Phospholipids of marine origin. The lantern fish (Lampanyctodes hectoris)

Lantern fish of the species Lampanyctodes hectoris were shown to contain phospholipids (10 g kg^?1) and non-phosphorylated lipids (140 g kg^?1). The phospholipid fraction consisted of phosphatidyl choline (47% of total phospholipids), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (42%), phosphatidyl serine (3%), phosphatidyl inositol (1%), sphingomyelin (4%), lyso-phosphatidyl choline (1%) and cardiolipins (2%). Lantern fish (L hectoris) meals normally contain unacceptably high lipid contents (150 g kg^?1 and over); this characteristic was found not to be due to a high phospholipid level in the lantern fish. The major fatty acid of the phospholipids was C22:6n-3 (25% total fatty acids) followed by C16:0 (18%), C18:ln-9 (16%) and C20:5n-3 (8%). This distribution was different from that of the non-phosphorylated lipids where the major fatty acid was C16:0 (21%) followed by C18:ln-9 (19%), C20:5n-3 (11%), C20:l (7%) and C22:6n-3 (7%). The lantern fish press oil and residual meal lipids had fatty acid distributions similar to those of the non-phosphorylated lipids.     

Phospholipids of marine origin. V. The crab--a comparative study of a marine species (Cyclograpsus punctatus) and a fresh water species (Potamon)

A comparison has been made between phospholipids extracted from a marine crab and from a fresh water crab. Marine crab (body and viscera) contained a phospholipid fraction which liberated 2-aminoethylphos-phonic acid upon hydrolysis, while this substance was absent from the fresh water crab. Marine crab phospholipids had a higher content of phosphatidyl choline (57%), a higher content of phosphatidyl serine (5%) but a lower content of phosphatidyl ethanolamine (22%) than phospholipids from the fresh water crab (respective values: 52, 2 and 27%). Marine crab phospholipids and non-phosphorylated lipids were richer in C20 plus C22 fatty acids but poorer in C18: 2 acid, than were the corresponding lipids from the fresh water crab.     

Phospholipids of marine origin. I. The hake (Merlucius capensis, Castelnau)

The composition of hake flesh and hake liver phospholipids was determined by an hydrolytic procedure and by chromatography on silicic acid. The hydrolytic procedure involved determination of lecithin-choline, sphingornyelin-choline, lyso lecithin-choline, ethanolamine, serine, myo-inositol and the average equivalent weight of the liberated fatty acids. The composition of the flesh and liver phospholipids was very similar, the latter contained more sphingomyelins and cardiolipins at the expense of phosphatidyl choline. Phospholipid fatty acids had a markedly higher equivalent weight and unsaturation than the corresponding non-phosphorylated lipid fatty acids. The cephalin fractions contained more long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, more stearic acid and less palmitic acid than the phosphatidyl choline fractions. Sphingomyelins were particularly rich in lignoceric and nervonic acid.     

Phospholipids of marine origin. VI. The octopus (Octopus vulgaris)

The composition of octopus (Octopus vulgaris) phospholipids was determined by analysis of hydrolytic breakdown products and by chromatography on silicic acid. The most remarkable feature of octopus phospholipids was the high content (13%) of ceramide aminoethylphosphonic acid. In addition the phospholipids contained phosphatidylcholine (42%), phosphatidylethanolamine (30%), phosphatidylserine (5%), phosphatidylinositol (4%) and sphingomyelin (3%). The fatty acid distribution of the phospholipids and the non-phosphorylated lipids was determined by gas chromatography. The major saturated fatty acids in the phospholipids and non-phosphorylated lipids were 16:0 (24 and 23%, respectively) and 18:0 (10 and 15%, respectively). The major highly unsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids and non-phosphorylated lipids were 20:5 (18 and 7%, respectively) and 22:6 (23 and 9% respectively).     

