低渗油藏水驱后CO_2驱潜力评价及注入参数优化

延长油田乔家洼区块属于典型的低孔、特低渗油藏。针对该区块基质致密和非均质性严重造成注水开发效果差的问题,通过开展CO2室内驱油实验,在水驱基础上分别对连续气驱和气水交替驱驱油潜力进行评价,并对气水交替驱流体注入速度、段塞尺寸及气水比等注入参数进行优化;同时,对区块采用水驱、优化井网后水驱、利用优化的CO2驱注入参数开展气驱和注气5 a后转气水交替驱4种开发方案进行数值模拟产量预测。实验结果表明:CO2驱在目标区块高含水后有着较大驱油潜力,连续气驱和气水交替驱分别在水驱基础上可提高采收率8.43,20.95百分点;最佳注入速度、最佳注入段塞尺寸和最佳气水比分别为0.727 m L/min,0.10 PV,1∶1。数值模拟结果表明,连续气驱和注气5 a后转气水交替驱,在开发15 a末,在水驱基础上分别可以提高采收率13.81,12.98百分点。     

低渗透油藏CO2驱注入时机研究

根据吉林油田某区块的油藏条件,运用数值模拟软件,研究CO2不同注入方式下的驱油效果。数模结果显示,与水驱和连续注气方式相比,交替驱能大幅提高原油采收率。衰竭开采后进行气水交替驱时,随着注入时机的推迟,采收率先是快速增加,然后逐渐降低,不过采收率变化幅度较小。注水开发后进行气水交替驱时,随着注入时机的推迟,采收率先是快速降低,然后逐渐增加,采收率降低幅度较大。注水开发后,经过一段时间焖井,再进行气水交替驱,焖井时间与采收率关系比较复杂,最佳焖井时间可以通过数值模拟得到。     

冀东油田高13断块注烃气驱提高采收率优化研究

冀东油田高13断块油藏渗透率低,水驱开发效果差。但油藏温度和压力较高,原油粘度小,适宜注烃气驱提高原油采收率。针对高13断块油藏,在流体相态拟合的基础上,应用油藏数值模拟技术进行了注烃气驱提高采收率方案优化研究。研究结果表明,气水交替驱是最佳的注入方式。优化后的气水交替驱注采参数为：最佳的注气段塞大小为0．3HCPV,气水比为1：1～1：2,注入速度为0．03～0．04HCPV／a,注采比为1．0～1．1,优化方案与水驱方案相比提高采收率9．7％。     

低渗透油藏气水交替驱不同注入参数优化

气窜是影响低渗透油藏注气开发效果的重要因素,气水交替（WAG）注入方式可以很好地稳定驱替前缘,从而提高宏观波及效率。低渗透油藏渗流机理复杂,影响气水交替开发效果的参数多,为了得到最佳开发效果,有必要对注入方式和参数进行优化。文中利用数值模拟方法研究了CO2注入方式和注入参数等对低渗透油藏开发效果的影响,并对长庆油田某超低渗透油藏CO2水交替注入方式及参数进行了优化。结果表明,最佳注入方式为CO2水同步注入,注入周期为1 a,段塞气水比为1∶1,段塞最佳注入总量为0.44 HCPV,最佳注入层位为底部4个小层。     

高凝油油藏气水交替驱提高采收率参数优化

通过开展室内物理模拟实验,验证了高凝油油藏气水交替驱提高采收率的可行性,得到了岩心尺度下的最优化参数,采出程度较纯水驱时提高19.83%。在物模研究的基础上,利用实验岩心和流体参数、含气活油相渗曲线建立数值模型,分别研究注采井网、注采井距、段塞尺寸、气水体积比、注入时机、注入周期各参数对采收率的影响。研究结果表明:当采用五点系统、300 m井距、0.2PV段塞尺寸、1∶2气水体积比、含水率60%时转注、连续注入9个周期为最佳方案,可以保证在较低的注气成本下获得较高的采收率,对以后该类油藏的气水交替驱开发具有理论指导意义。     

水气交替注入对CO_2驱油效果的影响

延长油田靖边203区块是典型的低孔低渗油藏,该区块正在进行CO_2驱先导性试验。水气交替注入(WAG)能有效控制驱替前缘流度,抑制气窜并延长见气时间,从而改善CO_2驱油效果。通过与连续气驱对比实验,研究了WAG对CO_2驱油效果的影响,并探讨了注气速度、段塞尺寸和气水比等注入参数对CO_2驱油效果的影响规律。结果表明:对于非均质性油藏,WAG比连续气驱具有更明显的优势;渗透率级差为10~30时,WAG能有效地抑制气窜,改善驱油效果;渗透率级差过大或存在裂缝时,WAG驱油效果变差;WAG的注气速度、段塞尺寸和气水比分别为50 m L/min,0.10 PV和1∶1时,驱油效果最佳,采出程度在水驱基础上提高了20.95百分点,最终采出程度为44.70%。     

