废旧晶硅光伏电池组件的处理及回收

光伏产业迅速发展的同时,也即将面临大量废弃光伏电池组件的妥善处理问题。目前行业尚未具备完善的回收技术,国家也未出台相关政策和回收处理标准。介绍废旧光伏电池组件的处理方法,阐述了相关的回收技术,包括机械法、热处理法和化学法。     

废弃光伏组件回收现状与趋势

随着光伏发电装机快速增长,废弃光伏组件量将激增,废弃组件处理不当不但造成环境污染,还会导致资源浪费.目前,国内外光伏组件大规模报废期还未到来,组件回收行业处于起步阶段,监督管理体系还未建立,存在技术装备不成熟、回收收益低及相关政策体系不完善等问题.参考新颁布的 《中华人民共和国固体废物污染环境防治法》分析了光伏组件回收...     

国家发展改革委等部门发布《废弃电器电子产品处理目录(第一批)》

<正>我国是电器电子产品的生产、出口和消费大国。自上世纪八九十年代主要家用电器大量进入家庭以来,目前已进入报废的高峰期。为规范废弃电器电子产品的回收处理活动,促进资源综合利     

从北京节能超市绿色回收试点看我国废弃电器电子产品回收管理机制改革与探索

分析了我国与发达国家和地区废弃电器电子产品回收管理制度的差异与存在的问题,并以北京节能超市绿色回收实践为案例,总结分析绿色回收的实践经验,为构建绿色回收管理机制提出建议。     

中华人民共和国国务院令 第551号

《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》已经2008年8月20日国务院第23次常务会议通过，现予公布，自2011年1月1日起施行。     

国务院法制办 环境保护部负责人就《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》答记者问

2009年2月25日,温家宝总理签署国务院令,公布《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》（以下简称条例）。就条例的有关问题,国务院法制办、环境保护部有关负责人回答了记者的提问。     

退役晶体硅光伏组件的回收技术综述

自2020年起的未来10年,大规模的光伏组件将要退役,如何经济高效地处理废旧光伏组件将成为一大难题。晶体硅光伏组件中的材料种类较多,也难以分离,而且所得到的回收材料价值不高,低于组件回收的成本。但是,若退役晶体硅光伏组件处理不当,将会对生态环境造成极端恶劣的影响。晶体硅光伏组件在土壤中很难降解,如果只是简单的掩埋处理,将会对土壤环境造成破坏,所以回收退役晶体硅光伏组件势在必行。梳理了目前世界范围内回收退役晶体硅光伏组件的技术,并通过不同维度的比较寻求效率高、收益好,并具有发展潜力的退役晶体硅光伏组件回收技术。     

废旧晶体硅光伏组件回收方式浅析

当前,晶体硅光伏组件的市场占有率处于主导地位,但随着其服役期的结束,国内针对废旧晶体硅光伏组件的回收尚未实现配套发展,光伏产业的可持续发展将遭遇困境。首先介绍了国内外回收废旧晶体硅光伏组件的现状及3种主流的废旧晶体硅光伏组件回收方式,并分析了这3种回收方式的工艺成本及经济效益;然后从技术、经济、政策3个方面总结了目前回收废旧晶体硅光伏组件的难点;最后展望了废旧晶体硅光伏组件回收行业的未来。     

旧光伏组件接线盒拆装方式分析

为了解决光伏发电系统中旧光伏组件的回收利用问题,针对旧光伏组件的接线盒进行了更换处理,重点研究了旧光伏接线盒两种不同更换方法对光伏组件电输出性能的影响,提出了光伏组件在更换旧接线盒时需注意的问题及相关工艺上的建议。     

环境保护部强化废旧家电拆解处理环境监管

为落实国务院促进扩大内需鼓励家电“以IH换新”政策,保障“以旧换新”过程产生的废旧家电得到妥善拆解处理,推动《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》（国务院令第551号,以下简称《条例》）的贯彻落实,环境保护部日前发布了《关于贯彻落实家电以旧换新政策加强废旧家电拆解处理环境管理的指导意见》（以下简称《指导意见》）,     

Regulatory policy governing cadmium-telluride photovoltaics: A case study contrasting life cycle management with the precautionary principle

Market projections for cadmium-telluride (CdTe) thin-film photovoltaics (PV) are tempered by global environmental policies based on the precautionary principle which restrict electronic products containing cadmium, a known human carcinogen. An alternative to the precautionary principle is life cycle management, which involves manufacturers assuming product stewardship from beginning to end of product life. Both approaches have the aim of minimizing environmental contamination, but attempt to do so in different ways. Restrictions on electronic products containing cadmium by the precautionary principle-based restriction of hazardous substances (RoHS) directive in the European Union and a similar policy in China are presented, relative to their potential impact on CdTe PV. Life cycle environmental risks with respect to potential release of cadmium to the environment are also presented for routine operation of CdTe PV panels, potential catastrophic release of cadmium from a residential fire, and at the end of the product life. There is negligible risk of environmental cadmium contamination during routine operation and insignificant risk during catastrophic exposure events such as fire. At the end of the product life, risks of contamination are minimized by take-back programs that may be paid for by insurance premiums incorporated into the cost of the product. Therefore, policies based on the precautionary principle that could potentially ban the product based on its cadmium content may not be warranted.     

