A screening technique to study the mechanical strength of gelatin formulations

A semiquantitative method for measuring the mechanical strength of gelatin ribbons was demonstrated using a universal tensile testing machine (Instron, model 1122). Molten gelatin formulations comprised of acid-bone gelatin, limed-hide gelatin, or their combinations were made, pored as gelatin films, and aged at 50% relative humidity (RH). Viscoelastic properties (mechanical strength) of five gelatin formulations were evaluated by determining elastic modulus, tensile strength, and ratio of tensile strength to elastic modulus of gelatin ribbons. This study demonstrated that a 3:1 ratio of acid-bone to limed-hide gelatin combination showed better viscoelastic properties than the other formulations studied.     

循环荷载作用对CFRP筋力学性能的影响

应用于桥梁工程的碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）筋通常受循环荷载作用,导致其力学性能的退化,这将影响桥梁结构的受力。为了考察循环荷载作用对CFRP筋力学性能的影响,首先利用静载试验对CFRP筋的初始力学性能进行了检测,然后结合静载试验结果并利用疲劳试验考察了各阶段循环荷载作用对CFRP筋弹性模量、松弛及抗拉强度的影响。研究结果表明,极限拉力作用下CFRP筋的弹性模量较初始状态高约5%,对于CFRP筋构件的变形对结构内力有较大影响的结构,在设计阶段建议适当地考虑CFRP材料的非线性问题;桥梁工程中,经200万次正常使用设计循环荷载作用的CFRP筋,其弹性模量和松弛性能较初始状态未发生明显退化,经应力幅为4.3%的极限抗拉强度的循环荷载作用后,CFRP筋的抗拉强度提高了1.2%,但应力幅提高至7%的极限抗拉强度时,其抗拉强度与初始状态相比无明显变化。     

Brazilian disk test and digital image correlation: a methodology for the mechanical characterization of brittle materials

In this paper, an optimized and reliable approach for the evaluation of the mechanical properties of brittle materials is proposed and applied to the characterization of geopolymer mortars. In particular, the Young’s modulus, the Poisson’s ratio and the tensile strength are obtained by means of a Brazilian disk test combined with the digital image correlation (DIC) technique. The mechanical elastic properties are evaluated by a special routine, based on an over-deterministic method and the least square regression, that allows to fit the displacement fields experienced by the samples during the experiment. Error sources, like center of the disk location and rigid-body motion components, were analyzed and estimated automatically with the proposed procedure in order to perform an accurate evaluation of the elastic constants. The strain field measured by DIC and the computed elastic properties were then used to perform a local stresses analysis. This latter was exploited to investigate the failure mechanisms and to evaluate the tensile strength of the investigated material and the obtained data were compared with those predicted by the ASTM and ISMR standards. Three different loading platens (flat, rod and curved) were adopted for the Brazilian test in order to evaluate their effect on the elastic properties calculation, on the failure mechanisms and tensile strength evaluation. Results reveal that the curve platens are the most suitable for the tensile strength calculation, whereas the elastic properties did not show any influence from the loading configuration. Furthermore, the proposed procedure, of easy implementation, allows to accurately calculate Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio and the tensile strength of brittle materials in a single experiment.     

再生钢纤维增韧超高性能混凝土的力学性能

采用来自于废旧轮胎的两种再生钢纤维制备含粗骨料的超高性能混凝土,并测定其抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度、断裂能和静弹性模量等力学性能,空白组及普通钢纤维增韧超高性能混凝土作对比性能试验。结果显示,未附着橡胶颗粒的再生钢纤维使超高性能混凝土的抗压强度略微下降,降低幅度为3.91%,其余各类型钢纤维均有利于提高超高性能混凝土的力学性能;而附着橡胶颗粒的再生钢纤维显著提高了超高性能混凝土的断裂能,约为普通钢纤维增韧超高性能混凝土的4倍。此外,再生钢纤维对超高性能混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度和静弹性模量的提高效果均优于普通钢纤维。再生钢纤维,尤其是附着橡胶颗粒的再生钢纤维,可以作为一种增韧材料替代普通钢纤维应用到超高性能混凝土工程结构中。      

