Iterative scheme for MS image pansharpening based on the combination of multi-resolution decompositions

Image pansharpening in the remote-sensing domain may be defined as the technique of extracting high-resolution details from the panchromatic (PAN) image and injecting them into the multispectral (MS) one in a way to preserve the spectral signature and improve the spatial resolution. In this article, the authors propose an image fusion framework that tries to derive sharpened MS image such that: (i) when decimated taking into account the imagery system Modulation Transfer Function (MTF), it equals the original MS image; (ii) when decomposed using discrete wavelet transform (DWT), its geometrical details are those of the PAN image weighted by the compatibility PAN/MS. Indeed, MS sharpening is carried out in two steps. First, pre-pansharpened MS image is obtained using inverse DWT taking as approximations those of the upsampled original MS image and as details those of PAN (to reduce spectral distortion, PAN detail injection is performed proportionally to the similarity PAN/MS). Second, to satisfy (i) and to remove the PAN-MS disagreement, an iteration algorithm (alternatively corrects approximations and details) has been proposed. The proposed approach is designed in two versions inspired by the Generalized Laplacian Pyramid (GLP) and the Gram–Schmidt (GS) transformation, respectively.

To validate our approach, Pléiades-1A, Geoeye-1, and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) images are tested. The results of qualitative and quantitative scores are presented and discussed. Compared to well-known techniques, our approach shows generally better results, particularly the one based on GLP formalism.     

Pan-sharpening using a guided filter

Pan-sharpening aims to integrate the spatial details of a high-resolution panchromatic (Pan) image with the spectral information of low-resolution multispectral (MS) images to produce high-resolution MS images. The key is to appropriately estimate the missing spatial details of the MS images while preserving their spectral contents. However, many existing methods extract the spatial details from the Pan image without fully considering the structures of the MS images, resulting in spectral distortion due to redundant detail injection. A guided filter can transfer the structures of the MS images into the intensity component or the low-pass approximation of the Pan image. Using the guided filter, we propose two novel pan-sharpening methods to reduce the redundant details among the MS and Pan images. Specifically, we extract the missing spatial details of the MS images by minimizing the difference between the Pan image and its corresponding filtering output, with the help of the MS images. Two different ways of using the MS images as guided images lead to two proposed methods, which can be grouped into component substitution (CS) family. Extensive experimental results over three data sets collected by different satellite sensors demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.     

The Digital Music Stand as a Minimal Processing Custom‐Made Optical Music Recognition System,Part 1: Key Music Symbol Recognition

The digital music stand is proposed as a minimal‐processing optical music recognition implementation, where music score (MS) presentation is realized without prior alignment, noise, or staff line removal. After each MS page is segmented into systems, staves, measures, and candidate music symbols, music symbol recognition is accomplished via probabilistic neural networks: Only the key music symbols (namely clefs, global accidentals, time signatures) of the MS are identified, while the remaining music symbols are generally classified. Subsequently, satisfactory quality of on‐screen MS viewing is accomplished via the concatenation and/or substitution of appropriately selected parts and isolated music symbols of the original MS. In this piece of research, the processing stages leading to on‐screen MS presentation are detailed.     

多发性硬化症MR图像分割新算法研究

提出了一种针对多发性硬化症病灶T2加权脑部磁共振（MR）图像的分割算法。根据多发性硬化症病灶和脑脊液在T2加权像上同表现为高亮度信号的特点,把模糊C均值分割算法与形态学方法相结合,提出了基于核模糊C均值的多发性硬化症病灶分割算法。该算法首先用改进的核模糊C均值算法做基础分割,再用形态学方法提取出多发性硬化症病灶得到最终分割结果。通过对多发性硬化症模拟脑部MR图像的分割结果表明,算法能够比较准确地分割多发性硬化症病灶。     

非视距传播环境下的AOA定位跟踪算法

基于几何结构的单次反射统计信道模型,提出了一种在非视距(NLOS)传播环境下对移动台的到达角(AOA)的定位与跟踪算法.首先利用径向基函数(RBF)神经网络对NLOS误差进行修正,再利用最小二乘(LS)算法进行移动台位置估计,然后配合相关检测距离门对移动台进行跟踪.仿真结果表明,该跟踪算法能够有效地实现移动台的静态定位...     

An image fusion method based on object-oriented classification

In image fusion of different spatial resolution multispectral (MS) and panchromatic (PAN) images, a spectrally mixed MS pixel superimposes multiple mixed PAN pixels and multiple pure PAN pixels. This verifies that with increased spatial resolution in imaging, a low spatial resolution spectrally mixed subpixel may be unmixed to be a pure pixel. However, spectral unmixing of mixed MS subpixels is rarely considered in current remote-sensing image fusion methods, resulting in blurred fused images. In the image fusion method proposed in this article, such spectral unmixing is realized. In this method, the MS and PAN images are jointly segmented into image objects, image objects are classified to obtain a classification map of the PAN image and each MS subpixel is fused to be a pixel matching the class of the corresponding PAN pixel. Tested on spatially degraded IKONOS MS and PAN images with a significant spatial resolution ratio of 8:1, the fusion method offered fused images with high spectral quality and deblurred visualization.     

