药物与个人护理用品在给水系统中的存在及去除研究进展

近年来药物与个人护理用品(PPCPs)在给水系统中的存在及迁移转化情况备受关注。总结了PPCPs类物质在水源水、出厂水、管网和龙头水中的存在状况以及给水处理工艺对代表性PPCPs物质的去除效率。PPCPs在水源水中的浓度多在ng/L到μg/L间,在出厂水、给水管网及龙头水中的浓度一般在ng/L的水平。常见的给水处理工艺只能部分去除水中的PPCPs,其中预氧化、消毒、活性炭吸附对PPCPs的去除效果较好,混凝沉淀、过滤、澄清不能有效去除PPCPs。考察自来水中PPCPs对人体健康的影响,开发高效可靠的PPCPs检测手段以及去除工艺是今后的研究方向。     

水中肠贾第氏鞭毛虫孢囊和隐孢子虫卵囊的检测

详细介绍了检测水中肠贾第氏鞭毛虫孢囊和隐孢子虫卵囊的仪器设备、试剂及方法，并对长江原水；黄浦江原水及相关出厂水进行了检测；在长江原水和所有出厂水中均未检出隐孢子虫卵囊，在黄浦江上游原水中检出极少量肠贾第氏鞭毛虫孢囊，而在下游水中检出的孢囊较多。     

饮用水中三卤甲烷生成影响因素的初步研究

为研究饮用水中的三卤甲烷生成的影响因素．对苏州地区三水厂出厂水和部分管网水中三卤甲烷总量、高锰酸盐指数、水温等水质指标进行了检测．并考察了这些指标与三卤甲烷总量之间的相关性。结果表明出厂水中三卤甲烷总量与水温和高锰酸盐指数有非常显著关系．三水厂出厂水水温和三卤甲烷总量之间的回归方程相关系数均达0．90以上;三水厂出厂水高锰酸盐指数以及和三卤甲烷总量之间回归方程的相关系数分别为0．5615,0．5961,0．6346,均大于显著性水平为0．01时的临界值：三水厂加氯量和出厂水三卤甲烷总量之间也存在显著性关系：而管网水中三卤甲烷总量随配水管网长度的增加呈明显上升趋势。     

顶空气相色谱法测定水中三氯乙醛

三氯乙醛是有机合成的重要原料。在饮用水中作为消毒副产物也有微量存在。该文主要介绍了用顶卒气相色谱法测定水中三氯乙醛的检测方法和相应的测定条件，并对上海地区水源水和几个水厂出厂水做了检测，水源水基本上未检出，出厂水中含量符合卫生部“生活饮用水卫生规范”的要求。     

含溴原水深度处理中溴酸盐生成的影响因素

为研究含溴原水深度处理中溴酸盐生成的影响因素,对苏州地区X水厂原水,各工艺段的出水,以及出厂水中的溴酸盐、溴化物、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数等水质指标进行了检测,并考察了各类水质指标与出厂水溴酸盐含量之间的关系.结果表明X水厂深度处理工艺过程中,溴酸盐浓度的峰值出现在主臭氧后,随着臭氧投加量的增加或者原水氨氮浓度的降低,出厂水...     

饮用水加氯消毒副产物（三卤甲烷和卤乙酸）研究

本研究在国内首首次建立了饮用水中卤乙酸的测定方法，通过对国内某水厂出厂水以及水处理流程中卤乙酸和三卤甲烷的分析测定，得知如下初步结论：该水厂出厂水中卤乙酸和三卤甲烷含量均较低，出厂水质较好；     

S市水源水及饮用水中微囊藻毒素的污染状况研究

对S市作为饮用水源的三个水库中的微囊藻毒素(MCYSTs)含量进行了监测分析，同时检测了水厂出厂水和管网水中的MCYST污染状况，研究结果表明，无论原水、出厂水还是管网水，检出了MCYST，检出的种类都是MCYST—RR，原水的最高检出浓度达0．319μg／L，出厂水为0．324μg／L，管网水为0.276μg／L；藻毒素含量与藻细胞密度之间没有明显相关关系；常规的水处理工艺对藻毒素没有明显去除效果。     

出厂水氯胺消毒的控制与管理

该文介绍了上海市自来水市南公司以青草沙水源和黄浦江水源的水厂制水工艺和氯胺消毒工艺,列出了出厂水及管网水中余氯、氨氮以及消毒副产品的测定数据及消毒效果,分析了氯胺及氨氮在管网中的衰减情况,讨论了pH对氯胺在水中存在形式的影响及氨氮导致管网水中铅及锌的浓度增加。提出了为提高管网水质,在生产过程中需在适当工艺位置补加在线测氨仪及测氯胺仪,并选择合适的C12：NH2-N,严格控制出厂氨氮的量,以抑制氨氧化细菌的营养来源。建议将氨氮、亚硝酸盐纳入管网水控制的日常检测项目。     

