燃料电池知识——燃料电池的工作原理

燃料电池是将所供燃料的化学能直接变换为电能的一种能量转换装置，是通过连续供给燃料从而能连续获得电力的发电装置。燃料电池发生电化学反应的实质是氢气的燃烧反应。它与一般电池不同之处在于燃料电池的正、负极本身不包含活性物质，只是起催化转换作用。所需燃料（氢或通过甲烷、天然气、煤气、甲醇、乙醇、汽油等石化燃料或生物能源重整制取）和氧（或空气）不断由外界输入，因此燃料电池是名符其实的把化学能转化为电能的装置。[第一段]     

垂直轴风力机技术讲座(一) 垂直轴风力机及其发展概况

1 风力机及其分类 风力机是将风的动能转换为机械能,再把机械能转换为电能或热能等的能量转换装置.经过多年的研究与发展,出现了多种多样的风力机.     

燃煤电厂节能管理

发电厂作为电能的生产者,担负着将一次能源转化为二次能源的责任,其中能源的转化效率是评价电厂节能水平的一个重要指标,如何降低厂用电量,如何减少能源转化过程中的损耗是电厂节能需要研究的重要问题。本文从建筑施工、设备、燃料管理、余热利用4个方面阐述了燃煤电厂如何进行节能管理。     

综合使用可再生能源的能量转换装置(2011-X003)

本项目提出了一种综合使用可再生能源的能量转换装置。太阳能预先转化为电能,风能(海洋能、生物质能、地热能等)预先转化为机械能,如果把这两种能量输入到新型能量转换装置中,在出口获得的是两个     

Development course and future direction of chemical power sources

化学电源又称电池,作为一种载能的装置或系统,一方面可以将物质储存的化学能转化为电能,另一方面也可以将过剩的电能以化学能的形式进行储存,在能源供给和能源储存等方面发挥着愈来愈重要的作用,成为目前新能源发展和利用的重要一环。本文介绍了12种不同类型的化学电源,对它们的发展历程、工作原理、性能特点和应用领域进行综述,并结合目前我国对移动动力电源以及大规模电网储能系统的需求,对未来化学电源的发展方向进行了展望。     

我国科学家一项研究为利用海洋能发电提供技术支持

如何将海浪的动能转化为电能，使制造灾难的惊涛骇浪为人类服务。科学家通过计算发现，一个由低频共振器排成的周期阵列能够完全阻挡波长很长的水波，水波在周期浮子阵列中呈现出负重力。     

光伏技术的发展现状

光电技术是利用半导体材料的光伏效应，将太阳辐射能转化为电能的一种发电技术，其能量来源于取之不尽、用之不竭的太阳能：光电是一种清洁、安全和可再生的能源。光伏发电过程不污染环境，不破坏生态，     

发电足球

发电足球,是由美国哈佛大学4名在校生设计并制作了一种名为sOccket的新型足球,这种足球能够将动能转化为电能并收集起来,人们可以利用这部分电能为LED灯等低电压照明设备供电,     

电机提效迎来云开雾散时

电机作为将电能转换为动能的关键设备,已经早已为人们所熟知。因为电能还被用为照明、加热等多种用途,因此有多少电能被电机转化为动能,换个说法就是有多少电能是被电机所消耗,即使是从事电机相关工作的人们也不一定能说得清楚。那么,电机消费的电能在总的用电量中所占比例究竟如何?据相关资料显示,2011年,我国电机的保有量大约为17亿千瓦时,总耗电量为3万亿千瓦时,占全社会总用电量的64%。可见,电机的用电量在所有电能转换设备中     

固体氧化物燃料电池简介

1技术特征与传统的火力发电技术不同,燃料电池是通过电化学反应方式将燃料中的化学能直接转化为电能的发电装置。由于不经过高温燃烧,是化学能转变为热能的过程,不受卡诺循环效率的制约,所以燃料电池的能量转化效率非常高。单位发电量所需燃料     

