高生理活性黑蒜加工工艺优化及功能成分变化

为了提高黑蒜生产效率并积累更多功能成分,采用单因素优化试验研究了初始水分活度、温度、时间对黑蒜中12种Amadori化合物、S-烯丙基半胱氨酸（SAC）及蒜氨酸质量分数的影响,并对比了自制黑蒜与市售黑蒜在上述功能成分、5-羟甲基糠醛（5-HMF）、丙烯酰胺、抗氧化能力及感官品质上的差异。结果表明,黑蒜的最优工艺为：初始水分活度0.87、加工温度70 ℃、加工时间14 d。该工艺条件下自制黑蒜的功能成分总质量分数（10 337.01 μg/g）显著高于3种市售黑蒜,且5-HMF和丙烯酰胺的质量分数低于或等于市售黑蒜。自制黑蒜的Fe ²⁺2还原能力、DPPH自由基清除能力最强,感官品质与市售黑蒜相当。优化工艺显著缩短了88%的黑蒜加工时间,有效提高了黑蒜中功能成分含量,并减少了美拉德后期有害物质的生成。     

加工工艺因素对黑蒜营养素与功效成分的影响

综述了黑蒜中的水分、蛋白质、氨基酸、糖类、5-羟甲基糠醛、酚类、黄酮类、生物碱、阿霍烯等营养成分和功效,介绍了时间、预处理、温度等工艺因素对上述成分的影响,为黑蒜的生产工艺优化与品质研究提供了参考。     

预处理工艺对黑蒜功能性成分、抗氧化活性影响及相关性研究

分别利用微生物、冷冻和高温高压3种工艺对白蒜进行预处理,发酵制备黑蒜,对黑蒜发酵过程中的色差、褐变程度、总酚、蛋白质、总酸、pH、S-烯丙基-L-半胱氨酸(S-allyl-L-cysteine,SAC)、5-羟甲基糠醛(5-hydroxym-ethylfurfural,5-HMF)等理化指标进行监测,并对羟自由基清除能...     

不同工艺黑蒜的品质比较分析

本文以金乡新鲜大蒜为实验材料,首次采用-18℃低温冷冻预处理与变温发酵相结合的工艺制得黑蒜。通过黑蒜总色差、含水量、质地、还原糖含量、总酚含量、游离氨基酸含量的测定、挥发性活性物质的鉴定以及感官指标评价,比较新工艺试验黑蒜与三种传统工艺制得的市售黑蒜产品品质差异。结果表明:结合冷冻预处理的新工艺不仅将大蒜的发酵周期由传统的60~90 d缩短至15 d,而且无论是感官品质、还是营养品质均达到或优于市售传统发酵黑蒜。试验黑蒜还原糖、总酚、游离氨基酸的含量分别可达到(48.50±0.44)×10-2 g/g、10.44±0.53 mg/g、(54.90±0.61)×10-2 mg/g,并且试验黑蒜17种氨基酸和挥发性活性物质含量均达到或优于市售黑蒜。黑蒜发酵新工艺不仅实现了黑蒜发酵周期的缩短,而且保证了黑蒜成品的质量品质,具有可行性。研究结果为我国黑蒜加工工业化生产提供一定理论依据。     

不同加工条件对黑蒜调味型豆腐凝胶强度影响

黑蒜是用鲜蒜发酵3～4个月制成的发酵食物,又可作为替代鲜蒜的调味品,最大程度保留鲜蒜的原有成分,且食用后无蒜臭,加强了抗氧化、提高免疫力、抗癌、消炎杀菌、改良心血管等功效。以黑蒜和大豆为原料,研究了在凝固剂混合比例为GDL∶石膏为1∶2的条件下,黑蒜豆腐制作工艺中凝固剂添加量、黑蒜添加量、蹲脑时间和水分添加比例对黑蒜豆腐凝胶强度的影响。当黑蒜豆腐在80℃保温条件下,压水15～20min时,可通过单因素和正交实验,得到最佳制作工艺条件为凝固剂添加量2%、黑蒜添加量4.5%、4倍泡发大豆和黑蒜重量的水、蹲脑30min。在此条件下制得的黑蒜豆腐品质优良且具有原本大豆豆腐所不具有的营养成分。     