The composition of the fatty acids and aldehydes of the ethanolamine and choline phospholipids of various meats

The ethanolamine phospholipids of beef, lamb, pork and chicken examined in this study contained over 40% of ethanolamine plasmalogen, whereas fish contained only 13%. The level of choline plasmalogen in choline phospholipids was less than 1% in fish and ranged from 10 to 30% in the other four meats. Palmitaldehyde was the major fatty aldehyde in the choline plasmalogens of beef, lamb, pork and chicken (65–80% of total aldehydes), but was present at lower levels in the ethanolamine plasmalogens. The per cent fatty acid compositions of phosphatidylethanolamine and the corresponding ethanolamine plasmalogen were very similar, being typically low in palmitic acid but very high (56–74%) in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acids of the choline plasmalogens contained more polyunsaturated fatty acids than the corresponding phosphatidyl cholines, but at lower levels than in the fatty acids of the ethanolamine phospholipids.     

Seasonal changes in phospholipids of mussel (Mytilus edulis Linne)

The phospholipids of mussels (Mytilus edulis Linne) from the coast of Qingdao were extracted, fractionated and analysed over a 12 month period. The contents of total lipids, neutral lipids, polar lipids and phospholipids were measured. The composition of phospholipids was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography, and their fatty acid composition was analysed by gas chromatography. The phospholipid content ranged from 3.6 to 6.4 g kg^?1 soft tissue. PE (phosphatidyl ethanolamine) and PC (phosphatidyl choline) were the major constituents. C16:0, C20:5 and C22:6 were the major fatty acids. C20:5 (5.25–23.10%) and C22:6 (6.05–20.42%) varied regularly with the seasonal factors. Their total amounts were high from January to June, which would be an optimal time for the utilisation of the phospholipids of mussels. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Phospholipids of marine origin. II. The rock lobster (Jasus lalandii)

The composition of rock lobster roe and hepatopancreas phospholipids was determined by chromatography on silicic acid and by an hydrolytic procedure. Rock lobster roe phospholipids were similar in composition to those of hen egg yolk except for the very low content of lysophosphatides. Rock lobster hepatopancreas phospholipids were similar in composition to hake flesh phospholipids. Fatty acids from the phospholipids and the non-phosphorylated lipids of both roe and hepatopancreas had the same average equivalent weight and unsaturation; the fatty acid composition showed a close resemblance. Large differences, however, were observed in the fatty acid composition of the phosphatidyl choline and cephalin fractions, the latter containing more of the polyunsaturated fatty acids.     

Characterization of Shrimp Lipids

Edible shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) tissue contains approximately 1.2% extractable lipids, the majority of which are phospholipids. Data from the gravimetric quantitation of lipid classes isolated by column chromatography indicated that phosphatidyl choline was the predominant phospholipid and cholesterol the predominant neutral lipid in edible shrimp tissue. Fatty acid distribution data indicated that sphingomyelins contained the greatest percent by weight of unsaturated fatty acids while cholesterol esters contained the greatest proportion of saturated fatty acids. Enzymatic hydrolysis followed by gas liquid chromatography of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl serine indicated that fatty acids located at the β position were more highly unsaturated than those at the α position.     

Lipid content and fatty acid composition of green algae Scenedesmus obliquus grown in a constant cell density apparatus

The lipids of alga Scenedesmus obliquus grown under controlled conditions were separated and fractionated by column and thin-layer chromatography, and fatty acid composition of each lipid component was studied by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Total lipids were 11.17%, and neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid fractions were 7.24%, 2.45% and 1.48% on a dry weight basis, respectively. The major neutral lipids were diglycerides, triglycerides, free sterols, hydrocarbons and sterol esters. The glycolipids were: monogalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, esterified sterol glycoside, and sterol glycoside. The phospholipids included: phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Fourteen fatty acids were identified in the four lipid fractions by GLC. The main fatty acids were C18:2, C16:0, C18:3(alpha), C18:1, C16:3, C16:1, and C16:4. Total unsaturated fatty acid and essential fatty acid compositions of the total algal lipids were 80% and 38%, respectively.     