Image misalignment caused by decimation in image fusion evaluation

In the evaluation of image fusion methods, spatially degraded multispectral (MS) and panchromatic (PAN) images are frequently employed as test data sets. The degradation is implemented using either averaging or a combination of low-pass filtering and decimation. However, the decimation operation causes the degraded MS and PAN images to be slightly misaligned with each other and with the original MS image, which acts as the reference image in the fusion evaluation. In this study, two image fusion methods based on decimated and undecimated multiresolution analysis techniques were evaluated on three popular types of test data sets consisting of spatially degraded IKONOS MS and PAN images. In the experiment, image misalignments caused by decimation significantly influenced the quality of fused images and resulted in untrustworthy performances of the image fusion methods being evaluated. It was demonstrated that unlike aligned MS and PAN images in actual image fusion, misaligned MS and PAN images in test data sets are inappropriate for image fusion evaluation.     

基于 MTF 和变分的全色与多光谱图像融合模型

Pan-sharpening将高分辨率图像全色(Panchromatic, Pan)波段的空间细节注入多光谱(Multispectral, MS)波段, 以生成同时具有高光谱和高空间分辨率的多光谱图像. 为改善融合效果, 需要考虑多光谱和全色波段的调制传输函数(Modulation transfer function, MTF). 本文提出了一个新的基于MTF和变分的Pan-sharpening模型. 该模型的能量泛函包括两项, 第1项为细节注入项, 基于高通滤波器从Pan波段中提取细节信息并注入融合图像;第2项为光谱保真项, 基于MTF设计多孔小波的低通滤波器以保持MS波段的多光谱信息. 在QuickBird、IKONOS和GeoEye数据集上的融合结果表明, 该模型可以生成同时具有高空间和高光谱质量的融合图像, 融合效果优于AWLP、IHS_BT、HPM-CC-PSF、NAWL、快速变分等算法.     

Autism spectrum disorder: An omics perspective

Current directions in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research may require moving beyond genetic analysis alone, based on the complexity of the disorder, heterogeneity and convergence of genetic alterations at the cellular/functional level. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been increasingly used to study CNS disorders, including ASDs. Proteomic research using MS is directed at understanding endogenous protein changes that occur in ASD. This review focuses on how MS has been used to study ASDs, with particular focus on proteomic analysis. Other neurodevelopmental disorders have been investigated using MS, including fragile X syndrome (FXS) and Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (SLOS), genetic syndromes highly associated with ASD comorbidity.     

Key factors for operational performance in manufacturing systems: Conceptual model,systematic literature review and implications

PurposeThe performance of discrete items manufacturing systems (MS) is a primary concern of industrial firms. However, the understanding of the interrelations between performance and its key factors requires further advancements. Thus, several questions remain unanswered in the Operations and Production Management (OPM) field to understand and manage the relationship between these key factors. To address these challenges, this paper conceptualizes and examines the relevant antecedents and essential elements for the design and optimization of competitive MS.Design/methodology/approachFirst, drawing on the consolidated OPM literature, a novel conceptual model was developed incorporating the conceptual relationships essential to MS performance. Second, we conducted a systematic literature review based on the PRISMA protocol to analyze and validate the proposed conceptual model and to indicate the field’s current knowledge gaps and future research directions.FindingsFindings validated the proposed conceptual model by establishing the complex causal interrelations among key factors that influence discrete MS performance. Moreover, we found that the operational performance of discrete MS is multidimensional and directly dependent on the variables and mechanisms associated with the production flow. Findings also demonstrated that the degree of importance of the antecedents of MS performance vary and are temporally interrelated. Lastly, the paper advances the understanding of MS by revealing the predominance of quantitative approaches (e.g., discrete events simulation and closed mathematical models) in the literature as well as an emphasis on describing these approaches rather than characterizing MS appropriately.Research and Practical implicationsThis paper extends our knowledge on the operational performance challenges in discrete MS by proposing a visual, direct, and intuitive conceptual model that enables firms to better comprehend these complex challenges. This research also answers ongoing calls for investigations of the antecedents and elements of competitive MS design and optimization. Our findings show that decision-making in discrete MS is established temporally based on strategic, operational, and control definitions, influencing firms’ operational performance. Finally, since it draws on seminal OPM literature specializing in MS, this study informs scholars, industrial managers, and aid decision-making about discrete MS.Originality/valueThe first original aspect of this study lies in bridging the gaps identified in the OPM literature by providing a robust conceptual framework that highlights the key factors of operational performance in discrete MS. Its second original aspect is that it adopts different information sources in an independent and complementary way to achieve greater generalizability and robustness of the contributions.     