Producer responsibility and recycling solar photovoltaic modules

Rapid expansion of the solar photovoltaic (PV) industry is quickly causing solar to play a growing importance in the energy mix of the world. Over the full life cycle, although to a smaller degree than traditional energy sources, PV also creates solid waste. This paper examines the potential need for PV recycling policies by analyzing existing recycling protocols for the five major types of commercialized PV materials. The amount of recoverable semiconductor material and glass in a 1 m² area solar module for the five types of cells is quantified both physically and the profit potential of recycling is determined. The cost of landfill disposal of the whole solar module, including the glass and semiconductor was also determined for each type of solar module. It was found that the economic motivation to recycle most PV modules is unfavorable without appropriate policies. Results are discussed on the need to regulate for appropriate energy and environmental policy in the PV manufacturing industry particularly for PV containing hazardous materials. The results demonstrate the need to encourage producer responsibility not only in the PV manufacturing sector but also in the entire energy industry.     

LCAs of a polycrystalline photovoltaic module and a wind turbine

This study compares the environmental impacts of a polycrystalline photovoltaic (PV) module and a wind turbine using the life cycle assessment (LCA) method. This study models landfill disposal and recycling scenarios of the decommissioned PV module and wind turbine, and compares their impacts to those of the other stages in the life cycles. The comparison establishes that the wind turbine has smaller environmental impacts in almost all of the categories assessed. The disposal stage can become a major contributor to the environmental impacts, depending on disposal scenarios. Recycling is an environmentally efficient method, because of its environmental benefits derived from energy savings and resource reclaimed. The end-of-life recycling scenario for a wind turbine has a significant part on the environmental impacts and should not be ignored. However, many factors also influence the degree to which recycling can be beneficial. With the wind turbine recycling scenario, when large quantities of waste are recycled, the potential savings can be quite large, while with the PV module, small quantities of recycled waste mean that the benefits of recycling are not fully reaped.     

Chemical treatment of crystalline silicon solar cells as a method of recovering pure silicon from photovoltaic modules

Photovoltaic technology is used worldwide to provide reliable and cost-effective electricity for industrial, commercial, residential and community applications. The average lifetime of PV modules can be expected to be more than 25 years. The disposal of PV systems will become a problem in view of the continually increasing production of PV modules. These can be recycled for about the same cost as their disposal.Photovoltaic modules in crystalline silicon solar cells are made from the following elements, in order of mass: glass, aluminium frame, EVA copolymer transparent hermetising layer, photovoltaic cells, installation box, Tedlar^® protective foil and assembly bolts. From an economic point of view, taking into account the price and supply level, pure silicon, which can be recycled from PV cells, is the most valuable construction material used.Recovering pure silicon from damaged or end-of-life PV modules can lead to economic and environmental benefits. Because of the high quality requirement for the recovered silicon, chemical processing is the most important stage of the recycling process. The chemical treatment conditions need to be precisely adjusted in order to achieve the required purity level of the recovered silicon. For PV systems based on crystalline silicon, a series of etching processes was carried out as follows: etching of electric connectors, anti-reflective coating and n-p junction. The chemistry of etching solutions was individually adjusted for the different silicon cell types. Efforts were made to formulate a universal composition for the etching solution. The principal task at this point was to optimise the etching temperature, time and alkali concentration in such a way that only as much silicon was removed as necessary.     

Why is there overcapacity in China's PV industry in its early growth stage?

China has rich solar energy resources with great potential for future development. In recent years, encouraged and guided by China's central and local governments as well as international market, China's PV industry has seen a fast development, with increasingly expanded output. A complete industrial chain has taken shape. In 2011, the PV industry of China saw an annual output value of more than 300 billion RMB and total exports and imports of 142 billion RMB, providing jobs for 300,000 people. The development of China's PV industry mainly relies on the European market. Major factors driving the increase of its production capacity include: huge profits at early stage; great support of governments; lack of effective development planning; low-end processing and manufacturing; low admittance standards. The overcapacity in China's PV industry here refers to overcapacity of PV products such as silicon, polycrystalline silicon, solar cells and PV modules. Impacted by the US Financial Crisis and the European Debt Crisis, the market demand for PV products has been shrinking, resulting in more serious overcapacity of the industry. The Chinese government had hoped that the domestic PV market could absorb the overproduced PV products. However, it seems that, due to insufficient development and uncoordinated incentive system, the domestic PV market may not be able to promote significant change of the situation in a short period. Therefore, it should take a long time to solve the problem of overcapacity.     