某校园水龙头过夜自来水中几种元素的分析与建议

对校园饮用水水质的卫生管理是杜绝校园食物中毒关键步骤之一,在日常生活中,我们更多的是关注当天水的水质,而忽略了隔夜水水质的监管。文章选择某高校校区作为研究对象,研究分析了过夜的校园生活饮用水水质。结果表明:水龙头过夜头水的色度、浑浊度均高于中段水;头水和中段水中铬含量均低于最低检测限,且二者含量没有显著差异;过夜水头水中铁含量明显高于中段水。根据研究区域水龙头材质情况,发现涉水管件材质在一定程度上可影响水龙头水中得色度、浑浊度及铁、铬的含量。     

配水管网水中菌落总数分布的调查

通过对苏州X水厂的出厂水静态水质、配水管网的水质分析检测,并采用两种培养基分别检测水中菌落总数,考察了苏州市配水管网中菌落总数分布情况。结果表明采用R2A培养基及较长的培养时间得到的菌落总数,能较好地反映饮用水中微生物的水平,也能表达饮用水中的游离余氯与菌落总数之间呈较为明显的负指数相关。     

Hydrothermic aging of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride): Its effect on the dielectric,thermal, and mechanical properties

Accelerated hydrolytic aging (according to the NFT 5166 method) was performed on samples of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticized with dioctylphthalate (DOP) and dinonyladipate (DNA) at different concentration ratios. The aging test consisted of immersing the samples in boiling water at 100°C. The samples were removed from water regularly, that is, every 2 h, for mechanical, thermal, and dielectric characterizations. Thermograms of PVC plasticized with DOP revealed no migration of the plasticizer independent of the concentration used. Moreover, the thermal stability of the samples was not affected by the hydrothermal aging. However, for PVC samples plasticized with DNA, a small amount of the plasticizer migrated from the polymer matrix with a considerable effect on the thermal stability. In fact, the data indicated a decrease in the decomposition temperature from 275 to 225°C, particularly for samples containing 50% (w/w) DNA immersed up to 10 h. The mechanical results showed that for a plasticizer content greater than 30% (w/w), the strain at break obtained for samples plasticized with DNA was lower than that for samples plasticized with DOP because the DNA molecules were more likely to be removed by water on account of their polarity and dimension. Finally, the dielectric measurements showed that the permittivity of all the PVC samples plasticized with DOP and immersed in boiling water was higher than that of the virgin samples. On the contrary, the permittivity of the aged unplasticized PVC was less than that of the nonimmersed samples. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 3447–3457, 2003     

A method based on isothermal calorimetry to quantify the influence of moisture on the hydration rate of young cement pastes

Cement hydration needs water to proceed and if water is lost by drying, the hydration rate will decrease. This can be of importance in cases when concrete surfaces are exposed to drying so that their strength development will be retarded. We describe a method based on isothermal calorimetry to assess how the rate of cement hydration is influenced by removal of water (drying) at different times up to three days after mixing. Thin samples of cement pastes are hydrated in a calorimeter and at different times exposed to one hour drying periods. The resulting decrease in thermal power following the removal of water is quantified as a measure of the reduction in hydration rate. The mass loss is found by weighing the samples before and after a measurement, and the change in water activity of a sample during drying can be found from the slope of the thermal power during the drying period.     

Influence of bleed water reabsorption on cement paste autogenous deformation

The effects of bleed water reabsorption and subsequent early age expansion on observed autogenous deformation are investigated in this research. Bleeding was induced by varying superplasticizer and shrinkage-reducing admixture dosages and by increasing the water-to-cement ratio. This research revealed that significant early age expansion occurs with increasing chemical admixture dosages and higher water-to-cement ratios, as expected, due to increasing bleeding of those samples. When samples were rotated, negligible early age expansion was observed. Thus, bleed water reabsorption is shown to be the primary mechanism causing initial expansion in sealed autogenous deformation samples. Thermal dilation and ettringite growth appear to have a minimal influence on the observed expansion. Rotating the samples during setting eliminates the potential for bleed water reabsorption and is recommended for all autogenous deformation testing.     