黑蒜抗氧化活性研究

研究黑蒜的抗氧化活性.对144只老龄小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、阳性对照组(Vc组)、黑蒜低剂量组(65mg/kg)、黑蒜中剂量组(260mg/kg)、黑蒜高剂量组(650mg/kg)、白蒜低剂量组(65mg/kg)、白蒜中剂量组(260mg/kg)、白蒜高剂量(650mg/kg)组等9组,干预30d后,以溴化幕油灌喂小鼠,制造氧化损伤模型后,分别测定小鼠血液、肝脏组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GsH-Px)的活性.黑蒜可以显著降低血液和肝脏组织中丙二醛的含量,提高组织中抗氧化酶的活性,黑蒜降低丙二醛含量和提高GSH-Px活性的作用明显好于大蒜和阳性对照.结论:黑蒜具有较强的抗氧化活性,抗氧化作用明显好于白蒜.     

均匀试验优化黑蒜提取液的抗氧化活性

以DPPH自由基清除率为指标,利用均匀试验考察了提取温度、时间、pH和底物质量比对黑蒜提取液抗氧化活性的影响.结果表明,pH对黑蒜提取液抗氧化活性具有显著影响(p0.05).黑蒜提取液制取的最佳工艺条件为:提取温度40℃,提取时间30 min,pH=3.0,黑蒜与去离子水的质量比(g∶mL)为1∶25,此时对DPPH自由基的清除率为92.65%,与理论值的相对误差3.59%.     

黑蒜多糖的超高压提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性研究

以多糖得率为指标,通过响应面优化超高压提取黑蒜多糖的工艺条件,并且比较超高压提取的黑蒜多糖和常规水溶剂提取的黑蒜多糖对DPPH自由基和超氧自由基的清除能力。结果表明:超高压提取的优化条件为压力415MPa,提取时间为5min,液料比为22∶1mL/g,该条件下多糖得率达到26.72±0.33%,显著高于常规的水溶剂提取法;超高压提取的黑蒜多糖和常规水溶剂提取的黑蒜多糖对DPPH自由基清除作用和超氧自由基的清除作用差别不显著(P0.05)。表明超高压提取黑蒜多糖得率高,且不影响黑蒜多糖活性。     

黑蒜的研究进展

对黑蒜的功能性——防癌抗癌作用、黑蒜加工原理以及加工工艺等方面进行概述,期望对大蒜深加工方面提供信息。普通大蒜经过加工,变成黑蒜产品以后,营养价值得到了很大的提升,让特色农产品提升市场价值,拓展更大的国际市场空间,为农民群众带来更大的效益。     

不同预处理对黑蒜品质的影响

本文研究了低温冷冻预处理和高温水煮预处理对黑蒜品质的影响,分析不同预处理过程中黑蒜成熟时间、还原糖含量、氨基态氮含量、总酚含量、5-羟甲基糠醛（5-HMF）含量的变化。结果表明,低温冷冻预处理使黑蒜成熟时间较高温水煮预处理及对照组均缩短4 d;低品冷冻及高温水煮预处理加工的黑蒜还原糖含量较对照提高43.3%和23.3%,总酚含量较对照提高14.7%、9.3%,氨基态氮含量较对照均提高5.8%左右,5-HMF含量比对照组分别降低45.6%和18.4%。因此,经低温冷冻预处理后发酵得到的黑蒜品质更好。      

