Effective digital collaboration in the construction industry – A case study of BIM deployment in a hospital construction project

Building information modeling (BIM) and related digital innovations can serve as a catalyst for more transparency, tighter integration, and increased productivity in the architecture, engineering, and construction industry. Yet, many project teams struggle with how to work based on the new technology. Collaborative design based on shared information systems like BIM requires changing traditional and institutionalized work practices and routines. A case study of integrated BIM design in a large healthcare construction project serves as an example for how commonly experienced challenges can be overcome. The project has been awarded BuildingSMART's 2015 award for ‘outstanding open BIM practice’ making it Norway's role model for BIM practice. Based on diffusion of innovations theory, we identified the following set of key factors enabling digital collaboration in this project: change agents, new roles and responsibilities, a cloud computing infrastructure, BIM contracts, and a BIM learning environment. The findings presented in this article may serve as an example for BIM implementation and collaborative work in construction projects.     

BIM 正向设计存在的问题和思考

BIM 正向设计能够减少部分建模环节、降低劳动和信息交换成本,其优点得到业 界的广泛认同。随着国内BIM 技术的不断推广,现有的BIM 咨询模式已不能满足快速发展的 应用需求,正向设计在实际应用过程中也遇到了很多困难。通过工程经验和文献调研总结了正 向设计存在的问题,如：①缺乏与之适应的标准;②国内环境的制约;③技术链和产业链不够 成熟等,并对上述问题进行了思考与分析,得出以下结论：以出图为导向的正向设计是BIM 技 术应用的过渡性策略,需补充相适应的标准体系、加大国内BIM 软件和云平台体系的开发力度、 促进设计与施工管理一体化。正向设计的推广不仅需要有力的技术支持,更需要管理模式的不 断创新,为BIM 技术的应用和发展提供保障。     

公路立交BIM参数化快速精确建模方法研究

摘 要：公路立交工程自身空间结构复杂、曲线交叉繁杂、跨桥线路复杂、桥面高程变化 繁多等特点,给建模工作造成了极大的困难,大型立交桥的设计建模工作一直是工程界亟待解 决的问题。采用 BIM 相关软件,针对公路立交工程的特点,通过将 BIM 相关建模软件与可视 化编程插件——Dynamo 相结合的方法,详细论述了实时可编辑地形模型、主体结构精度模型 以及批量附属设施的三维模型快速搭建方法。并通过具体操作实例证明该方法能提高公路立交 BIM 模型的搭建效率,可推动 BIM 技术在公路立交工程中的应用。     

Evaluating the benefits of introducing “BIM” based on Revit in construction courses,without changing the course schedule

Recently, the building industry has shown great interest in building information modeling (BIM) due to the many benefits BIM provides. During the last decade, the government of Dubai has been working toward a BIM environment, where any new building project that is ten floors or higher shall be submitted in BIM format. The need for BIM creates more job opportunities for technicians with BIM skills. This inflates the need to prepare related field engineers with BIM background before graduation. This report analyzes the implementation of BIM in a construction course, which is currently using AutoCAD, by splitting the laboratory skills. Through this implementation, we will test whether adding BIM based on Revit to a currently existent course will improve the students’ motivation, performance and satisfaction. The authors use the results of the Architectural Engineering (AE) students at the United Arab Emirates University (UAEU) in construction courses to study the performance before and after implementing BIM. The authors found some issues, which can decrease the students’ performance with a 97% certainty. The students’ motivation and satisfaction was tested using a pre-test/post-test quasi-experiment design. The tests showed that BIM based on Revit reduces student performance time while increasing student motivation and satisfaction. The causes behind the last statement were analyzed with the use of interviews with related students.     