特低渗透油藏水驱后气水交替注入提高采收率技术研究

大庆长垣外围特低渗透油藏存在注入压力高、储层动用程度低、水驱及常规调整措施效果差、效益差等问题,严重制约了油田产量。以长垣外围N区块为例,通过室内实验,对比分析水驱、水驱后连续注气以及水驱后气水交替注入方式的驱油效果。利用数值模拟方法优化注入参数,得到N区块最优注入方案:气水交替方式,CO_2注入速度8 000 m~3/d,注水速度20 m~3/d,周期3个月,气水比1:1,注入轮次9次。经预测,该方案可在水驱的基础上提高采收率13.53%。     

CO2驱水气交替注采参数优化——以安塞油田王窑区块长6油藏为例

针对安塞油田王窑区块长6特低渗透油藏现阶段注水开发矛盾突出的问题,为进一步提高油藏采收率,评价CO2驱油效果,应用油藏数值模拟方法,优化了CO2驱水气交替注采参数。利用Eclipse的PVTi模块模拟了注气膨胀实验,研究了注CO2对原油相态的影响;采用正交试验设计方法,以提高采出程度和换油率为目标,对CO2驱水气交替过程中的气水比、注气速度、关井气油比和段塞注气量4个参数进行了优化研究,并用直观分析方法对试验结果进行分析。结果表明,当原油中溶解的CO2物质的量分数达到60%时,原油粘度降低幅度达80.51%,原油体积膨胀1.44倍;优化得到的最优气水比为1∶1,注气速度为13 000 m3/d,关井气油比为1 000 m3/m3,段塞注气量为0.005倍孔隙体积。     

低渗透油藏周期注CO_2驱油室内实验

针对靖边油田乔家洼区块203井区的特点,开展室内CO2驱油实验研究,对周期注气的驱油潜力进行评价,并对注气段塞尺寸和注气速度进行优化。实验结果表明:周期注CO2在目标井区具有较大的驱油潜力,可在连续气驱的基础上将采收率提高15.29百分点,并且比连续注气多注入0.8 PV时才发生气窜,延缓气窜效果明显;经优化的最佳注气段塞尺寸和最佳注气速度分别为0.05 PV和1.2 m L/min。研究成果为目标区块开展CO2注气试验提供理论支持和技术参考。     

低渗油藏CO2驱气水段塞比优化

根据吉林油田某区块的油藏条件,运用数值模拟方法,研究不同注入方式下的驱油效果。数模结果显示,与水驱和连续注气方式相比,气水交替驱能大幅提高原油采收率。在气水交替驱过程中,在一定井底控制压力下,最佳气水段塞比是变化的,它与渗透率、注气速度和井底压力等因素有关。最佳气水段塞比对渗透率的变化比较敏感,注气速度其次,井底控制压力再次。随着渗透率的增加,最佳气水段塞比逐渐减小,而采收率也逐渐减小。渗透率在一定范围内,渗透率越低,气水交替驱的效果越好。这也从理论上证明,与中高渗透油藏相比,气水交替驱更适合低渗透油藏。它为油田CO2驱油技术提供了理论基础。     

Oil recovery and CO2 storage in CO2 flooding

In this study, the interfacial tension (IFT) of crude oil-carbon dioxide mixtures was measured to determine the minimum miscibility pressure. CO₂ flooding with sand packs, long cores, and heterogeneous cores was conducted to investigate the oil recovery and storage efficiency. The experiment results show that the interfacial tension decreases linearly with increasing pressure at two different pressure ranges. Under immiscible condition, the oil recovery and storage efficiency are increased by 30.1% and 52.4% when the injection pressure is increased from 13 to 22 MPa, and improved by 16.3% and 22.04% when the permeability is decreased from 270 to 10 mD, respectively. Under miscible condition, increase of injection pressure can only lead to much slower increase of oil recovery and storage efficiency, and permeability almost has no influence on oil recovery and storage efficiency. The oil recovery and storage efficiency can be remarkably reduced by heterogeneity. Water alternating CO₂ injection can improve the oil recovery and storage efficiency by 35.5% and 13.55%, respectively, compared with continuous injection.     