大蒜及黑蒜多糖含量测定和抗氧化活性研究

为测定大蒜及黑蒜中多糖含量及抗氧化活性,采用苯酚硫酸法测定多糖含量,根据改进的Nagai法测定1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率,水杨酸法测定羟自由基清除率,邻苯三酚法测定超氧阴离子清除率。结果表明黑蒜和大蒜多糖含量分别为98.67mg/g和50.33mg/g;大蒜和黑蒜均具有较强的抗氧化活性,其抗氧化活性与浓度有一定的量效关系;黑蒜多糖的DPPH自由基清除率、羟自由基清除率、超氧阴离子自由基清除率均强于大蒜,并且差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。以上结果表明黑蒜多糖含量大于大蒜并其且体外抗氧化能力强于大蒜。     

保压时间对黑蒜部分营养成分和抗氧化作用的影响

本文采用超高压预处理与发酵联用的方法制备了黑蒜,同时研究了保压时间对黑蒜的抗氧化作用的影响,并初步探讨了黑蒜的营养成分与抗氧化作用之间的关系。结果表明,超高压预处理的时间对白蒜和发酵黑蒜的营养成分含量有显著的影响。不同保压时间预处理后,白蒜和黑蒜的总糖含量有所下降,并且白蒜发酵成黑蒜后总糖含量也有所下降。而黑蒜中的总酚和黄酮含量明显高于白蒜。保压时间为15 min时,黑蒜总酚含量达到最高,为13.20 mg/g,未经超高压预处理黑蒜的黄酮含量最高,达到5.23 mg/g。超高压预处理并发酵后,黑蒜的抗氧化能力明显高于白蒜。黑蒜的还原能力、对羟基自由基的清除能力分别在保压时间5和20 min时最高,未经超高压预处理的黑蒜对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)的清除作用最大。     

大蒜加工中阿霍烯产生过程的研究

阿霍烯是一种高生物活性硫化物,具有预防心血管疾病等功能。在新鲜大蒜中阿霍烯的含量极少,且稳定性差。本文用新鲜大蒜中的内源酶将其加工成富含阿霍烯的"黑大蒜"制品,调查国内外12种大蒜在加工中蒜氨酸、大蒜辣素和阿霍烯含量的变化,分析各成分含量之间的定量关系,以揭示阿霍烯的产生过程。试验结果表明,蒜氨酸含量在加工中逐渐减少,并趋于平衡;大蒜辣素含量在加工前、后都较低,而加工第2天出现最大值(即最大生成量);阿霍烯含量在加工20d内随时间呈线性增加。黑大蒜制品的阿霍烯含量随大蒜辣素含量的增加呈线性增加,大蒜辣素含量随新鲜大蒜中蒜氨酸含量的增加呈线性增加,充分说明蒜氨酸经过大蒜辣素向阿霍烯的转化过程。当新鲜大蒜中蒜氨酸含量为5.94%时,黑大蒜制品中阿霍烯的含量可达新鲜大蒜的17.5倍。     

黑蒜促进血管生成作用

目的:通过转基因斑马鱼体内模型和人脐静脉内皮细胞体外模型,研究黑蒜对血管生成的促进作用。方法:采用绿色荧光蛋白标记血管的转基因flk-1:GFP系斑马鱼作为体内评价模型,在胚胎发育过程中,同时加入血管生成抑制剂(PTK787)与黑蒜提取液(0.2~3.2 μL/mL),观察斑马鱼胚胎节间血管和肠下静脉的生成情况;利用人脐静脉内皮细胞作为体外模型,借助细胞增殖检测实验,通过检测细胞活性,研究黑蒜提取液对人脐静脉内皮细胞增殖的影响。结果:黑蒜提取液可显著(p<0.05)改善由PTK787引起的胚胎节间血管和肠下静脉紊乱,增加斑马鱼胚胎节间血管和肠下静脉数量,并呈现出剂量依赖性,当黑蒜提取液浓度提高至3.2 μL/mL时,由PTK787抑制的胚胎节间血管和肠下静脉数目恢复至正常水平。另一方面,黑蒜提取液可剂量依赖性地提高人脐静脉内皮细胞的活性,促进人脐静脉内皮细胞的生长。结论:黑蒜在体内和体外模型上均体现出显著的促进血管生长的作用。     