Automatic design and planning of scaffolding systems using building information modeling

Considering their significant impact on construction projects, scaffolding as part of the temporary facilities category in construction must be thoroughly designed, planned, procured, and managed. The current practices in planning and managing scaffolding though is often manual and reactive, especially when a construction project is already underway. Widespread results are code compliance problems, inefficiency, and waste of procuring and managing material for scaffolding systems. We developed a rule-based system that automatically plans scaffolding systems for pro-active management in Building Information Modeling (BIM). The scope of the presented work is limited to traditional pipe and board scaffolding systems. A rule was prepared based on the current practice of planning and installing scaffolding systems. Our computational algorithms automatically recognize geometric and non-geometric conditions in building models and produce a scaffolding system design which a practitioner can use in the field. We implemented our automated scaffolding system for a commercially-available BIM software and tested it in a case study project. The system thoroughly identified the locations in need of scaffolding and generated the corresponding scaffolding design in BIM. Further results show, the proposed approach successfully generated a scaffolding system-loaded BIM model that can be utilized in communication, billing of materials, scheduling simulation, and as a benchmark for accurate field installation and performance measurement.     

基于IFC 与gbXML 标准的建筑信息模型与绿色建筑分析软件互操作性测试与评估

绿色建筑和建筑节能是建筑行业可持续发展的重要因素,然而建筑信息模型(BIM) 软件种类繁多、数据标准各异、软件之间的数据传递经常丢失信息。为解决不同软件之间的“信 息孤岛”问题和互操作性问题,分析了基于工业基础类标准(IFC)和gbXML 标准的绿色建筑模型 的结构框架,选取BIM 建模软件ArchiCAD 和绿色建筑性能分析软件Ecotec,对基于IFC 和 gbXML 标准的软件之间的互操作性进行了测试和评估,确定了建筑信息模型在交互过程中的问 题。针对相关问题本文提出了减少IFC 标准中的信息冗余、提高IFC 标准领域层对绿色建筑信 息的支持、提高资源层对相关信息定义的针对性等建议。     

面向虚拟施工的BIM 模型组织与优化

建筑信息模型(BIM)技术的拓展应用给建筑业的发展带来了新的动力。虚拟施工 (VC)技术作为BIM 技术在施工阶段的延伸,能够更好地对施工过程进行模拟与优化,提前检测 施工过程中可能存在的问题,从而减少返工、提高施工效率。但是,大量的数据处理工作降低 了施工模拟的效率。本研究为了提高VC 过程中动态模拟、分析和渲染的效率,通过构建多层 次建模规则,首先定义了设计各专业、施工工人和机械在不同阶段相应发展程度(LOD)的BIM 模型,然后结合场景管理的理念对虚拟施工场地进行合理地划分与组织,并在不同规模的场景 中调用不同详细程度的BIM 模型加以渲染,以实现不同规模场景中施工过程的高效动态模拟与 分析。本研究期望,可为虚拟施工的有效实施提供一定参考。     

基于层次分析法的BIM 内容库网站评价研究

随着计算机信息技术在建筑行业的应用不断普及,建筑信息模型(BIM)已经成为建 筑行业先进且实用的技术,在工程建设领域发挥着重要的作用。BIM 内容库是用来对建筑信息 模型中的构件进行存储和管理的数据系统,是为构建工程设施的BIM 模型提供最底层的构件资 源支撑。国内外现有的BIM 内容库普遍存在构件组织混乱、资源利用率低下的问题,学术界对 BIM 内容库的组织和利用的相关研究也很匮乏。通过对BIM 内容库相关网站进行了调查,运用 层次分析法对BIM 内容库网站进行评价研究,建立BIM 内容库网站的评价标准,寻找出最优 的BIM 内容库组织结构,为BIM 内容库网站建设提供理论基础和应用指导。     

Building information modelling - Experts’ views on standardisation and industry deployment

The goal of the single building information model has existed for at least 30 years and various standards have been published leading up to the 10-year development of the industry foundation classes. These have been initiatives from researchers, software developers and standards committees. Now large property owners are becoming aware of the benefits of moving IT tools from specific applications towards more comprehensive solutions. This study addresses the state of building information models and the conditions necessary for them to become more widely used. It is a qualitative study based on information from a number of international experts and has asked a series of questions about the feasibility of BIMs, the conditions necessary for their success, and the role of standards with particular reference to the IFCs.Some key statements were distilled from the diverse answers received and indicate that BIM solutions appear too complex for many and may need to be applied in limited areas initially. Standards are generally supported but not applied rigorously and a range of these are relevant to BIM. Benefits will depend upon the building procurement methods used and there should be special roles within the project team to manage information. Case studies are starting to appear and these could be used for publicity. The IFCs are rather oversold and their complexities should be hidden within simple-to-use software. Inevitably major questions remain and property owners may be the key to answering some of these. A framework for presenting standards, backed up by case studies of successful projects, is the solution proposed to provide better information on where particular BIM standards and solutions should be applied in building projects.     