Effect of nano titanium dioxide on heavy oil recovery during polymer flooding

In recent years, polymer flood of heavy oil has been extensively studied in laboratories and successfully applied in several fields. Polymer flooding is the most successful chemical enhanced oil recovery method. However, still, the need for a large amount of polymer, leading to high operational costs, presents a big challenge in technologies. This challenge can be addressed by considering the newly emerging nanomaterials. In this work, the author focuses on roles of TiO₂ nanoparticles on polymer viscosity and improve recovery in heavy oil recovery. He present the results obtained from a coreflood experiment with polymer injection in heavy oil at 1320 mPa.sec viscosity. Nanopolymer exhibits an outstanding flow behavior and enhanced oil recovery performance in coreflood displacement tests compared to base polymers. The results indicate that polymer flooding with higher viscosity can significantly improve oil recovery. Flooding test showed about 4% increase in oil recovery for nanopolymer solution in comparison with polymer solution after one pore volume fluid injection.     

Modeling CO2 miscible flooding for enhanced oil recovery

The injection of fuel-generated CO2 into oil reservoirs will lead to two benefits in both enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and the reduction in atmospheric emission of CO2. To get an insight into CO2 miscible flooding performance in oil reservoirs, a multi-compositional non-isothermal CO2 miscible flooding mathematical model is developed. The convection and diffusion of CO2-hydrocarbon mixtures in multiphase fluids in reservoirs, mass transfer between CO2 and crude, and formation damages caused by asphaltene precipitation are fully considered in the model. The governing equations are discretized in space using the integral finite difference method. The Newton-Raphson iterative technique was used to solve the nonlinear equation systems of mass and energy conservation. A numerical simulator, in which regular grids and irregular grids are optional, was developed for predicting CO2 miscible flooding processes. Two examples of one-dimensional (1D) regular and three-dimensional (3D) rectangle and polygonal grids are designed to demonstrate the functions of the simulator. Experimental data validate the developed simulator by comparison with 1D simulation results. The applications of the simulator indicate that it is feasible for predicting CO2 flooding in oil reservoirs for EOR.     

二氧化碳驱采出井缓蚀剂筛选与评价流程研究

添加缓蚀剂是油气田控制井筒腐蚀的主要手段,如何筛选出合适的缓蚀剂是预防井筒腐蚀的关键。以某油田CO_2驱采出井(井筒内温度60~120℃,CO_2分压为0.2 MPa)缓蚀剂筛选评价为例,首先利用配伍性试验初步评价缓蚀剂的理化性能,然后采用电化学方法进一步筛选出缓蚀率大于90%的缓蚀剂,最后利用高温高压釜模拟现场工况(90℃和120℃,CO_2分压为0.2MPa),对拟选用的缓蚀剂进行腐蚀失重评价实验,并辅以SEM分析缓蚀剂的防腐效果。实验结果表明:7种待评价缓蚀剂中,4种缓蚀剂可与现场采出液良好配伍;缓蚀剂质量浓度为200mg/L时,有两种缓蚀剂在常压下的缓蚀率大于90%;在加注浓度为1 mol/L、模拟实际生产工况下,筛选出的最优缓蚀剂可将D级杆和N80的腐蚀速率降至油田腐蚀控制指标0.076mm/a以内。研究表明,先以配伍性评价,后通过电化学评价进一步筛选,最后采用高温高压釜模拟工况测试验证,可以快速筛选出适用于CO_2驱采油井的缓蚀剂。     

Influence of pressure and CO2 content on the asphaltene precipitation and oil recovery during CO2 flooding

During CO₂ flooding, the crude oil is treated with CO₂, and meanwhile it is displaced by CO₂. Based on the two processes, the influence of pressure and CO₂ content on the asphaltene precipitation and oil recovery efficiency are systematically investigated by indoor simulation experiment. With the increase of the pressure or CO₂ content during CO₂ treatment, the amount of asphaltene precipitation can be increased to a certain value. Correspondingly, the degrees of the changes of oil-water interface, the compositions of crude oil, and reservoir permeability are positively correlated with the amount of asphaltene precipitation. However, during the process, the oil recovery has an optimal value due to the combined action of asphaltene precipitation and the improvement of flow performance of the crude oil. These conclusions can provide a basis for high efficiency development of low permeability oil reservoirs by CO₂ flooding.     

