Radon and thoron progeny integrated measurement based on high-voltage sampling

For the purpose of directly measuring radon and thoron progeny concentrations simultaneously, an unattended battery-operated progeny measurement (UBPM) device, which samples aerosol particles in an electric field, was improved by adopting two different thickness aluminum foils for alpha particles discriminating. The equations for the calculation of the results were derived, and a series of calibration experiments and comparison tests were carried out in the potential alpha energy concentration calibration chamber in BfS Berlin and the HMGU experimental thoron house, respectively. Results show that the calibration coefficients are stable in different levels of radon and thoron progeny. The lower level detection limits of the device for radon and thoron progeny concentration are 1.22 and 0.14 Bq m^?3, respectively, for three months exposure. The instrument proved to be independent from environmental conditions in ordinary living room conditions (humidity <65% RH, aerosol particle concentration >1500 cm^?1). Comparison results show that the measurement results of the UBPM device are comparable with the reference instrument and suitable for long-term radon and thoron survey in dwellings.     

新闻村两种类型住房中氡气土水平初步调查

采用氡Tu暴露量的平等测量方法对湖南省衡阳县樟木乡新闻村17户采用不同墙体材料建造的住房中的氡Tu水平进行了累积测量。测量结果表明，土砖或土坯建造的房屋中的Tu水平约为用红砖建造的房屋中的10倍，而两种类型住房中的氡水平在通风状况相似时，差别不大；住在土坯（或土砖）房中的居民受Tu及其子体照射而得到的剂量与受到的氡及其子体所致剂量相当。     

Potential of High Thoron Exposure in China

Compared with radon (²²²Rn) and its progeny, thoron (²²⁰Rn) and its progeny have not been well studied in the natural radiation fields. In this paper, some important factors (²³²Th content in soil and building material as well as building structure) relating to the level of indoor thoron and its progeny in China are reviewed. Limited results of small-scale surveys are also cited. The facts indicate that the public exposure from the inhalation of thoron progeny may be higher than the representative value in the UNSCEAR 1993 report, and thoron and its progeny may be a significant indoor pollutant in some regions or specific dwellings in China.     

包头市环境陆地γ剂量率现状调查

包头市所属白云鄂博矿平均伴生0．04％和0．001％铀放射性物质,是典型伴生矿。在采矿、选矿、钢铁和稀土冶炼等生产中,钍元素随烟尘、废水和废渣排放至环境中,造成放射性污染。本文根据1996－1998年对包头市陆地γ辐射剂量率进行的调查监测结果,对包头市及白云鄂博矿区环境放射性水平进行了分析研究。     

大面积表面污染测量仪主要性能测试与分析

针对用于测量α、β射线的便携式大面积表面污染测量仪,为确保其测量性能,本文根据JJG 478—2016和GB/T 5202—2008标准要求,对自主研发的便携式α、β大面积表面污染测量仪的均匀性、探测效率、探测限、响应时间和温度稳定性等主要性能指标进行了测试。结果表明:便携式大面积表面污染测量仪的表面发射率响应对²⁴¹Am α源为30.4%左右,对⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y β源为48.1%,对³⁶Cl β源为45.5%左右;最低可探测下限对²⁴¹Am α源为0.15 Bq/cm²,对β源⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y为0.07 Bq/cm²,对β源³⁶Cl为0.09 Bq/cm²;响应时间＜4 s;在-10 ℃～40 ℃时可正常工作。各项参数指标满足标准要求,能够有效达到防止污染扩散,保证工作人员安全的目的。     

某稀土冶炼厂放射卫生现状调查

报道了对某稀土冶炼厂辐射环境和职业性查体调查结果。调查的主要内容有：环境放射性检测与评价,工人肺内钍沉积量测定及其对健康的影响。调查结果表明：该厂4个接尘车间属于放射性工作场所,9名接尘工人肺内钍沉积量超过1个调查水平（2．22Bq）,未发现接尘工人中出现尘肺,其外周血象和肝功能均未发现异常。     

The Levels of Indoor Thoron and Its Progeny in Four Areas in China

Small surveys on thoron, radon and their progeny were carried out in four areas in China. Both high thoron concentrations near to walls and high thoron progeny concentrations were found in some dwellings through the surveys. It is suggested from the limited data that attention shall be paid to the exposure from the inhalation of thoron and its progeny in some kinds of dwellings or areas, and much works on thoron study in detail is necessary.     

