total capacitance of the active region of a lipid membrane with the adsorbed protein containing membrane fragments.     

石墨烯的制备及其超级电容性能

以鳞片石墨为原料,采用化学氧化还原法制备了高品质的石墨烯.借助X射线衍射分析、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察、氮气吸附-脱附实验、恒流充放电实验、循环伏安法和交流阻抗谱技术对石墨烯的结构、形貌、表面性能和超级电容性能进行了系统研究.X射线衍射、扫描电镜和透射电镜结果表明,石墨烯整体上呈现无序结构,外观具有蓬松、透明的薄纱状及本征性皱褶,其BET比表面积为14.2m2·g-1,总孔容为0.06cm3·g-1,平均孔径为17.3nm.交流阻抗谱测试结果表明,石墨烯电极具有较小的阻抗,其等效串联电阻为0.16 Ω,电荷传递电阻为0.55 Ω.恒流充放电和循环伏安测试结果显示:石墨烯电极具有良好的功率特性和循环稳定性,电容特征显著.在2、5、10和20mV·s-1扫描速度下的放电比电容分别为123、113、101和89 F·g-1;即使是50mV·s-1的高扫速,放电比电容仍可达69F·g-1.      

自支撑二维Ti3C2Tx(MXene)薄膜电化学性能

采用LiF?HCl混合溶液刻蚀法刻蚀Ti₃AlC₂得到Ti₃C₂T_x(MXene)胶体溶液,通过真空抽滤法抽滤MXene胶体溶液得到柔性MXene薄膜。使用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散谱(EDS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法表征MXene的物相、形貌及化学元素,并采用循环伏安、恒电流充放电、交流阻抗法等电化学测试手段研究MXene薄膜电极的电化学性能。研究显示:当电解液为H₂SO₄,MXene薄膜的厚度为6.6 μm时,在5 mV·s?1扫速下质量比电容达到228 F·g?1;同时随着扫速从5 mV·s?1提升至100 mV·s?1时,电容保持率为51%,是40.2 μm厚度MXene薄膜电极的3倍。该研究展示酸性电解液和较薄的薄膜厚度有利于提高MXene材料基超级电容器的性能。      

二氧化锰微纳米球和微米棒的制备工艺优化及性能

采用一种简便、快速和低温的水热法制备了超级电容器用MnO₂微纳米球和微米棒粉体颗粒,并用正交试验和单因素实验对其制备工艺进行了优化。通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜和电化学测试,研究了所得材料的晶体结构、表面形貌和超电容性能.最佳合成工艺条件为:反应温度150℃,KMnO₄/MnCl₂摩尔比2.5:1.0,反应时间3h,填充率40%。该工艺下所制的样品为α-MnO₂,且呈现出空心、表面多孔的微纳米球和微米棒形貌.微纳米球的直径约为0.2-0.8μm,微米棒的直径约为30nm、长约为5μm.在此条件下,所得样品在100、150、200、250和300mA·g-1电流密度下,第5次的放电比电容分别为255、170、133、105和88F·g-1,其等效串联电阻和电荷转移电阻分别为0.37和0.40Ω.      

亚胺基团对Schiff碱基过渡金属聚合物电化学性能的影响

采用化学合成法分别制备具有不同亚胺基团的单体Ni（salen）、Ni（salphen）,并分别配制成浓度为1 mmol/L单体溶液.在电化学工作站上,以制备好的碳纳米管电极片为工作电极,用循环伏安法进行电化学聚合得到对应的Schiff碱基过渡金属聚合物.用场发射扫描电镜观察聚合物的微观形貌,以及进行循环伏安法、恒流充放电法、交流阻抗谱测试.结果显示,聚合物poly[Ni（salen）]在碳纳米管层表面形成了带状聚合物,而聚合物poly[Ni（salphen）]沿着碳纳米管沉积生长.经测试得知：聚合物poly[Ni（salen）]和poly[Ni（salphen）]的最大电荷扩散系数分别为1.86×10-9 cm2/s、1.23×10-8 cm2/s,并且在0.05 mA/cm2下的比容量分别为66.6 F/g、106.3 F/g.具有亚胺苯环基团的Schiff 碱基过渡金属聚合物电化学性能较具有亚胺乙基基团的电化学性能更好.     

Effect of rapid solidification treatment on structure and electrochemical performance of low-Co AB5-type hydrogen storage alloy

The effect of rapid solidification on structure and electrochemical performance of the LaNi4.5Co0.25Al0.25 hydrogen storage alloy was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction and a simulated battery test, including maximum capacity, cycling stability, self-discharge, and high-rate discharge ability （HRD）. All the melt-spun alloys were single-phase with the CaCu5-type structure （space groupP6/mmm）. In comparison to the as-cast alloy, the rapidly quenched alloys manifested an improved homogeneity of com-position and expanded lattice parameters. The electrochemical measurements showed that the activation property, cycling stability and self-discharge of the alloy electrodes were also improved for the rapid solidified alloys. The HRDof the as-cast alloy was better than those of all the rapidly solidified alloys. As the quenching rate increased, the HRD and exchange current density first decreased and then increased.