用于显微手术操作的机器人系统的体系结构分析

分析了两种主要的显微手术特性．然后,针对显微手术操作对机器人的需求,对用于显微手术操作的机器人系统的结构组成、工作方式和控制系统设计作了分析．通过分析一些研究实例,总结出设计显微手术机器人的规律性结果．     

Factors influencing implementation of occupational safety and health management systems by enterprises in Poland

Implementing legal regulations in occupational safety and health (OSH) as well as other actions aimed at improving working conditions in industry in many countries run in parallel with promoting nonobligatory OSH management systems (OSH MS). To define a scientific basis for working out a set of guidelines for promoting OSH MS, a survey was conducted in 40 companies. This research aimed to identify motivational factors for decisions to introduce OSH MS. Four groups of professionals who participated in the decision‐making process related to implementing OSH MS were interviewed: (a) the most senior managers of the enterprise, (b) representatives of top management for implementation and maintenance of OSH MS, (c) safety and health managers, and (d) workers' safety representatives. The results indicate the need for: (1) improving the efficiency of programs promoting implementation of OSH MS; (2) considering the role of economic incentives in promoting these systems; (3) developing and promoting training packages related to OSH management, adjusted particularly to the needs of employees and their representatives to increase their involvement in OSH activities; and (4) modifying legal solutions establishing a system of differentiated premium rates for social insurance against occupational accidents and diseases. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 16: 255–267, 2006.     

基于D-S证据理论的多发性硬化症病灶分割算法*

多发性硬化症是一种严重威胁中枢神经功能的疾病,对其病灶自动检测方法的研究正受到越来越多的关注.基于D-S证据理论和模糊C-均值(FCM)聚类算法,提出了一种融合T1和T2加权MR图像信息的多发性硬化症自动分割算法.首先运用FCM聚类算法分别分割T1和T2加权MR图像,然后利用根据D-S证据理论得到的融合两种加权图像信息...     

High-gain adaptive position control

High-gain adaptive position control is proposed for a stiff one-mass system (1MS) and an elastic two-mass system (2MS). The control objective is (load-side) position reference tracking and disturbance rejection (of load torques and friction). Position and speed are available for feedback. Two simple high-gain adaptive position control strategies are presented and applied to a laboratory setup: an adaptive λ-tracking controller and a funnel controller. Both controllers neither estimate nor identify the plant. The λ-tracking controller achieves tracking with prescribed asymptotic accuracy: for given λ?>?0 (arbitrary small) the error approaches the interval [?λ,?λ] asymptotically. Whereas the funnel controller assures tracking with prescribed transient accuracy: the error and its derivative are bounded by prescribed positive (possibly non-increasing) functions of time. A simple proportional-integral (PI)-like extension for the 1MS, and this extension in combination with a high-pass filter for the 2MS, allow for zero tracking errors in steady-state, respectively. Oscillations in the shaft of the 2MS can be suppressed.     

Pansharpening by exploiting sharpness of the spatial structure

High-frequency injection (HFI)-based methods are proved to be powerful in pansharpening multispectral (MS) images. In this article, based on one of the low-rank and sparse (LRS) decomposition algorithms, i.e. Go Decomposition (GoDec), a HFI-based pansharpening method exploiting spatial structure sharpness of both MS images and a low-frequency panchromatic (PAN) image component is proposed. The spectral and spatial measure of local perceived sharpness (S₃) is employed to estimate sharpness of the corresponding MS and low-frequency PAN component blocks, and the sharper one is used to construct the spatial structure of the sharpened MS images. Experimental results with QuickBird, IKONOS and WorldView-2 data demonstrate that the proposed method is comparable with or even better than other popular methods.     

