数值模拟油气管线弯管处固液两相流场特性及冲刷腐蚀预测

为了定量描述输油管线弯管处由于流体方向改变引起的流场特性变化和管道内部冲蚀损伤过程,在Workbench平台下利用Fluent建立了90°弯管冲蚀物理模型,获得了弯管管壁压力、剪切应力以及流体流速的分布规律。结果表明:弯管处流场变化复杂,是此处管道严重冲刷腐蚀的原因;弯管外侧冲刷腐蚀最为严重,出口直管段的冲刷腐蚀次之,入口直管段及弯管内侧几乎无冲刷腐蚀;较大直径的砂粒会携带更大的动能和冲击力,从而在管壁上形成更加严重的冲刷腐蚀。     

油水砂多相流中固体颗粒对弯管及T型堵头管的冲蚀

采用计算流体动力学方法在欧拉坐标系下求解连续相运动方程,在拉格朗日坐标系下求解离散相颗粒轨道方程,并利用冲蚀方程研究了管内油、水、砂多相流中固体颗粒运动与管道冲蚀的相互关系,预测最大冲蚀发生位置。结果表明:弯管冲蚀最严重处位于下游直管段与弯头连接处外侧,T型堵头管冲蚀最严重处位于上下游直管段交接处内侧,T型堵头管的最大冲蚀速率远大于弯管的;T型堵头管中存在明显的颗粒相互碰撞区域以及颗粒滞留区域,在颗粒相互碰撞区域颗粒对管壁的碰撞能降低,在颗粒滞留区域颗粒的滞留减少了新来颗粒对堵头的碰撞,这两个区域都从一定程度上减小了颗粒对管道的冲蚀作用。     

基于斯托克斯数的弯管冲蚀数值模拟

利用计算流体力学数值模拟软件Fluent,采用DPM模型中的稳态方法和随机轨道模型,进行颗粒的运动轨迹追踪。考虑到离散相对连续相的影响,采用相间耦合方法,基于斯托克斯数(St)进行了一系列颗粒对弯管管壁的冲蚀数值模拟。结果表明:弯管入口直管段,冲蚀速率很小且均匀;在随后的弯管段,颗粒聚集较多,该处冲蚀速率较大;出口直管段,当St1时,冲蚀情况由弯管外侧沿着管壁逐渐均匀过渡到整个管壁四周,管壁最大冲蚀速率随St的增大而略有增大,但增幅很小。当St1时,颗粒在内外管壁之间变性跃移,管壁冲蚀呈现不连续的点状冲蚀,管壁最大冲蚀速率随St的增大而略有增大,增幅很小,但明显大于St1时的最大冲蚀速率。     

管道参数对液/固两相流弯管流场及冲蚀影响分析

采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法分析不同管道参数包括管道直径、弯径比、弯曲角度条件下含砂液/固两相流管道的冲蚀规律,并结合颗粒碰撞模型分析了砂粒对于管壁的冲蚀作用。结果表明:不同管道参数变化影响冲蚀速率的效果是不同的,其中改变管径的影响最大、弯径比次之、弯管角度的影响最小;弯管冲蚀最严重区域有弯头侧壁及下游直管段与弯头连接处外侧,冲蚀最严重区域并不是确定的,随着弯管参数的改变,冲蚀最严重区域会发生移动。     

冰水两相流管道冲蚀磨损影响与防护

目的研究低温条件下冰晶颗粒随水流进入弯管并对弯管造成的冲蚀磨损,确定弯管关键防护区域。方法通过欧拉-拉格朗日双向耦合法,研究了冰晶颗粒的斯托克斯数、流速、粒径、质量流率以及管道弯径比对磨损特性的影响。结果冰晶颗粒的斯托克斯数会显著影响最大磨损率区域变化,当斯托克斯数由2.8增大至5.84时,最大磨损率区域由弯头内侧拱壁向弯头外拱壁与出口管道连接处转移,斯托克斯数高出或低于该范围时,最大磨损率位置不再发生变化,斯托克斯数的增加在一定范围内对最大磨损率没有绝对性影响。流速、粒径和质量流率的增大会使得最大磨损率不断升高,粒径和流速的变化会改变最大冲蚀磨损区域,而质量流率的改变对最大冲蚀磨损区域没有明显影响。弯径比的增大也会使得最大冲蚀磨损区域由弯头内拱壁向外拱壁与直管连接处转移,并降低最大磨损率。结论冰水两相流弯管的最大冲蚀磨损区域主要集中在弯头内拱壁、弯头外拱壁与出口直管连接处、靠近弯头侧壁三处,且大弯径比的管道可实现减磨防护。     