Comparison of Immunomodulatory Effects of Fresh Garlic and Black Garlic Polysaccharides on RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Garlic has a long history to be used for medicine and food purposes. Black garlic, the fermented product of fresh garlic, is considered with better biological activities, such as antioxidant activity, and is developed as an increasingly popular functional food. Polysaccharides are the major components of fresh and black garlic, and immunomodulatory activity is one major pharmacological effect of polysaccharides. Therefore, chemical characteristics and immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides from fresh and black garlic are investigated and compared in vitro for the 1st time, in order to reveal their molecular and pharmacological differences. It is demonstrated that the molecular weights of polysaccharides from the 2 sources and molar ratios of monosaccharides after acid hydrolysis are greatly variant. The effects of polysaccharides from 2 sources on RAW 264.7 macrophages functions, including promotion of phagocytosis, release of NO, and expressions of several immune‐related cytokines (including interleukin [IL]‐6, IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interferon gamma), were different from each other. The results indicated that fresh garlic polysaccharide exhibited stronger immunomodulatory activities than that of black garlic. Moreover, it is revealed that fructan might be the bioactive component in garlic and it is indicated that during the fermentation treatment, fructan constituents of garlic has degraded, and basically no immunomodulatory effect can be found in black garlic polysaccharides.     

Antiyeast Potency of Heated Garlic in Relation to the Content of Allyl Alcohol Thermally Generated from Alliin

ABSTRACT:  The appearance of antiyeast activity in heated garlic extract was influenced by the temperature, heating time, and pH. The maximum antiyeast activity was attained at the temperature range between 110 and 130 °C for the heating time range of 90 and 30 min, respectively. Reduced antiyeast activity occurred above 130 °C. More potent antiyeast activity was generated when the pH of the garlic extract was adjusted to and below 4.0. The sensitivity to the antiyeast activity of heated garlic or heated alliin was quite different depending on the yeast strain. Species belonging to Zygosaccharomyces were the least sensitive, while Candida utilis and Pichia membranaefaciens were among the most sensitive. The alliin content of the garlic was in the range of 0.5% to 1.32%. When garlic extracts were heated at 121 °C for 120 min, the content of allyl alcohol generated from alliin through thermal degradation was in the range of 0.08% to 0.16%. The allyl alcohol produced upon heating was positively proportional to the content of alliin in garlic. The antiyeast potency expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was negatively proportional to the content of allyl alcohol and thus to the content of alliin.     

Antiyeast Activity of Heated Garlic in the Absence of Alliinase Enzyme Action

Garlic heated to 121 °C was found to strongly inhibit the growth of yeasts, but not that of bacteria. The potency and stability of the antiyeast activity of heated garlic were compared with those of fresh garlic, garlic oil, and allyl isothiocyanate. The inhibitory activity of heated garlic was stable, and the minimum inhibitory concentration did not change for up to 30 d at 37 °C. The antiyeast activity of heated garlic was not influenced by pH. Alliin heated in distilled water showed an antiyeast activity pattern similar to that of heated garlic, suggesting that the compound(s) thermally generated from alliin are the principal antiyeast compound(s) of heated garlic. The antiyeast activity was increased as time of heating increased up to 45 min at 121 °C, and the activity did not change when garlic was further heated for up to 120 min.     

微波-超声波辅助改善黑蒜品质的研究

黑蒜是一种新型加工大蒜产品,其加工工艺条件的优化和控制是保证产品质量的关键,同时也直接影响着大蒜的品质.以单头大蒜和多瓣大蒜为原料,采用微波-超声波辅助处理技术和三段变温发酵法生产黑蒜,通过低场核磁共振分析对黑蒜加工过程中理化性质进行测定.结果显示,随着加工时间的增加,T2自由水活性降低且逐渐转移到了蒜瓣表面.结合黑蒜...