Model interoperability in building information modelling

The exchange of design models in the design and construction industry is evolving away from 2-dimensional computer-aided design (CAD) and paper towards semantically-rich 3-dimensional digital models. This approach, known as Building Information Modelling (BIM), is anticipated to become the primary means of information exchange between the various parties involved in construction projects. From a technical perspective, the domain represents an interesting study in model-based interoperability, since the models are large and complex, and the industry is one in which collaboration is a vital part of business. In this paper, we present our experiences with issues of model-based interoperability in exchanging building information models between various tools, and in implementing tools which consume BIM models, particularly using the industry standard IFC data modelling format. We report on the successes and challenges in these endeavours, as the industry endeavours to move further towards fully digitised information exchange.     

Plane-based registration of construction laser scans with 3D/4D building models

With the development of building information modelling (BIM) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) in the architecture, engineering, construction and facility management (AEC/FM) industry, the registration of site laser scans and project 3D (BIM) models in a common coordinate system is becoming critical to effective project control. The co-registration of 3D datasets is normally performed in two steps: coarse registration followed by fine registration. Focusing on the coarse registration, model-scan registration has been well investigated in the past, but it is shown in this article that the context of the AEC/FM industry presents specific (1) constraints that make fully-automated registration very complex and often ill-posed, and (2) advantages that can be leveraged to develop simpler yet effective registration methods.This paper thus presents a novel semi-automated plane-based registration system for coarse registration of laser scanned 3D point clouds with project 3D models in the context of the AEC/FM industry. The system is based on the extraction of planes from the laser scanned point cloud and project 3D/4D model. Planes are automatically extracted from the 3D/4D model. For the point cloud data, two methods are investigated. The first one is fully automated, and the second is a semi-automated but effective one-click RANSAC-supported extraction method. In both cases, planes are then manually but intuitively matched by the user. Experiments, which compare the proposed system to software packages commonly used in the AEC/FM industry, demonstrate that at least as good registration quality can be achieved by the proposed system, in a simpler and faster way. It is concluded that, in the AEC/FM context, the proposed plane-based registration system is a compelling alternative to standard point-based registration techniques.     

IEDW: A BIM-based indoor electric distribution wiring algorithm using graph theory and capacity-limited multiple traveling salesman problem solver

Building Information Modeling (BIM) has emerged as a new paradigm for the construction industry. The combination of electric distribution systems design and BIM is the future development trend of architectural design. The traditional electric distribution wiring design based on BIM is mainly carried out manually, which is laborious and error-prone. To cope with this challenge, some studies have proposed explorations of automated BIM wiring design based on graphs in building structures, HAVC, and AEC fields, but few efforts were made on automatic electric distribution wiring. In view of its complicated nature, actual construction factors such as design specifications, wiring costs, etc. should be considered with electric distribution wiring simultaneously. To address this issue, this study proposes a BIM-based automatic indoor electric distribution wiring (IEDW) scheme using graph theory and capacity-limited multiple traveling salesman problem (CMTSP). Firstly, the IEDW sets up the model for design specifications and actual wiring costs with four constraints of specification, cost, installation, and load. Then, a electric distribution wiring heterogeneous graph model is designed to solve both specification and installation constraints. Thirdly, a CMTSP-based algorithm is designed to solve the problem of automatic electric distribution wiring under cost and load constraints. Finally, the performance of IEDW is evaluated on three types of buildings. The experimental results proved that the IEDW can provide a more reasonable wiring solution than manual wiring in terms of circuit balance and total wiring length. Moreover, the IEDW can reduce the wiring cost by 8.8% on average. The proposed IEDW will enhance the efficiency of BIM-based electric systems design and delivery.     