超高效液相色谱-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱鉴定核桃仁的脂质构成

利用超高效液相色谱-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱系统鉴定了核桃的脂质组.在正负离子模式下获得脂质的一级质谱和二级质谱信息后,共鉴定出4大类525种脂质分子,包括250种甘油酯、221种磷脂、18种糖脂、36种鞘脂类,含量分别占总脂质的87％、12.97％、0.02％和0.01％.甘油二酯(diacylglycerol,DG)...     

Fumgal lipids. I. Effect of different nitrogen sources on the chemical composition

The effect of three nitrogen sources on the chemical composition of seven fungi, namely: Aspergillus niger, A. luchuensis, Penicillium crustosum, Alternaria tenuis, Rhizoctonia solani, Mucor sp. and Pythium irregulare has been studied. The various fungi showed a great variation with respect to lipid percentage and total lipid content. Lipid content varied from 3.2 to 41.5%. Non-polar lipids were comprised of monoglycerides, diglycerides, free sterols, free fatty acids and triglycerides. The quantitative make-up of the non-polar lipid varied with different nitrogen sources. Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids while lauric, myristic, palmitoleic, linoleic and arachidic were the minor ones. The fatty acid composition was dramatically changed by changing the nitrogen source. Since different fungi responded differently to changes in nitrogen source, no generalisation could be made. Two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography of the polar lipid fraction of these fungi revealed the presence of a maximum of fifteen spots. Phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol were the major spots while lysophosphatidyl choline, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl glycerol were present in smaller quantities. In comparison to phospholipids, glycolipids (except sterol glycoside) were present in relatively lower concentration. Pythium irregulare was very characteristic in having no glycolipids at all.     

The fatty acid composition of the main phospholipid fractions of the rumen and abomasum tissues of foetal and adult sheep

The fatty acid composition has been determined on phosphatidyl choline, phos-phatidyl ethanolamine and sphingomyelin fractions earlier isolated from the rumen and abomasum tissues of foetal and of adult Romney sheep. The major proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids was found in the phosphatidyl ethanolamine (17 to 43%) fraction and this was reduced in the phosphatidyl choline (7 to 25%) and sphingomyelin (1 to 4%) fractions. These features are in keeping with the results for mammalian tissues generally. The phosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions were further characterised by the low content of palmitic acid (<8%) compared with 25 to 30 % in the phosphatidyl choline fractions and 29 to 52% in the sphingomyelin fractions and by the occurrence of cyclopropane fatty acids. Consistent with the findings of other workers on mammalian tissues, the sphingomyelin fractions contained a relatively high content (16 to 27%) of higher w-saturated fatty acids including 22:0,23:0,24:0 and 25:0 and of tetracos-14-enoic (24:1 ω9) acid (5 to 16%). The total amounts of acids above C₂₀ tended to vary inversely with the levels of palmitic acid whereas the levels of stearic acid were relatively constant at 13 to 17%. Changes in fatty acid composition with age were generally not marked but the tissues of the foetus were distinguished from those of the foetus were distinguished from those of the adult by their substantial amount of eicosa-5,8,11-trienoic (20:3 ω9) acid together with relatively low contents of linoleic (18:2 ω6) and linolenic (18:3 ω3) acids and to a leser extent by reduced level of acids of the ω3 series. This was particularly reflected by the ratios of ω6/ω3 C₂₀ + C₂₂ acids in the phosphatidyl ethanolamine fractions, the valucs for the foetal rumen and abomasum tissues being 1.03 and 1.07, respectively, compared with corresponding values of 0.78 and 0.72 found in adult sheep. The results are consistent with a requirement for C₂₀ and C₂₂ polyunsaturated acids of the ω3 and ω6 series and some penetration of maternal fatty acids through the placenta. The resemblance between the fatty acid make-up and composition of foetal and maternal phospholipids suggests the possibiligy of transference of intact or lyso-phospholipids from the mother to the foetus through the placenta. However, such a possibility is counter-indicated by consideration of previous work using labelled intermediates and by the mechanism of conversion of linoleic and linolenic acids requiring their CoA derivatives in the formation of the corresponding polyunsaturated C₂₀ + C₂₂ acids. Nevertheless, the sharp cut-off of exogenous maternal fatty acids from the foetal triglycerides and their inclusion in the foetal phospholipids are not readily explainable.     

