乙烯裂解炉管服役前后材料组织分析

观察分析了服役前后Fe—Cr—Ni耐热钢乙烯裂解炉管横截面组织．由管外壁向内，树枝晶的垂直管外壁沿径向生长的特征逐渐减弱，直至消失．服役前组织为含过饱和碳的奥氏体和沿晶界分布的碳化物．炉管服役过程的时效与渗碳导致大量碳化物的析出，其数量、大小与形态取决于服役温度和时间．析出碳化物影响炉管的性能．     

Incoloy 800H合金的晶间腐蚀

对氯碱厂材料为Ｉｎｃｏｌｏｙ８００Ｈ不锈钢的ＥＤＣ裂解炉炉管腐蚀失效行为进行了分析。结果表明，铬的碳化物沿晶界析出使得晶界贫铬，导致Ｉｎｃｏｌｏｙ８００Ｈ不锈钢的腐蚀以晶问腐蚀为主，晶界被腐蚀后裂纹沿晶界扩展。     

延迟焦化1Cr5Mo炉管使用状况分析

为掌握延迟焦化炉管的使用状况,确保加热炉的安全运行,对使用中的延迟焦化加热炉1Cr5Mo炉管经现场取样,检测,通过壁厚测试、显微组织检验,氧化层与结焦层分析,讨论了炉管运行过程中对炉管造成损伤的影响因素.结果表明,因外壁氧化,炉管减薄已出现,内壁增碳和外壁脱碳现象出现,珠光体球化导致炉管组织损伤.珠光体球化,不符合GB9948-88中的供货热处理工艺规定的退火状态和金相组织为铁素体+珠光体要求.结合珠光体球化形态说明短时超温现象的存在,外壁表面出现高温蠕变特征,壁厚减薄虽不严重,但炉管继续使用存在安全隐患的问题.     

制氢转化炉炉管长期服役后损伤评价

针对已服役１０ａ的制氢转化炉炉管,分析了炉管管沿轴线的损伤状况。结合剩余寿命,对炉管的损伤程度进行了分级,得到了整根炉管各部位的损伤级别以及沿炉管给向的损伤分布。结果表明炉管的累积损伤具有局部性下部高温段的焊缝损伤较母材严重。     

高温合金IN690碳化物析出及对组织的影响

通过对IN690合金进行的固溶处理试验和压缩试验,研究了其合金晶粒组织和碳化物的变化规律以及碳化物对组织均匀性的影响。结果表明:晶粒组织随固溶温度的升高而增大,碳化物含量随温度升高而逐渐减小。当碳化物完全溶解时,晶粒会急剧长大。因而碳化物在晶界处有钉扎作用,限制晶粒的快速长大,对晶粒的均匀性有重要的影响。通过压缩实验分析了不同变形温度和变形速率对碳化物析出的规律影响。随压缩温度的升高晶内碳化物逐步溶解,并向晶界处转移。随变形速率增大,碳化物沿晶界析出增多,当变形温度为1200℃和变形速率为80s-1时,晶粒均匀性较好。     

圆筒型加热炉管壁最高热强度点计算模型

以底部烧气单侧立管圆筒型加热炉为研究对象,建立了燃烧区内高温火焰对炉管外壁的辐射热流强度的数学模型,并且给出计算实例,分别采用复形调优法和对分法解出炉管外壁向火面上最高热强度点的大小及其位置,两种计算方法的结果一致。最后对炉管在加热炉内的优化布置作了一定的探讨;对于多管程的圆筒炉,各管程的出口炉管不应该布置在来自高温焰烟的辐射热流强度较高的区域空间内。其计算实例为分析其它炉型提供了方法。     

火电站用T92耐热钢工程服役退化研究

为了查明超超临界火力发电机组的高温锅炉管道T92耐热钢在高温长时服役过程中的组织及性能变化情况,通过光学显微观察、扫描电镜、EDS能谱分析、透射电镜分析、显微硬度测试,常规拉伸试验和微型杯突试验,研究了原始态及服役两年和三年的T92钢管的显微组织结构和力学性能的变化规律.试验结果表明:高温服役三年后的T92钢组织上仍然保持马氏体板条形态,析出碳化物的数量和尺寸不断增加,且服役两年及三年后组织中除了原始态时的M23C6和MX相,还在原奥氏体晶界及马氏体板条界处析出大量粗化较快的Laves相.材料室温力学性能随服役时间增加整体呈下降趋势,维氏硬度在服役三年后降低了13%,而其屈服强度,抗拉强度分别下降了5.35%和4.19%.SEM断口形貌分析可知随服役年限的增加,断裂特征由韧性断裂向韧脆混合断裂方式转变.     