含酸性溶解气的气液两相流管道流致腐蚀模拟

目的 研究天然气输送管道中的酸性溶解气(CO2)与水相冲刷作用共同影响下形成的流致腐蚀(FAC)现象。方法 基于计算流体力学理论,确定了不同条件下影响流致腐蚀的气液体积分数和壁面剪应力分布情况。结果 对于上倾管道,水相主要积聚在管道底部,并且水相的积聚厚度与流速呈反比、与含水率呈正比。当流速小于3 m/s、含水率大于30%时,水相会发生回流现象,即弯管前、后直管段的液体会向弯管处积聚,从而使弯管处积聚水相的厚度大幅度增加。对于下倾管道,水相积聚的位置及与流速和含水率的关系与上倾管道相同,区别在于下倾管道并未出现回流现象。相同条件下,上倾管道的壁面剪切力始终大于下倾管道。当含水率与弯曲角度恒定时,上倾管道的最大剪切力出现在弯管底部,但随着流速的增加,最大壁面剪切力逐渐向弯管后直管段迁移,而下倾管道的最大壁面剪切力出现在弯管的顶部且不随流速的增加而发生变化。当流速和弯曲角度恒定时,上倾管道与下倾管道的最大壁面剪切力规律与含水率恒定的规律相同。当流速与含水率恒定时,弯曲角度对上倾管道壁面剪切力的影响较大,对下倾管道的影响较小;对于上倾管道,随着弯曲角度的增大,最大壁面剪切力的集中位置由弯管底部逐渐向弯管后直管段延伸且遍布管道周身;对于下倾管道,最大壁面剪切力主要集中在弯管及弯管后直管段的顶部,并且随着弯曲角度的增加,数值有所增大而位置不变。结论 通过分析积聚水相分布和壁面剪切力集中位置可知,上倾管道两者作用区域近似重合,即会受到严重的流致腐蚀影响;下倾管道两者作用区域并不重合,管道的上部主要受局部冲刷腐蚀的影响,下部主要受局部电化学腐蚀的影响,即下倾管道不会受到流致腐蚀的影响。     

高产天然气井放喷管汇弯管冲蚀磨损特性研究

目的 研究高产天然气井气固两相流对放喷管汇的冲蚀机理及规律.方法 利用CFD软件对放喷管汇冲蚀进行研究,使用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程求其气相的运动状态,并用离散相模型(DPM)计算出颗粒运动轨迹.然后使用Oka冲蚀磨损模型开展弯管角度、弯管位置、放喷量等5种因素与壁面冲蚀规律研究,最后使用最大冲蚀速率、壁面质量损失以及管汇刺漏时间等3种指标评价管汇的冲蚀特性.结果 在控制单因素变量的前提下,随着含砂率从1％增长到5％时,弯管最大冲蚀速率增加了约4倍;随着放喷量从3.0×105 m3/d增加到5.1×106 m3/d时,最大值出现在1.0×106 m3/d附近,弯管最大冲蚀速率相比3.0×105 m3/d增加了3.7倍;当弯管角度从90°增加到165°时,最大冲蚀速率下降了85％,但120°弯管最大冲蚀速率最大;随着弯管距出口距离从5 m增加到30 m时,最大冲蚀速率下降了86％;当颗粒形状系数从0.67增加到1时,最大冲蚀速率增大了5倍.结论 含砂率与最大冲蚀速率相关度最大,弯管位置与最大冲蚀速率的相关度最小.最大冲蚀速率随含砂率、颗粒形状系数的增加而增大,随弯管角度和距出口直管段长度的增加而减小,但120°弯管冲蚀最严重.随放喷量的增加,弯管最大冲蚀速率呈现出先增大、后减小、最后趋于平稳的规律.     

集气站集气管道内冲刷特性的数值模拟

基于管内气液两相流动理论,对集气管道内流速、液相体积分数、壁面剪切力及湍动能分布规律进行了研究。结果表明:埋地集气管道内,水平段底部及弯头外侧区域有液相聚集,存在腐蚀风险;弯头外侧区域的湍动能和壁面剪切力较大,加速流体传质,对腐蚀促进作用较大,存在腐蚀与冲刷共同作用,面临穿孔风险较大。地面以上集气管道内,闸阀后第一个弯头外侧存在腐蚀与冲刷共同作用;闸阀前第一个弯头、闸阀后第二个和第三个弯头,液相容易聚集在弯头内侧,诱发腐蚀。     

超声导波在弯管中传播特性的有限元分析

通过建立弯管的ANSYS／LS-DYNA3D模型,模拟了L（0,2）模态导波在管道中的传播形态;计算了弯管中I。（0,2）和T（0,1）两种模态群速度曲线,并与相同管径和壁厚的直管做对比;研究了L（0,2）模态对管道弯头内外侧缺陷的检测能力。结果表明：导波在通过弯头时会发生模态转换,且频率越高模态转换越明显;L（0,2）和T（0,1）两种模态在弯管和直管中的频散曲线低频段时差异小而高频段时差异显著;并且,L（0,2）模态对弯头外侧缺陷检测能力要高于弯头内侧。     