Role of seed phosphatides as antioxidants for ghee (butter fat)

Antioxidant potentiality of seed phospholipids for stored ghee was found to be in the order of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), groundnut (Arachis hypogea), soybean (Glycine max) and cotton seed (Gossypium sp.), possibly corresponding to their phosphatidyl ethanolamine content. Out of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl ethanolamine was found to be the most effective antioxidant. Antioxidant property of phosphatidyl ethanolamine did not vary with the seed source, indicating that the fatty acid portion of the molecule played no role in protecting ghee against oxidation. In stored ghee addition of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline reduced lipolysis, probably by interacting with the lipase system. During storage, phosphatidyl ethanolamine afforded better protection against the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids.     

Supercritical fluid extraction and characterization of lipids from algae Scenedesmus obliquus

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extractions (with and without ethanol as an entrainer) were carried out to remove lipids and pigments from protein concentrate of green algae (Scenedesmus obliquus) cultivated under controlled conditions. The content and fatty acid composition of algal lipids using column, thin-layer (TLC) and gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) were determined. Absorption spectra of extracted fractions showed the predominance of chlorophyll A (lambda max at 410 nm). Single step supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction resulted mostly in removal of neutral lipids and a part of glycolipids, but phospholipids were not extracted. Addition of ethanol to SC-CO2 increased the amount of glycolipids and phospholipids in the extract. TLC pattern of algal lipids showed that the main part of neutral lipids consisted of diglycerides, triglycerides, hydrocarbons, free sterols, and sterol esters. The glycolipids were mostly monogalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, esterified sterol glycoside, and sterol glycoside. In phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were the main compounds. Fatty acid composition patterns indicated the main fatty acids to be 16:0, 16:1, 16:2, 16:3, 16:4, 18:1, 18:2, and 18:3(a). Relatively high recovery of polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential fatty acids in supercritical fluid extracted algal lipids and proteins isolates were observed.     

LIPIDS OF CURED CENTENNIAL SWEET POTATOES

SUMMARY –Lipids isolated from cured Centennial sweet potatoes were identified and quantitated by a combination of column and thin layer chromatography. These lipids were shown to consist of 42.1% neutral lipids, 30.8% glycolipids and 27.1% phospholipids. Triglycerides and steryl esters were the major lipids of the neutral fraction. Among the phospholipids, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol were the most abundant. Galactolipids and the steryl glucosides were also present. The predominant fatty acids were stearic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic.     

Phospholipids of marine origin—the squid (Loligo vulgaris)

Squid (Loligo vulgaris) was found to contain 25 g kg^?1 lipids of which approximately 75% were phospholipids. The phospholipids were shown to consist of phosphatidylcholine (56% of total phospholipids), phosphatidylethanolamine (29%), phosphatidylserine (2%), phosphatidylinositol (2%). sphingomyelin (5%), lyso-phosphatidylcholine(3%) and the unusual lipid ceramide aminoethylphosphonic acid (3%). The major saturated fatty acid in both phospholipids and non-phosphorylated lipid was C16:0 (26% and 21%, respectively, of total fatty acids), while the major unsaturated fatty acid in both lipid fractions was C22:6n-3 (34% and 23%, respectively) followed by C20:5n-3 (14% in both lipids).     