基于IFC标准的简支梁钢筋模型参数化自动生成

基于 BIM 技术的钢筋模型可以用于工程量直接计算、指导施工、碰撞检查和钢筋 自动加工等。虽然部分软件如 Revit 和 Tekla 可以输出钢筋工业基础类(IFC)模型,但是需要根 据结构设计软件的配筋结果重新建模,且核心算法没有公开,国内后续理论研究和软件开发均 无法参考;另外,现阶段研究主要集中于通过二次开发的方式实现不同软件之间的钢筋信息共 享,该方法不具有通用性。本文对钢筋模型几何信息在 IFC 标准中表达方式进行解析,并研究 利用结构设计结果参数自动生成基于 IFC 标准的钢筋模型,重点进行几何信息的生成算法研究。 最后通过程序生成带有纵筋和箍筋的简支梁 IFC 模型,验证了算法的可行性。     

基于BIM 和挣值法的地铁车站5D 应用探讨

目前地铁工程在我国发展迅速,许多大中城市有建设地铁的需求。地铁工程成本 大、工期紧,优化进度和成本联合管理是非常必要的。BIM 技术由于其特有的优势,其在工程 项目中得到不断的研究和应用。但目前在地铁工程中,BIM 主要应用于模型建立、检查碰撞、 施工模拟等方面,在其他方面的应用研究还较少,并且各方面的应用相互独立。基于BIM 技术, 根据进度-成本的综合管理方法——挣值管理方法对某地铁车站工程进行3D+进度+成本的综合 施工管理应用,实现了施工过程的可视化管理以及进度和成本的跟踪管理,评估项目的实际实 施情况并及时调整,为计划的完成提供保障。拓展了BIM 技术在地铁工程中的应用,尝试了 BIM 技术在地铁工程中的综合管理应用。     

Polymetric views - a lightweight visual approach to reverse engineering

Reverse engineering software systems has become a major concern in software industry because of their sheer size and complexity. This problem needs to be tackled since the systems in question are of considerable worth to their owners and maintainers. In this article, we present the concept of a polymetric view, a lightweight software visualization technique enriched with software metrics information. Polymetric views help to understand the structure and detect problems of a software system in the initial phases of a reverse engineering process. We discuss the benefits and limits of several predefined polymetric views we have implemented in our tool CodeCrawler. Moreover, based on clusters of different polymetric views, we have developed a methodology which supports and guides a software engineer in the first phases of a reverse engineering of a large software system. We have refined this methodology by repeatedly applying it on industrial systems and illustrate it by applying a selection of polymetric views to a case study.     

基于云技术的 BIM 架构研究与实践综述

随着建筑信息模型(BIM)在建筑全生命期中得到越来越广泛的应用,建筑工程项目 的复杂性日益增长,相应的数据量也呈爆炸性增长,如何高效地支持 BIM 应用成为建筑行业面 临的重大挑战。云计算和大数据技术,尽管出现时间不长,但是已被广泛地认为能较为有效地 解决 BIM 应用面临的诸多问题,已经在学术和工业界得到了快速的接纳。为此,梳理了现有的 基于云技术的 BIM (“Cloud-BIM”)文献与实践,将现有的 Cloud-BIM 应用架构主要归纳为 3 个 层次： ､ 数据层 服务层和应用层,并针对 3 个层次上的现有研究与实践分别进行探讨和阐述, 指出不同层次上的主要研究进展和应用障碍。最后总结并展望 Cloud-BIM 架构研究与实践的热 门领域、亟待解决的问题和可能的方向,为进一步开展此研究和应用提供参考。     

State of the art in damage information modeling for RC bridges – A literature review