氡(气)子体气溶胶分离器的研制

为提高放射性气溶胶监测仪的灵敏度,消除天然本底即氡子体气溶胶的干扰是极为重要的。氡子体气溶胶分离器是利用氡子体气溶胶与人工放射性气溶胶的粒度特征的不同进行粒度分离采样的采样装置。将这种分离采样装置用于放射性气溶胶监测仪,在采样过程中将天然本底气溶胶预选掉大部分甚至绝大部分,这对于提高放射性气溶胶监测仪的灵敏度有极大的意义。本文对分离器的工作原理、刻度方法、实验结果以及需要注意的问题进行了介绍和讨论。     

装饰建材放射性无损检测及评价方法研究

根据γ衰变纲图，研究将γ射线强度的测量问题转化为表面α射线的强度测量问题，从而实现建材的快速无损检测。进行了各类建材表面α、β辐射水平和其天然放射性核素γ比活度关系的研究和不同饰材表面β辐射水平的饱和厚度研究。结果发现：由于天然放射系中最大能量β粒子的射程大于单块饰材，不能用表面β辐射水平进行无损检测判断；花岗石的表面α辐射水平与外照射指数的拟合关系为：Iγ=0．38 49．84α 288．24α^2，拟合曲线和实测值的符合率为95％；抛光砖的表面α辐射水平与外照射指数的拟合关系为：Iγ=0．42 343．55α-32999．66α^2，拟合曲线和实测值的符合率为90％。积累更多的数据将进一步提高拟合曲线和实测值的符合率。     

山西省城市放射性废物库周围辐射环境监测(2016—2019)

山西省核技术利用项目产生的放射性固体废物(源)暂存于山西省城市放射性废物库。2016—2019年,废物库废旧放射源存量增加近千枚。2016—2019年,对废物库库区周围辐射环境(包括:库区周围γ辐射剂量率,库区α、β表面污染水平,气溶胶总β水平,库区及周围水中总α、总β水平,库区及周围居民点土壤中γ核素水平等项目)的监测结果显示,废物库周边辐射水平处于天然辐射水平范围内,未见可察觉的改变。     

220Rn测量仪器的刻度问题

调研了各类钍射气(^220Rn)测量仪的刻度方法和存在的问题。针对各类^220Rn标准源的析出百分率常小于100％而有待准确测定这一关键问题，建立了流气闪烁室绝对测量方法，并用活性炭-γ谱法作了验证，解决了准确测定^220Rn标准源析出率的问题，为提高^220Rn测量仪刻度的准确性创造了条件。     

A study of the polyethylene membrane used in diffusion chambers for radon gas concentration measurements

Solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) in diffusion chambers have been routinely used for long-term measurements of radon gas concentrations. In usual practice, a filter is added across the top of the diffusion chamber to stop the progeny from entering. Thoron can also be deterred from entering the diffusion chamber by using a polyethylene (PE) membrane. However, the thickness of the PE membrane is rarely specified in the literature. In this paper, we will present our experimental results for a radon exposure that the number of alpha-particle tracks registered by the LR 115 SSNTD in a Karlsruhe diffusion chamber covered with one layer of PE membrane is actually enhanced. This is explained by enhanced deposition of radon progeny on the outside surface of the PE membrane and the insufficient thickness of the PE membrane to stop the alpha particles emitted from these deposited radon progeny to reach the SSNTD. We will present the PE thickness which can stop the alpha particles emitted from the deposited radon or thoron progeny. For the “twin diffusion chambers method”, one of the diffusion chambers is covered with PE membranes. The optimal number of thickness of PE membranes will be determined, which allows the largest amount of radon gas to diffuse into the diffusion chamber while at the same time screening out the largest amount of thoron gas.     