含静态混合元件乙烯炉管的高温机械性能和微观组织评价

对静态铸造的含静态混合元件的乙烯炉管，进行了高温机械性能和微观组织的评价，对其材料的化学成分、高温短时拉伸性能和微观金相组织与寿命消耗分散程度等方面进行了与常规炉管的对比分析．结果表明，由于静态混合元件的使用明显降低了炉管表面温度，所以其服役寿命满足要求.     

M963合金的显微组织和性能

研究了Ｍ９６３合金的组织和力学性能。结果表明,Ｍ９６３合金的高温强度较高,但塑性较低;合金的组织主要由γ基本相、细小γ’析出相、分布在枝晶间的大块γ＋γ’共晶以及富Ｗ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｏ的Ｍ６Ｃ和富Ｔｉ、Ｎｂ、Ｗ的ＭＣ碳化物组成：碳化物呈骨架状、针状分布在枝晶内和断续网状分布在晶界和枝晶闸。裂纹在碳化物周围形核并沿碳化物与基体的界面扩展。碳化物的形态严重影响合金的性能,晶界和枝晶间的碳化物膜是造成该合金塑     

冷焊高硬度钢焊缝焊态韧性研究

在硬度ＨＲＣ５５冷焊钢焊缝中，利用Ｎｂ，Ｔｉ，Ｖ，Ｚｒ，Ｒｅ进行复合变质处理，以期改善焊态抗裂性．经光镜、电镜、Ｘ－射线萤光、电子探针分析表明，细粒状、弥散化碳化物的早期大量析出，可抑制碳化物沿柱状晶界的网状析出；强碳化物形成元素的存在，能导致高碳焊缝的基体组织“贫碳”而转变为低碳板条马氏体，最终获得高硬度兼高韧性、适应冷焊工艺的钢焊缝．     

Effect of strong carbide forming elements in hardfacing weld metal

To achieve high carbon hard-facing weld metals with both high hardness and crack resistance, strong carbide forming elements Ti, Nb and V were alloyed into the weld metals, and their effect on the formation of carbides and the matrix microstructure were studied. Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy(EDS) and Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM) were adopted to investigate the microstructure, then thermodynamics of the formation of carbides was calculated and their effect on the matrix was further discussed. It is revealed that Nb, Ti and V influence strongly the distribution and existing state of carbon, inducing precipitation of carbides accompanying with the depletion of carbon in matrix. But when only V are alloyed as carbide forming element, the carbides are scarce and distributed along grain boundaries, and the hard-facing alloy is too hard, while the using of only Nb or Ti could not reinforce the weld metals effectively. The hard-facing alloy reinforced with Nb, V and Ti can form dispersive fine carbides and low carbon martensite matrix.     

Effect of Titanium Content on Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Hardfacing Alloy

The hardfacing alloys with different concentrations of titanium were deposited on carbon steel substrates by shielded metal arc welding, and the effect of titanium content on the microstructure characteristics of the hardfacing alloys was investigated. The wear resistance test of the hardfacing alloys was carried out by using a slurry rubber wheel abrasion test machine, and the wear behaviour was also studied. The results indicate that the addition of titanium can effectively promote the precipitation of the complex carbides of Nb and Ti due to the prior precipitation of titanium carbide which acts as nucleation sites for complex carbides. With the increase of titanium content, the wear resistance of the hardfacing alloys is increased gradually resulting from the refinement of microstructure and dispersive distribution of fine carbide precipitates. And the wear mechanism is mainly minimum plastic deformation with interrupted grooves due to the strengthening and protecting effects of carbide precipitates.     

高铬铸铁的正火组织与性能研究

研究正火温度对新型高铬铸铁组织、硬度(HRC)及冲击韧性的影响。实验结果表明高铬铸铁在800~950℃正火时,其组织由珠光体+少量铁素体+网状共晶碳化物组成;在1 000~1 050℃正火时,碳化物溶解析出,珠光体球化,得到铁素体基体上分布的粒状碳化物+共晶碳化物+少量珠光体,硬度略有降低;在1 100~1 150℃正火时,共晶碳化物溶解得更多,冷却过程中奥氏体中析出弥散碳化物,冷却后得到马氏体(过饱和铁素体)基体上弥散碳化物+共晶碳化物,硬度明显升高,并在1 150℃时硬度达到最大值,在800~1 150℃正火加热温度范围内,冲击韧性在4.2~4.7 Jcm2之间波动,总体变化不大。     

护环钢50Mn18Cr4沿晶断裂分析及其对晶界损伤本质的探讨

在对护环钢50Mn18Cr4失效分析的基础上,研究了沿晶碳化物析出对晶界的损伤.研究指出,晶界碳化物析出是由于护环运行过程中加热操作不当引起的;沿晶碳化物析出对钢的有害作用主要表现为对晶界区变形能力和形变强化潜力的损伤.还提出了等强应变的概念,认为晶界受损的多晶体材料,在其应变量超过等强应变之后,晶界区的剪切变形成为较主要的变形方式,这时,在三重晶界或晶界弯折处等有应力集中的地方按微孔型机制形成裂纹并沿晶界扩展,导致微孔型沿晶断裂.等强应变的大小,取决于晶界受损程度.     