In Germany, bridges have an average age of 40 years. A bridge consumes between 0.4% and 2% of its construction cost per year over its entire life cycle. This means that up to 80% of the construction cost are additionally needed for operation, inspection, maintenance, and destruction. Current practices rely either on paper-based inspections or on abstract specialist software. Every application in the inspection and maintenance sector uses its own data model for structures, inspections, defects, and maintenance. Due to this, data and properties have to be transferred manually, otherwise a converter is necessary for every data exchange between two applications. To overcome this issue, an adequate model standard for inspections, damage, and maintenance is necessary. Modern 3D models may serve as a single source of truth, which has been suggested in the Building Information Modeling (BIM) concept. Further, these models offer a clear visualization of the built infrastructure, and improve not only the planning and construction phases, but also the operation phase of construction projects. BIM is established mostly in the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) sector to plan and construct new buildings. Currently, BIM does not cover the whole life cycle of a building, especially not inspection and maintenance. Creating damage models needs the building model first, because a defect is dependent on the building component, its properties and material. Hence, a building information model is necessary to obtain meaningful conclusions from damage information. This paper analyzes the requirements, which arise from practice, and the research that has been done in modeling damage and related information for bridges. With a look at damage categories and use cases related to inspection and maintenance, scientific literature is discussed and synthesized. Finally, research gaps and needs are identified and discussed.     

基于BIM技术的建筑建模与成本控制

本论文根据潍坊市寒亭区农村住宅F9C住宅楼,建筑面积195.5 m2,使用面积169.7 m2,根据住宅图纸建立模型、通过建筑建模解决问题、运用BIM建模发现的问题。建立模型当中屋顶的绘制和玻璃斜板的绘制是难点,出于图纸设计和整体美观的考虑,改变部分墙体、楼板和玻璃斜板的坡度,使屋顶更加美观,优化了玻璃斜板的施工方法。由于BIM建模处于施工阶段的前一项工作,能够全面地体现整体建筑,做好数据信息和几何信息的控制,同时可以监控施工中工程信息的变化的同时更改信息实时记录,弥补了传统成本控制中事前控制和事中控制的缺失,不仅对图纸设计进行改良避免了施工过程的损失,还对工期和质量的控制保障有所提高。对于BIM这个新兴产品,在国内没有被广泛的接受,原因不单单包括大部分人对BIM的陌生和只有少数人拥有BIM技术,还包括计算机技术的提升和投资方不愿意对该业务资金的投入,BIM在国内发展缓慢。经过时间累计,BIM对工程成本控制的优点会被越来越多的人看到,也将会带动建筑业的发展。     

BIM 与云、大数据、物联网等技术的 集成应用现状与未来

近年来,云计算、大数据、物联网等技术不断涌现,并与建设工程中建筑信息模 型(BIM)技术的应用不断融合,越来越受到研究人员的关注。然而,这些技术尚未形成面向建 设项目的统一集成应用框架。通过广泛的文献调研发现,云、大数据、物联网与 BIM 技术缺一 不可,只有将其充分集成才能共同发挥价值,服务建设项目建设、管理。在此基础上,研究建 立了各项技术的统一集成应用框架。同时,从理论和应用两方面对有关技术与 BIM 技术集成的 研究与应用现状进行了综述,梳理了各项关键技术及软件系统研发现状,对已有工程应用进行 了总结。最后,对研究中存在的瓶颈与挑战进行了分析,指出未来仍需在基础理论方法、多技 术融合等方面开展深入研究。     

Information Quality Assessment for Facility Management

Assessing the quality of building information models (BIMs) is an important yet challenging task within the construction industry as projects are increasingly being delivered with BIM. This is particularly essential for facility management (FM) users as downstream information consumers that depend on the quality of models developed in the previous project phases. The research presented in this paper addresses this challenge by introducing a framework for information quality assessment (IQA) of BIMs for FM uses. The IQA framework is the outcome of an extensive study of two large owner organizations involving numerous BIM projects. The framework is structured based on the essential FM subjects: assets, spaces, and systems, and the model characteristics: objects, attributes, relationships, and spatial information. The framework is then operationalized through the development and evaluation of information quality (IQ) tests using BIM model checking tools across three projects with different levels of detail and complexity. The proposed IQA framework and associated tests advance the state of knowledge about BIM quality in terms of methods to represent and evaluate conformance to owner requirements.