Economic analysis of different supporting policies for the production of electrical energy by solar photovoltaics in eastern European Union countries

Today, photovoltaic (PV) attracts considerable interest in relation to renewable energy technologies, because of its potential to contribute significantly to the future of renewable energy. However, PV market development is related strongly to the support policies introduced by national governments, defined in national laws. The modification or fading out of such incentive schemes can strongly influence the development of the PV market in any given country. In this paper, after a brief review of national support policies in PV technology in eastern European Union (EU) countries, the authors perform an economic analysis of the main support mechanisms that are implemented in these countries. The comparative analysis is based on the calculation of the cash flow, the Net Present Value (NPV) and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) indices. The analysis shows that in some situations, support policies can be inconvenient for the owner of the PV system and that, in many cases, the differences between the implementation of the same support policy in different countries, can give rise to significantly different results.     

Assessing the strength and effectiveness of renewable electricity feed-in tariffs in European Union countries

In the last two decades, feed-in tariffs (FIT) have emerged as one of the most popular policies for supporting renewable electricity (RES-E) generation. A few studies have assessed the effectiveness of RES-E policies, but most ignore policy design features and market characteristics (e.g. electricity price and production cost) that influence policy strength. We employ 1992–2008 panel data to conduct the first econometric analysis of the effectiveness of FIT policies in promoting solar photovoltaic (PV) and onshore wind power development in 26 European Union countries. We develop a new indicator for FIT strength that captures variability in tariff size, contract duration, digression rate, and electricity price and production cost to estimate the resulting return on investment. We regress this indicator on added RES-E capacity using a fixed effects specification and find that FIT policies have driven solar PV development in the EU. However, this effect is overstated without controlling for country characteristics and is concealed without accounting for policy design. We do not find robust evidence that FIT policies have driven wind power development. Overall, we show that the interaction of policy design, electricity price, and electricity production cost is a more important determinant of RES-E development than policy enactment alone.     

中国光伏产业面临的困境与出路探析

在有利的国际产业环境下,中国光伏产业在本世纪初进入黄金发展期。2012年,我国光伏制造业规模已占到全球总量的近55％,稳居世界第一位;多晶硅产能位居世界前列;硅片产量达到28GW,同比增长14.3％：光伏电池年产量（大陆地区）达20．5GW,稳居世界榜首;新增光伏年装机容量（大陆地区）达到4．5CW,约占当年全球光伏新增装机容量的14．42％,排名全球第二位。但与此同时,产业的发展也面临若干严重问题的困扰。由于“两头在外”的发展模式．“双反”危机的出现不可避免,2009年以来,我国光伏产业先后经历了欧盟、美国、印度的对华光伏“双反”调查;产能过剩问题突出,产品、市场同质化严重;另外还有“融资难”等问题,这些都严重影响到产业的后续发展。当前,应在如何积极应对贸易争端,构建“贸易争端解决机制平台”;严格行业准入和退出机制,优化产业结构;积极拓展国内市场和国际新兴市场;疏浚光伏行业融资渠道,缓解“资金难”问题;逐步完善产业政策体系等方面做出积极努力．从而在根本上增强我国光伏产业发展的后续动力,走出时下的发展困境。     

Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production

This paper describes the material flows and emissions in all the life stages of CdTe PV modules, from extracting refining and purifying raw materials through the production, use, and disposal or recycling of the modules. The prime focus is on cadmium flows and cadmium emissions into the environment. This assessment also compares the cadmium environmental inventories in CdTe PV modules with those of Ni–Cd batteries and of coal fuel in power plants. Previous studies are reviewed and their findings assessed in light of new data.     

Obtaining electrical characteristics of a PV module by FPGA based experimental system

Electrical characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) modules are significant for using in PV array and standalone applications. Therefore, when designing a PV system, these characteristics must be considered. Some methods are developed to achieve the electrical characteristics of PV modules and one of them is using a capacitor where it is connected to output of the PV module as a load. This method based on measuring the current and voltage of the capacitor during its charging. Thus, the electrical characteristics of the module can be obtained by using these measurements. In this article, Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based method with using a capacitor is proposed to get electrical characteristics of the PV module. The method firstly simulated in Matlab-Simulink environment and promising results are obtained. Then, the method is performed by the FPGA based experimental system. At the same time, to prove experimental results, the electrical characteristics are derived by using an electronic load device. The experimental results show that the electrical characteristics can be accurately obtained by the proposed method.