虾头中磷脂提取与组学分析

研究虾头中磷脂的提取制备方法,并分别利用气相色谱法和多维度串联质谱法对样品磷脂的脂肪酸链结构进行脂质组学分析。利用乙醇浸提法制备得到虾头中的磷脂,并从乙醇体积分数、提取温度和提取时间3?个因素对提取方法进行优化,得到较优条件为乙醇体积分数90%、提取温度50?℃、提取时间30?min,磷脂的提取效果最佳,实际提取量可达到（11.58±0.03）mg/g,与优化前相比提高了83.8%。磷脂样品经甲酯化反应后用气相色谱法分析其脂肪酸链组成,并用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术经负离子全扫描对磷脂分子实现分离鉴定和定量分析。结果显示,磷脂的脂肪酸链中主要含有棕榈酸链、亚油酸链、二十碳五烯酸和硬脂酸链等23?种脂肪酸链,其中单不饱和脂肪酸链占9.51%,多不饱和脂肪酸链占35.33%;磷脂样品中共检出磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰肌醇和磷脂酰丝氨酸4?类共28?种磷脂分子,该提取方法所得各种类磷脂的脂肪酸链中存在许多不饱和度较高的脂肪酸链,如40∶8、36∶7、38∶7、O-40∶7、40∶7、34∶6、O-36∶6、36∶6、O-38∶6、38∶6、40∶6等。虾头中磷脂含量丰富,其脂肪酸链不饱和度较高,因此具有较高的开发利用价值。     

Changes in milk fat phospholipids during lactation

Changes in lipid composition were studied in milk obtained on postpartum d 3 (colostrum), 7, 42, and 180 from 12 Holstein cows. Triglycerides, 96 to 97% of total lipids, were relatively constant during lactation. Phospholipids and cholesterol declined with advancing lactation. Concentrations of the fatty acids synthesized within the mammary gland, C10:0 to C16:0, increased about 50% from 7 to 42 d of lactation. During this period, compensatory decreases were observed in C18:1. The phospholipids were separated into five major classes: sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl choline, serine, inositol, and ethanolamine for fatty acid analysis. The changes that occurred in milk total fatty acids were reflected in phosphatidyl phospholipid fatty acid composition: an increase in medium-chain fatty acids and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids of 18, 20, and 22 carbon atom chain length as lactation progressed. These changes are consistent with the theory that milk phospholipids are synthesized de novo entirely in the mammary gland.     

Supercritical fluid extraction and characterization of lipids from algae scenedesmus obliquus

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO₂) extractions (with and without ethanol as an entrainer) were carried out to remove lipids and pigments from protein concentrate of green algae (Scenedesmus obliquus) cultivated under controlled conditions. The content and fatty acid composition of algal lipids using column, thin‐layer (TLC) and gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) were determined. Absorption spectra of extracted fractions showed the predominance of chlorophyll A (λ_max at 410nm). Single step supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO₂) extraction resulted mostly in removal of neutral lipids and a part of glycolipids, but phospholipids were not extracted. Addition of ethanol to SC‐CO₂ increased the amount of glycolipids and phospholipids in the extract. TLC pattern of algal lipids showed that the main part of neutral lipids consisted of diglycerides, triglycerides, hydrocarbons, free sterols, and sterol esters. The glycolipids were mostly monogalactosyl diglyceride, digalactosyl diglyceride, esterified sterol glycoside, and sterol glycoside. In phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol, and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were the main compounds. Fatty acid composition patterns indicated the main fatty acids to be 16:0, 16:1, 16:2, 16:3, 16:4, 18:1, 18:2 and 18:3(a). Relatively high recovery of polyunsaturated fatty acids and essential fatty acids in supercritical fluid extracted algal lipids and protein isolates were observed.     

Changes in the composition of the fatty acids and aldehydes of meat lipids after heating

The effects of heating at 132°C on the fatty acids and fatty aldehydes of neutral lipids and phospholipids of lean beef, veal, lamb, pork and chicken were studied. Heating caused hydrolysis of the plasmalogens in the phospholipids, and varying amounts of the liberated fatty aldehydes were recovered in the neutral lipid fractions. Beef phosphatidyl choline lost more polyunsaturated fatty acids than that of the other meats. Beef and veal phosphatidyl ethanolamine lost more polyunsaturated fatty acid than that of lamb, pork or chicken, but the effect was obscured by the influx of fatty acids from elsewhere into this fraction after heating.