铸态锰钢中的碳化物

对铸态锰钢中的碳化物作了研究，铸态锰钢中有两类碳化物：一类是凝固时生成的弥散分布在基体上的团球状碳化物，另一类是在塑性变形时，在应变马氏体形成以前，优先 析出的呈弥散分布的细小颗粒，这两类碳化物一起构成了铸态锰钢组织中的第二相硬质点，这些硬质点和细化的奥氏体晶粒的界面都是位错运动的障碍，造成了位错密度的提高，进而提高了铸态锰钢的加工硬化能力和抗磨性能。     

金相技术在农机刀片磨损机理研究中的应用

应用光学和电子金相技术,对不同刀片的刀刃进行分析,揭示了农机刀片的失效方式,磨损原因及磨损机理;查明了钢中在碳化物在磨损听行为,研究表明：农机刀片主要受夹杂于作物中的砂粒和地植物细胞中的非晶质硅酸体的磨粒磨损而失效,金相分析结果为寻求提高刀片寿命的途径指明了方向。     

MC型碳化物自粉末镍基合金中析出的热力学驱动力

为了分析粉末镍基合金中MC型碳化物的析出行为,利用Miedema二元合金生成热模型,求出过剩Gibbs自由能和正规溶体中两组元的相互作用参数(I_AB),推导出M(Ni)-C溶体中析出MC型碳化物相变驱动力和形核驱动力的表达式,并进一步估算出粉末镍基合金在583 ℃析出MC型碳化物的相变驱动力和形核驱动力.结果表明,在583 ℃,粉末镍基合金中析出TiC、NbC和WC碳化物的相变驱动力分别为-9.77、-11.23和-13.48 J/mol,形核驱动力分别为-80.69、-59.95和-36.01 J/mol.与析出WC碳化物相比,粉末镍基合金中析出TiC和NbC碳化物时具有较大的形核驱动力,是使其在583 ℃优先析出TiC与NbC碳化物的主要原因.     

Precipitation behaviors of X70 acicular ferrite pipeline steel

The morphology, structure, and chemical composition of precipitates in the final microstructure of Nb-V-Ti microalloyed X70 acicular ferrite pipeline steel were investigated using transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （EDS）. Precipitates observed by TEM can be classified into two groups. The large precipitates are complex compounds that comprise square-shaped TiN precipitate as core with fine Nb-containing precipitate nucleated on pre-existing TiN precipitate as caps on one or more faces at high temperature. In contrast, the fine and spherical Nb carbides and/or carbonitrides precipitate heterogeneously on dislocations and sub-boundaries at low temperature. From the analysis in terms of thermodynamics, EDS and chemical cornposition of the steel, NbC precipitation is considered to be the predominant precipitation behavior in the tested steel under the processing conditions of this research.     

Effect of Various Carbides on the Wettability in Ni/Ti（C,N） System

The wettability in Ni / Ti （ C, N ） systems with various carbides additions was investigated by the sessile drop technique. The substrates prepared by HP at 2073 K for 1 h before and after wetting were characterized by XRD . The microstructure ca metall ceramics interfaces was observed via SEM in a back scattered mode. Furthermore , an X-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer （ EDS ） attached to SEM was used to study the element diffusion in interfacial regions. The resalts reveal that reactive wetting takes place in the system in high tempercature wetting procedure , which is controlled by diffusion and dissolution mechanism. Results also show that the contact angles decrease with various carbides additions, iuelnding WC , Mo2 C, TaC , NbC and VC , and decrease continuously with the increasing of additions. The order of the contact angles in Ni/Ti （ C, N ） systems with 10 wt% carbides acMitions is Mo2 C 〈 TaC 〈 WC 〈 VC 〈 NbC. The enhancement of the wettability is due to an alloying procedure during high temperature wetting when metallic atoms diffuse into Ni phase, which decreases the interfacial energy of Ni/ Ti （ C, N） systems.     

蒸汽发电机叶片激光堆焊层的性能

为了提高蒸汽发电机叶片(SUS403不锈钢)的耐磨性能和耐气蚀性能,采用4 kW光纤耦合传输半导体激光器堆焊系统在SUS403不锈钢叶片上堆焊了钴基合金粉末.确定了最佳激光堆焊参数,并通过光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、电子探针分析、x-射线衍射分析、显微硬度计和磨损试验机对堆焊层的显微组织、相组成、微区成分、维氏硬度和耐磨性能进行了研究.结果表明,堆焊层组织中的亚共晶组织的初晶相由富Co的γ奥氏体组成,而共晶组织由富Co的γ奥氏体和复杂的碳化物组成.堆焊后的叶片使用寿命提高了3倍以上.