Design and construct optimum dosimeter to detect airborne radon and thoron gas: Experimental study

Aim of this work is to design and select optimum dimension of a radon and thoron dosimeter within the measure optimum value of the calibration factor, using CR-39 Nuclear Track Detectors (NTDs). The results show that the best dimension to detect and measure real values of airborne radon and thoron concentrations is 6 cm and 7 cm for diameter and height, respectively. Calibration factors (K) for radon and thoron at this dimension were 2.68 ± 0.03 cm and 0.83 ± 0.01 cm, respectively, and these factors relatively depend on the detector efficiency. Therefore, the efficiency of CR-39NTDs to register alpha particles and their effects on the calibration factor estimated. It is found that the calibration factor increased exponentially with detector efficiency. Moreover, detector efficiency was equal to 80.3 ± 1.23% at the optimum dosimeter.     

α/β放射性气溶胶的小流量采样快速测量技术研究

针对放射性气溶胶监测仪的便携要求,设计了一套小流量采样快速测量系统和测量方法。采用累积采样累积测量的方式,联合利用能量甄别修正法与α/β比值法去除Rn子体的干扰,实现小流量采样条件下的α/β放射性气溶胶的同时监测。通过对探测下限的分析,表明该方法可满足应急监测的需求,为便携式α/β放射性气溶胶监测仪设计提供了参考。     

浅析核电站人员体表污染管理与评价

本文简要阐述了通过皮肤污染水平估算皮肤剂量的方法。以表面污染测量仪6150AD5+6150AD17为例,推导了仪表监测值与污染水平的换算关系。参考国内外体表污染的管理要求,给出基于6150AD17监测值的人员体表污染事件的定义、分级方法及响应策略。最后给出了体表污染管理相关的评价指标的建议。     

小220Rn室的研究

研制了一个125L的小^220 Rn室,在充^220 Rn和循环气流流速、风扇转速不变条件下,测量左、右两个侧面上不同位置的采样孔的^220 Rn水平,相对偏差仅为0．66％,且连续5d在同一采样孔采样测量,测量结果的相对偏差仅为1．6％。系统的总不确定度小于3．5％。     

^220Rn对固体径迹探测器测量^222Rn影响的研究

本文介绍了２２０Ｒｎ对固体径迹探测器测量２２２Ｒｎ影响的实验研究结果。为了估计氡及子体的年均暴露量，α径迹探测器已广泛用于室内２２２Ｒｎ浓度测量。由于某些探测器采用的滤膜具有很大的空气交换率，在测量过程中２２０Ｒｎ也可以与２２２Ｒｎ一道扩散到测量杯中，对测量结果造成干扰，以致过高估计了被测场所空气中的２２２Ｒｎ浓度，而忽略了２２０Ｒｎ的贡献，这是一个值得注意的问题。     

湖南衡阳两煤矿井下222Rn、220Rn水平的调查

本文介绍了在2002年12月～2004年8月期间,对湖南省衡阳市两家煤矿(柏坊矿和松柏矿)井下222Rn、220Rn浓度水平进行调查的结果.调查用222Rn、220Rn被动式累积剂量计按季节分四个阶段进行.调查测量结果表明,四个阶段调查测量两矿井下222Rn、220Rn浓度平均值的范围,222Rn为86～138 Bq/m3,220Rn为51～140 Bq/m3;各工种矿工吸入222Rn、220Rn及其子体所致的年均有效剂量范围为0.23～1.25 mSv,其中220Rn及其子体的剂量贡献约占15%～20%,应引起足够的重视.由于两煤矿都采用了有效的机械通风,井下222Rn、220Rn浓度随季节变化不明显.     

关于室内220Rn及其子体浓度的讨论

本文运用一维扩散模型分析了室内^220Rn及其子体浓度的分布规律,讨论了室内^220Rn与其子体的平衡因子F的性质和变化规律。为评价^220Rn子体的剂量贡献,介绍了通过选取适当的F值,由累计测量得到的^220Rn浓度估算出子体平衡当量浓度的方法。     

由(气土)暴露量估算(气土)子体有效剂量方法的初步研究

采用一维扩散模型研究了室内、子体和及其子体平衡因数 (FTh)的分布规律。讨论了FTh随墙面析出率、室内通风状况和空气含尘状况的变化。介绍了通过选取合适的FTh,由暴露量直接估算子体所致有效剂量的方法。