Changes in the properties of conventional crude oil before and after CO2 flooding

Abstract

In order to enhance oil recovery of a conventional oil reservoir by CO₂ flooding, the changes in the properties of the crude oil before and after CO₂ flooding are systematically investigated by on-site sampling and experimental testing. The results show that, after CO₂ flooding, the light hydrocarbons of the produced crude oil is increased and the heavy hydrocarbons of the produced crude oil is decreased due to the deposition of resins and asphaltenes in the pores of the formation. In addition, the produced fluid (a mixture of oil and water) has a high water separation rate, the oil- water interface has a high tension value, and the crude oil has a high acid value and a low viscosity. The conclusions can provide a certain guidance for high-efficiency development of a conventional oil reservoir by CO₂ flooding.     

Scaled 3-D model studies of immiscible CO2 flooding using horizontal wells

In this study, a comprehensive laboratory investigation was conducted for the recovery of heavy oil from a scaled three-dimensional (3-D) physical model, packed with 18° API gravity crude oil, brine and crushed limestone. A total of 20 experiments were conducted using the scaled 3-D physical model with 30×30×6 cm³ dimensions. Basically, four different immiscible CO₂–water displacement processes were used for recovering heavy oil: (i) continuous CO₂ injection, (ii) waterflooding, (iii) simultaneous injection of CO₂ and water, and (iv) water alternating gas (WAG) process. Three groups of well configurations were mainly used: (1) vertical injection and vertical production wells, (2) vertical injection and horizontal production wells, and (3) horizontal injection and horizontal production wells. Base experiments were run with water only and carbon dioxide alone and optimum rates for WAG and simultaneous water–CO₂ injection were determined. In continuous CO₂ injection, highest recovery was obtained by vertical injection–horizontal production (VI–HP), followed by vertical injection–vertical production (VI–VP) and the least by horizontal injection–horizontal production (HI–HP). In VI–HP configuration, the best recovery was obtained as 15.1% OOIP. Higher oil recovery was obtained with a VI–HP wells than with a pair of vertical wells and horizontal wells. The WAG 1:5 ratio yielded a final recovery of 34.5% OOIP with VI–VP well configuration and 17.0% OOIP of additional recovery over waterflooding. In turn, the WAG 1:10 ratio was the best with a final recovery of 20.9% of OOIP with VI–HP well configuration. Oil production from WAG injection is higher than that obtained from the injection of continuous CO₂ or waterflooding alone.     

模拟延长油田CO_2驱油过程原油结蜡特性研究

通过对某CO2驱油区块的不同CO2分压条件下原油结蜡倾向和原油结蜡特性评价,计算出原油的结蜡速率、结蜡率及蜡含量,分析了原油的析蜡曲线特性。结果表明,CO2分压增大时原油的结蜡速率和结蜡率提高,蜡含量降低,蜡析出更明显;经CO2处理作用后原油析蜡点向低温方向移动,其蜡含量也相应地比未处理油样的蜡含量降低。     

Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the efficiency of surfactant flooding of heavy oil in a glass micromodel

Nanotechnology has the potential to profoundly change enhanced oil recovery and to improve mechanism of recovery, and it is chosen as an alternative method to unlock the remaining oil resources and applied as a new enhanced oil recovery method in last decade. The objective of this research is identification of potential of nanotitanium dioxide as an appropriate agent for improving the efficiency of surfactant flooding in five-spot glass micromodels. In this work a series of solvent injection experiments was conducted on horizontal glass micromodels at same conditions. Surfactant solutions and newly developed nanosurfactant solutions with 1600–2000 ppm sodium dodecyl sulfate were tested. Observations showed that nanotitanium dioxide has appropriate performance in enhancing the oil recovery at surfactant solution, near critical micelle concentration conditions. Also The results of experiments illustrated improvement of heavy oil recovery in micromodel test with nanotitanium dioxide (51.0%).     

CO2 miscible flooding in low permeability sandstone reservoirs and its influence on crude oil properties

Miscible CO₂ injection process has become widely used technique for the enhanced oil recovery in low permeability reservoirs. Core flooding experiments and field test of CO₂ miscible flooding in low permeability sandstone reservoirs and its influence on crude oil properties was studied. The results showed that CO₂ miscible flooding in low permeability sandstone reservoirs can enhance oil recovery both in laboratory study and field test. The permeability of sandstone reservoirs decreased during CO₂ miscible flooding due to the precipitation of asphaltene of crude oil. The precipitation of asphaltene lead to a reduction of asphaltene content and the apparent viscosity of crude oil. A further study on inhibitors and removers for asphaltene deposits from crude oil should be investigated to prevent and remove asphaltene deposits in low permeability sandstone reservoirs.