Barrier properties of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites

Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites are attractive candidates for applications requiring good barrier properties because of the inherent features of the polymer matrix. To assess their potential, systematic research relating the barrier performance to the structural characteristics of polypropylene/montmorillonite samples has been conducted. The nanocomposites have been tested in the presence of helium, water vapor, toluene, and methanol, and the unmodified matrix has been found to exhibit better properties than its mixtures with the compatibilizer and/or clay. The method for the interpretation of the results proposed in this study considers the composition of the samples, the morphology of the semicrystalline polymer matrix, and the state of dispersion/exfoliation of the clay layers, along with the specific interactions between the solvent molecules and the system components. In this way, several points have been identified for understanding and improving the performance of the nanocomposites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 618–625, 2007     

Water and water vapor sorption studies in polypropylene–zeolite composites

Water and water vapor sorption to porous polypropylene–zeolite composites prepared by hot pressing have been studied as a function of zeolite loading. This work presents the first report on the effect of the zeolite as a filler on the water‐sorption properties of PP composites. Water swelling experiments were conducted at 25°C using pure PP and PP–zeolite films samples having different zeolite loadings (6–40 wt %). Because PP is a hydrophobic polymer, it does not sorp any water, but the composites having 10, 20, 30, and 40% zeolites have sorbed 0.63, 1.00, 1.72 and 3.74% water, respectively. The zeolite itself at the same conditions sorbed 24.5% water. As the filler loading in the composites increased, equilibrium uptake values increased also. On the other hand, water vapor sorption and kinetics has been studied using a Cahn 2000 gravimetric sorption system. Within in the range of 0.35–0.95% water vapor was adsorbed by the composites containing 10–40 wt % zeolites. Experimental effective water vapor diffusivities of the composite films was about one order of magnitude higher (10‐fold) than the experimental water diffusion coefficient in composites. The transport of water in composites was slower than that in the liquid water due to the longer diffusion pathway and adsorption on the surface of the composites. Although the liquid water may fill all the voids in the composite, water vapor is adsorbed on the surface of the zeolite only. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3069–3075, 2003     

Evolution of interactions between water and native corn starch as a function of moisture content

Thermostimulated current spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to study starch–water systems with moisture contents of 0–50% (on a total weight basis). DSC enabled the calculation of the amounts of bound and free water. The maximum quantity of bound water was detected for a 30% humidity sample. The existence of interactions between water and starch was proved and found to be weakened for samples containing more than 30% water. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2860–2865, 2002     

Mechanical properties and micro-structures of calcium aluminate based ultra high strength cement

This paper describes the mechanical properties and microstructure of calcium aluminate based ultra high strength cement at early age. By using silica fume, polycarboxylate based superplasticizers and a hybrid defoaming mixer, which is anon-contact mixer, cement paste with water to powder ratio of 0.1 can be cast in a mold. When the water to powder ratio is 0.1, the bending strength of hardened samples can be obtained over 30 MPa. Samples were cured at 40 or 60 °C for 7 days. At 60 °C, C₃AH₆ is mainly produced, whereas C₃AH₆ and C₂AH₈ are produced at 40 °C. The mechanical properties of hardened samples with low water to powder ratio are related to the pore volume and pore size distribution.     

应用超声消解快速检测COD方法的实验研究

提出快速检测水样化学需氧量(COD)的新方法 ,即在常温常压下利用超声消解(UASD)水样,并结合分光光度法(SP)或氧化还原电位法(ORP)检测水样COD。实验表明,UASD法消解水样的最佳时间在4 min左右;用标准邻苯二甲酸氢钾溶液绘制工作曲线,采用UASD-SP法对污水样品的COD(经稀释COD500 mg/L)进行检测,测得的COD值与国标法测定值对比,准确度在-5.4%~-2.1%,实验精密度在0.42%~2.8%。实验证明了应用超声消解快速检测COD方法的可行性。     

Microstructure, Piezoelectric Properties and Phase Transition of (Pb 0.90 Ba 0.10 )ZrO 3 Ceramics Prepared by Solid State Reaction Method

(Pb 0.90 Ba 0.10 )ZrO 3 was prepared via the solid state reaction method under various heat treatment conditions. Microstructure, piezoelectric properties and phase transitions of (Pb 0.90 Ba 0.10 )ZrO 3 were studied. Grain size of the samples is in the range of 0.5 to 1.3 μm. The d 33 values of the samples are in the range of 19-27 pC/N while the planar coupling coefficient k p is about 0.3 for all samples. Antiferroelectric to ferroelectric phase transition was found in samples re-calcined at 850°C and sintered at 1325°C and 1350°C. However, ferroelectric-to-antiferroelectric phase transition was not detected. The ferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition temperature slightly increases as the sintering temperature increases. This can be related to the characteristics of the grains in the ceramics.