世界风力发电现状与前景预测

全球可再生能源发电装机容量中风电占有压倒性优势,今后可望成为欧洲、亚洲、北美的主要电力来源.2011年中国以62GW的累计装机容量蝉联世界第一,按照我国“十二五”规划目标,预计到2015年风电装机容量将达到1×108kW,年发电量1900×108kW·h.GWEC和Greenpeace预测,今后20年风力发电将成为世界主力电源,2030年装机容量有可能达到23×108kW,可供应世界电力需求的22％.欧美正大力开发海上风电产业.欧洲是世界海上风电发展的先驱和产业中心,欧洲企业不仅拥有自己的核心技术,而且还向世界各地输出技术,今后欧洲海上风力发电将急速增长.美国采取与英国、德国等欧洲厂家相同的战略,大力发展海上风力发电.我国海上风电产业刚刚起步,预计2015年海上风电装机500×104kW.日本学者大岛教授推算了不同电源的发电成本:包括政府财政补贴,运行年限30年的核电站发电成本为12.06日元/(kW·h);按标准设备利用率,风力发电成本11.30日元/(kW·h),与核电相比已经有竞争力.假设风况好时设备利用率达到35％,发电成本为7.95日元/(kW·h),比核电低得多.     

Electricity used by office equipment and network equipment in the US

In spite of the recent explosive growth in the use of office and network equipment, there has been no recent study (until this one) that estimates in detail how much electricity is consumed by that equipment in the United States.In this study, we examined energy use by office equipment and network equipment at the end of 1999. We classified office equipment into 11 types; for each type we estimated annual energy consumption for residential, commercial, and industrial use by combining estimates of stock, power requirements, usage, and saturation of power management. We also classified network equipment into six types and estimated the annual energy consumption for each type.We found that total direct power use by office and network equipment is about 74 TWh per year, which is about 2% of total electricity use in the US. When electricity used by telecommunications equipment and electronics manufacturing is included, that figure rises to 3% of all electricity use. More than 70% of the 74 TWh/year is dedicated to office equipment for commercial use. We also found that power management currently saves 23 TWh/year, and complete saturation and proper functioning of power management would achieve additional savings of 17 TWh/year. Furthermore, complete saturation of night shutdown for equipment not required to operate at night would reduce power use by an additional 7 TWh/year.Finally, we compared our current estimate with our 1995 forecast for 1999. We found that the total difference between our current estimate and the previous forecast is less than 15% and identified the factors that led to inaccuracies in the previous forecast. We also conducted a sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties in our current forecast and identified the data sets that have the largest impact on our current estimate of energy use.     

我国交通运输设备制造业能源消费及用电分析

全面分析了交通运输设备制造行业能源消费现状和用电情况,同时分析了交通运输设备制造行业的能源消费特点,提出了促进我国交通运输设备制造行业节能节电的措施建议,可为推动我国交通运输设备制造行业的节电工作提供参考。     

Development of a thermoelectric self-powered residential heating system

Self-powered heating equipment has the potential for high overall energy efficiency and can provide an effective means of providing on site power and energy security in residential homes. It is also attractive for remote communities where connection to the grid is not cost effective. Self-powered residential heating systems operate entirely on fuel combustion and do not need externally generated electricity. Excess power can be provided for other electrical loads. To realize this concept, one must develop a reliable and low maintenance means of generating electricity and integrate it into fuel-fired heating equipment. In the present work, a self-powered residential heating system was developed using thermoelectric power generation technology. A thermoelectric module with a power generation capacity of 550 W was integrated into a fuel-fired furnace. The thermoelectric module has a radial configuration that fits well with the heating equipment. The electricity generated is adequate to power all electrical components for a residential central heating system. The performance of the thermoelectric module was examined under various operating conditions. The effects of heat transfer conditions were studied in order to maximize electric power output. A mathematical model was established and used to look into the influence of heat transfer coefficients and other parameters on electric power output and efficiency.     

