基于TerraClimate数据集的1960—2019年中国干湿气候变化特征

考虑地理地形和下垫面等因素的影响，选用高空间分辨率TerraClimate数据集分析中国干湿气候变化特征具有重要意义。以该数据集1960—2019年的降水和蒸散月度数据为基础，基于降水量和湿润指数对中国各干湿区范围、干湿气候界线以气候变化趋势进行了分析。结果表明：前后30 a相比，基于两种指标划分的干旱区和湿润区面积负增长，半干旱区和半湿润区面积正增长；各区分界线主要在黑龙江、内蒙古中部和东北部、淮河以及黑龙江等地按年代波动；近60 a来，我国的降水量和湿润指数变化趋势不显著，均在西部和东南部趋于增大，气候变湿，在中部和东北部趋于减小，气候变干。与利用气象站点观测资料的研究结果进行对比评价，TerraClimate数据集能够很好反映中国区域的干湿状况及其变化特征，且降水数据的适用性更为突出。     

变化环境对华北平原地下水可持续利用的影响研究

针对华北平原地下水利用中存在的问题,采用分布式水文MIKE SHE模型,考虑人类活动（农业节水措施和南水北调工程）和气候变化等变化环境的影响,通过设定4大类情景（每类情景中均设定了3类气候变化子情景）模拟了2019-2028年华北平原地下水的利用状况。结果表明：农业节水措施和南水北调工程等人类活动对华北平原地下水水位、水均衡和含水层储量有较大的影响;相对于现状保持型情景(SQM),模拟期末(2028年12月31日)农业节水型情景(AWS)、南水北调工程供水型情景(SNWDP)和综合利用型情景(CU)下华北平原饱和含水层储量分别增加0.168、0.558和1.433 m;气候变化对华北平原地下水的影响量级与人类活动的影响相当,且地下水水位、水均衡和含水层储量变化的方向和大小均与未来气候条件的干湿程度呈正相关关系,到模拟期末,相对于现状保持型情景(SQM),湿润、正常和干旱的气候情景下华北平原饱和含水层储量分别为增加0.972~2.239 m、增加0.119~1.540 m和减少0.372~0.940 m;只有综合考虑各种引水和节水措施,多管齐下,才能保证华北平原地下水的可持续利用。     

基于MIKE SHE模型的华北平原水资源利用情景分析

气候变化和人类活动是影响流域水文循环和水资源可持续利用的两大驱动因素,在校准的MIKE SHE模型基础上考虑气候变化和人类活动的影响,设定8个情景对华北平原2009-2028年的水文循环及水资源利用进行预测。结果表明:考虑南水北调工程的情景在预测期末的地下水水位有较大程度(0. 06~1. 26 m)的恢复,预测期内华北平原水量总流入小于总流出会导致含水层储量的消耗和地下水的不可持续利用,但在适当情景下可以较大程度缓解这种不可持续性。气候变化对华北平原含水层储量有较大的影响:降水量减少5%,地下水储量将减少0. 27 m;降水量增加5%,地下水储量将增加0. 3 m。南水北调工程和农业节水措施的实施对华北平原地下水水位的恢复、缺水程度的缓解作用显著。     

考虑人类活动用水的土壤含水量神经网络反演

为在利用神经网络对地表土壤含水量的模拟中,实现对降水等天然要素和人类活动用水的综合考虑,以MPDI(modified perpendicular drought index)作为人类活动作用下的地表干湿状况指标,结合传统的天然要素构建土壤含水量神经网络模型,对河北省2018年地表土壤含水量进行了模拟.结果表明:考虑MP...     

基于小波分析的南昌年降水量时频研究及趋势预测

随着社会经济的发展,人类活动影响了全球气候变化,气候变暖及其对人们生活和经济发展的影响已成为当前热点问题.应用小波分析方法对南昌地区历年降水量变化特性进行研究,分析了区域降水对全球气候变化的响应状况.     

气候变化和都市化双重驱动下流域未来水文响应

近年来,受气候变化和人类活动的共同影响,流域的气候和水文状况发生了显著改变,分析变化环境下未来水资源演化格局成为当前国内外学者关注的重点研究内容之一。以柘溪水库流域为研究区域,利用人文因素和自然因素作为土地利用变化的驱动因子构建土地利用模型,采用MIROC5气候模式多个情景作为未来气候典型代表,利用分布式水文模型分析了气候变化和都市化双重驱动下的流域未来水文响应。结果表明:都市化发展明显增加了流域地表径流,减少了地下径流;而气候变化对水文响应驱动力比都市化对水文响应的驱动作用更强。     

近50年重庆市气候干湿变化时空特征

以重庆市34个气象站点1961—2011年降雨、气温、相对湿度等资料为基础,计算了近50 a全市的湿润指数。运用Kriging法将年均气温、降雨和湿润指数的倾向率和倾向系数进行空间插值,并对反映气候干湿变化的年气温、降雨量和气候湿润指数等时空特征进行了分析。结果表明:①近50 a,重庆年均气温呈波动上升趋势,上升速率为0.09 ℃/(10 a),空间分布上年均气温呈现由西南向东北升高,但整体差异不显著;②降雨量呈波动下降趋势,年均降雨量倾向率为15 mm/(10 a),空间上有从东南向西北递减的趋势;③重庆市湿润指数总体上略有下降,其空间特征表现为由东南向西北逐渐趋于干旱,下降幅度呈由东南向西北递减趋势,但总体差异性不显著;④气温、降雨与湿润指数相关系数分别为-0.465和0.950。     

区域土壤水分状况评价方法的研究进展

综合分析比较了目前区域干旱监测的各种研究方法,结果表明,以气象观测为基础的区域干旱评价方法,不适宜在地形变化复杂的地区.遥感技术由于能够获得连续地表参数,通过建立这些参数(后向散射系数、地表亮温)与土壤湿度之间的关系,或者利用这些参数,根据区域能量平衡原理,建立评价区域水分状况的指标(作物水分胁迫系数或水分胁迫指数),比气象观测法具有更高的效率.而微波遥感由于其全天候和全天时的工作特点,对于我国南部多雨、多雾地区的干旱评价具有不可替代的作用,是未来发展的方向.     

应用遥感技术反演流域尺度的蒸散发

利用MODIS遥感数据结合地表气象观测,在对SEBS模型物理参数进行计算和灵敏度分析的基础上,得到黑河流域春、夏、秋、冬四季不同气象条件和不同下垫面条件下的地表蒸散发。依靠黑河流域综合研究站—临泽站蒸散发仪观测的蒸散发验证遥感反演的精度,结果表明遥感反演的地表蒸散发精度较高,模型参数方案可行。这一方法可以在流域尺度上揭示出流域不同下垫面的蒸散发随季节变化的空间特征。最后,利用遥感反演的蒸散发与地面站点蒸发器实测的水面蒸发量和Penman-Monteith公式计算的蒸发量进行对比分析不同下垫面条件不同季节地表潜在蒸发能力和干湿状况。     

气候变化及人类活动对地表径流影响的贡献分析

地表径流是陆地水循环系统中最重要组成部分之一,流域内的气候变化及人类活动均会引起地表径流水文特征的变化。一般情况下,地表径流是由气候变化和人类活动两者共同作用的结果,以辽宁省碧流河流域为研究样本,通过模拟径流量与实测径流量的变化比较,得出碧流河流域年径流量的变化规律。利用碧流河流域的实测降雨量系列值来分别分析人类活动及气候条件变化对地表径流的影响,进而分别得到人类活动及气候变化对地表径流的贡献量和贡献率。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.