固液两相流管道冲蚀试验分析及防护方案

目的 分析液相流动、颗粒、管道结构参数对固液两相流弯管冲蚀的影响,设计一种弯管防蚀减磨防护方案。方法 通过循环管路试验分析流速、颗粒粒径和颗粒形状对弯管冲蚀率的影响,并通过数值模拟探讨渐扩式防护方案对固液两相流在弯管段流场分布的影响。结果 采用失重法分析试验结果,在含砂(质量分数2.5%,砂粒直径20~40目)的X80钢管结构下,冲蚀后贴片的质量损失率达到6.85%。经分析,试验贴片表面的主要损伤特征为弯头外拱壁的冲蚀率高于内拱壁,两侧壁面的质量损失率介于内外壁之间。采用数值模拟渐扩管(3∶4、3∶5、1∶2)对冲蚀的影响,在高流速(2.5 m/s)时,扩径比为1∶2渐扩管的冲蚀率下降了约30%,效果最为明显;在流体流速低于0.5 m/s时,粒径为200 μm的颗粒沉积增大了弯管外壁的局部磨损。尖角颗粒和球形颗粒对壁面的冲蚀效果不同,模拟的壁面冲击力有明显区别。结论 弯管段是典型的三维螺旋流动,在弯管段外拱壁的壁面附近为流动的高压低速区,内拱壁面附近流动为低压高速区。在冲蚀–腐蚀交互的过程中,管道外拱壁的局部损伤主要是因多次受到固体颗粒的冲击而积累的冲刷和磨损作用,内拱壁的损伤机理以腐蚀增重作用更为显著,而固体颗粒受到流体沿管壁方向轴对称的二次流剪切作用,对管道两侧壁面的损伤主要贡献了犁削和磨蚀作用,颗粒形状也影响了壁面损伤机制。防护方案是弯管段采用渐扩段圆管。数值试验表明,在颗粒粒径和流速一定时,采用特定比例的渐扩弯管段降低了流体通过弯管时的流速和湍流强度,能够达到减小冲蚀率的效果。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

An Easy Way to Quantify the Adhesion Energy of Nanostructured Cu/X(X=Cr,Ta,Mo,Nb,Zr) Multilayer Films Adherent to Polyimide Substrates

An approach based on film buckling under simple uniaxial tensile testing was utilized in this paper to quantitatively estimate the interfacial energy of the nanostructured multilayer films(NMFs) adherent to flexible substrates. The interfacial energies of polyimide-supported NMFs are determined to be *5.0 J/m2 for Cu/Cr, *4.1 J/m2 for Cu/Ta,*2.8 J/m2 for Cu/Mo, *1.1 J/m2 for Cu/Nb, and *1.2 J/m2 for Cu/Zr NMFs. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the adhesion energy and the interfacial shear strength is clearly demonstrated for the Cu-based NMFs, which is highly indicative of the applicability and reliability of the modified models.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of SiC_p/Al–Mg–Si–Cu Composite

A 17 vol% SiCp/Al–Mg–Si–Cu composite plate with a thickness of 3 mm was successfully friction stir welded(FSWed) at a very high welding speed of 2000 mm/min for the first time. Microstructural observation indicated that the coarsening of the precipitates was greatly inhibited in the heat-affected zone of the FSW joint at high welding speed, due to the significantly reduced peak temperature and duration at high temperature. Therefore, prominent enhancement of the hardness was achieved at the lowest hardness zone of the FSW joint at this high welding speed, which was similar to that of the nugget zone. Furthermore, the ultimate tensile strength of the joint was as high as 369 MPa, which was much higher than that obtained at low welding speed of 100 mm/min(298 MPa). This study provides an effective method to weld aluminum matrix composite with superior quality and high welding efficiency.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

A STUDY OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT VALENCE BOND STRUCTURE OF TITANIUM

On the basis of energy and shape method for the determination of the valence bond (VB) structures of crystal, the valence bond structure of titanium is redetermined at room temperature and calculated in the whole temperature range of 0-1943K. The outer shell electronic distribution of Ti is e_c~(2.9907) · (s_c~(0.4980) d_c~(2.4927)) ef1.0093 in crystal. The temperature dependences of the VB structures of hcp and bcc phases are the same. The VB structures of hcp and bcc phases monotonically increase or decrease with the increase in temperature, but show discontinuous changes at the phase-transformation temperature 1155K.