“蓝天白煤”——风能在发电领域的应用研究

介绍了欧、美、日等发达国家风能利用现状。分析了辽宁省风力发电基本状况 ,提出了风力发电应解决的主要问题     

燃料电池（FC）联合循环发电系统的开发现状及展望

燃料电池是一种能将燃料化学能直接转化成电能的装置,燃料电池发电装置对电工工业具有很大的吸收引力,将成为２１世纪的新能源。本文主要讨论了高温燃料电池的构成与原理以及燃料电池的联合发电系统,同时还叙述了美国等其他国家燃料电池的开发现状以及对燃料电池的开发现状以及对燃料电池未来的展望。     

太阳能烟囱发电新技术

介绍了一种太阳能烟囱发电新技术。太阳光辐射透过太阳能集热棚，加热集热棚下面的地面，被加热的地面与集热棚内的空气进行热量交换，使其温度上升，被加热的空气上升并进入与集热棚中部相连的烟囱，在烟囱内上升气流推动涡轮发电机旋转、发电。整个太阳能烟囱发电技术的能量转化以及效率可以从三个部分来分析：通过集热棚太阳能转化为空气热能，通过烟囱将热能转化为动能，通过涡轮发电机将动能转化为电能。另外，总结了太阳能烟囱发电技术的优缺点，指出它是一种适合于我国西部地区的一种能源开发新途径。     

Goal programming model for sustainable electricity production from biomass

In this paper, we present a goal programming model for block level energy planning in order to make a block self‐sufficient in electricity consumption, which includes the commercial energy consumption goal, the goal of generating electricity from biomass and food production goals with linear constraints on the available sources such as human power, animal power, tractor power, land area and on the requirement of the block such as cooking energy, lighting energy and energy for other operations, such as fodder for animal population. We try to achieve these goals through proper allocation of land for different crops. After reformulating the developed goal programming model into a linear programming format, we use the HYPER LINDO software package to solve it in a Pentium‐based IBM‐PC compatible computer system. The developed model is solved for a typical Indian block, namely Nilakkottai Block in Tamil Nadu, India. The model solution shows that the goal of generating electricity from biomass is achieved, the commercial energy consumption goal and pulses requirement goal are under‐achieved and the sugar requirement goal is over‐achieved. Furthermore, the cereal, vegetable and oilseed production goals are achieved. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云南煤炭与火电机组发电能力现状的分析研究

对云南省煤炭资源及动力用煤的情况,结合火电机组发电情况进行系统的分析.研究了电厂燃煤供应特点以及煤质变化对发电能力的影响.     

Preliminary study on a kinetic energy recovery system for sailing yachts

This paper presents the preliminary theoretical results obtained on a model of a kinetic energy recovery system for sailing yachts, based on the conversion of wave-induced boat oscillations (heave, pitch and roll) into electric energy by means of a linear generator.The recovery system is based on a linear generator, with a mass oscillating along the vertical axis and gaining kinetic energy: the resulting mechanical energy can be extracted (by means of electromagnetic damping) and converted into electricity. The oscillating mass incorporates permanent magnets which, moving in proximity of stator windings, generate electric power due to electromagnetic induction.The device aims at recovering as much kinetic energy as possible from the natural movements of a sailing yacht on the sea, therefore taking the view of a boat as a moving wave energy converter with energy harvesting capability. The boat's motions can be vertical oscillations due to the buoyancy in the presence of sea waves, both when the boat is still or sailing, and rolling and pitching motions originated both by sailing in wavy waters and by the normal boat dynamics due to the sails' propulsion. Linear generators will convert kinetic energy into electrical energy to be used as “green” electricity for any possible application on board.Preliminary calculations show that a properly configured system could be able to recover approximately 100 W under most sea conditions on an almost continuous basis, which can be an extremely attractive result since an electric energy availability of 1–2 kWh on a sailing yacht is of significant interest.