Operations research/management science in the Arab world: historical development

This study aims to review the related literature on operations research (OR)/management science (MS) in the Arab world published during the last three decades. Owing to the nature of this study, an extensive survey of the related literature was conducted and inferences were drawn. The inferences drawn from the literature survey on OR/MS in the Arab world were first, there is a paucity of published real‐world applications of OR/MS. Second, there is a lack of published survey‐type studies in most Arab countries, except in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and the United Arab Emirates. Third, the majority of published works on OR/MS were of a conceptual nature. A few papers concerned with OR/MS in the Arab world were published during the 1980s, with a special emphasis on conceptual issues rather than on applied or survey‐type studies. The 1990s witnessed an increased number of publications on both survey‐type and conceptual studies. Since 2000, the number of publications has increased substantially, mainly through conceptual studies. This study has a number of implications for both practitioners and researchers. Practitioners will be made aware of the applications of OR/MS in the Arab world and the type of problems that have been addressed. This, in turn, might motivate the decision makers and the managers to adopt OR/MS approaches in solving their organizations' problems. As a result, this might increase the usage of OR/MS in this part of the world. Researchers will be able to identify the OR/MS research areas that need more attention in the Arab world. The study mainly covers the studies that are written in English and indexed in non‐Arabic databases. Although the Arabic works were not surveyed exhaustively, the author reviewed and included some available OR/MS works written in Arabic. This study is considered as the first work of its type in surveying the scholarly publications pertaining to OR/MS in the Arab world since the 1980s.     

改进的基于稀疏表示的全色锐化算法

为了更有效地结合高分辨率全色（PAN）图像细节信息和低分辨率多光谱（MS）图像光谱信息，提出了一种改进的全色锐化算法。首先，对低分辨率MS图像的强度通道进行下采样再上采样获取其低频成分；其次，用强度通道减去低频成分获取其高频成分，在获取到的高低频成分中进行随机采样来构建字典；然后，用构建好的过完备字典对高分辨率PAN图像进行分块分解以获取高频信息；最后，将分解出的高频信息注入到低分辨率MS图像中以重建高分辨率MS图像。经多组实验后发现，所提出的算法在主观上保留了光谱信息，并注入了大量的空间细节信息。对比结果表明，相比其他诸如基于成分替换算法、基于多分辨率分析算法、基于稀疏表示算法，所提算法重建出来的高分辨率MS图像更加清晰，且在相关系数等多种客观评价指标上优于对比算法。     

Imaging mass spectrometry: A new tool for pathology in a molecular age

Mass spectrometry (MS) provides unique advantages for the analysis of clinical specimens, and these capabilities have been critical to the advancement of diagnostic medicine. To date, LC-MS is the MS platform most commonly used for diagnostics; however, LC-MS based proteomics is very labor intensive and costly to implement for high volume assays. Furthermore, when analyzing tissue samples, additional laborious sample preparation steps must be employed (e.g. extraction methods or laser microdissection). The direct analysis of cells and tissues by MALDI imaging MS has developed significant momentum for applications that have diagnostic potential. MALDI imaging MS provides molecular information from specific cell types within tissue sections; however, this laser-based approach significantly reduces the analysis time for each location sampled. This Viewpoint discusses the technologies for direct analysis of tissues, the potential for diagnostic applications using MALDI imaging MS, and the challenges faced in the transfer of the technology to the clinical laboratory.     

High-order MS CMAC neural network

A macro structure cerebellar model articulation controller (MS CMAC) was developed by connecting several 1D CMAC in a tree structure, which decomposes a multidimensional problem into a set of 1D subproblems, to reduce the computational complexity in multidimensional CMAC. Additionally, a trapezium scheme is proposed to assist MS CMAC to model nonlinear systems. However, this trapezium scheme cannot perform a real smooth interpolation, and its working parameters are obtained through cross-validation. A quadratic splines scheme is developed herein to replace the trapezium scheme in MS CMAC, named high-order MS CMAC (HMS CMAC). The quadratic splines scheme systematically transforms the stepwise weight contents of CMAC in MS CMAC into smooth weight contents to perform the smooth outputs. Test results affirm that the HMS CMAC has acceptable generalization in continuous function-mapping problems for nonoverlapping association in training instances. Nonoverlapping association in training instances not only significantly reduces the number of training instances needed, but also requires only one learning cycle in the learning stage.     

基于边缘增强与光谱特性保持的Pan-sharpening融合模型

为生成兼具高光谱质量与高空间质量的融合图像,本文提出了一种新的Pan-sharpening变分融合模型.通过拟合退化后的全色（Panchromatic,Pan）波段图像与低分辨率多光谱（Multispectral,MS）波段图像间的线性关系得到各波段MS图像的权重系数,计算从Pan图像抽取的空间细节;基于全色波段图像的梯度定义加权函数,增强了图像的强梯度边缘并对因噪声而引入的虚假边缘进行了抑制,有效地保持了全色波段图像中目标的几何结构;基于MS波段传感器的调制传输函数定义低通滤波器,自适应地限制注入空间细节的数量,显著降低了融合MS图像的光谱失真;针对Pan-sharpening模型的不适定性问题,引入L1正则化能量项,保证了数值解的稳定性.采用Split Bregman数值方法求解能量泛函的最优解,提高了算法的计算效率.QuickBird、IKONOS和GeoEye-1数据集上的实验结果表明,模型的综合融合性能优于MTF-CON、AWLP、SparseFI、TVR和MTF-Variational等算法.