Ti–25Ta alloy with the best mechanical compatibility in Ti–Ta alloys for biomedical applications

The microstructures, dynamic elastic modulus, and mechanical properties of the Ti–25Ta (mass%) alloy are investigated in this study in order to assess its mechanical compatibility for biomedical applications. The microstructures are examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The dynamic elastic modulus is measured by the resonance vibration method and the mechanical properties are determined from uniaxial tensile tests. The experimental results indicate that the Ti–25Ta alloy exhibits an orthorhombic martensite (α″) twinned structure after solution treatment. The Ti–25Ta alloy has the lowest elastic modulus and the highest ratio of strength to modulus among Ti–Ta alloys. Thus, the Ti–25Ta alloy exhibits the best mechanical compatibility among Ti–Ta alloys and is a promising candidate for novel metallic biomaterials.     

纺丝液合成因素对木材液化物炭纤维原丝性能的影响

利用木材苯酚液化物合成纺丝液, 熔融纺丝制成新的炭纤维原丝, 研究了纺丝液合成因素对原丝性能的影响。试验结果表明: 增加合成纺丝液时液化原料中的苯酚/木材比(液固比), 则原丝的力学性能提高明显, 其中液固比由3增加至4时, 原丝拉伸强度增加了近9倍; 合成剂用量的增加却导致原丝力学性能的降低, 当合成剂用量为6%时, 原丝的拉伸强度和拉伸模量降幅较明显, 而断裂伸长率的最大降幅却出现在合成剂用量为4%时; 原丝的拉伸强度和拉伸模量随合成温度的升高而增加, 但增幅较小, 断裂伸长率随合成温度的升高却呈下降趋势, 且从110℃升高到115℃时断裂伸长率降幅较大; 原丝的力学性能随合成纺丝液升温时间的增加而先升高后降低, 升温时间为40min时制备的炭纤维原丝的力学性能最优。      

再生混凝土力学性能的研究进展

再生混凝土的应用,不仅能够解决废弃混凝土处理问题;又能降低因资源过度开采所引起的生态环境破坏,因而具有广阔的发展前景。相比于普通混凝土,再生混凝土的抗压强度、弹性模量以及抗疲劳性能较低,主要与再生骨料多方面因素的影响有关。对近年来再生混凝土力学性能相关研究进展进行了综述,再生骨料总吸水率是降低抗压强度的主要原因,疲劳性能则主要与再生骨料取代率和附着砂浆含量有关。在再生混凝土中掺加矿物掺合料能够改善新、旧双界面从而提高抗压强度和劈裂抗拉强度,掌握多个因素的影响和作用对再生骨料和再生混凝土进一步研究和应用具有重要意义。     

Investigation of the mechanical properties of DGEBA-based epoxy resin with nanoclay additives

The present study investigated the effect of nanoclay additives on the mechanical properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy resin. The resin was cured with diethyltoluene diamine (DETDA) hardener and four material variations produced through the addition of four types of nanoclays, respectively. The nanocomposites were prepared by the in situ polymerisation method with the aid of mechanical shearing. The properties of the nanocomposites investigated included tensile modulus, tensile strength, tensile strain and fracture toughness (K_IC). It was observed that while the addition of nanoclay significantly increased the elastic modulus and fracture toughness of DGEBA epoxy resin, it also significantly reduced the failure strength and failure strain with increasing nanoclay level. Possible mechanisms for the improvement and degradation of these properties of the epoxy–clay nanocomposite materials are discussed.     

不同冻融介质作用下混凝土力学性能衰减模型

通过快速冻融试验,研究了三种不同冻融介质(水、3.5wt%NaCl、飞机除冰液)对混凝土质量损失、动弹模量以及力学性能的影响,比较了三种冻融介质对混凝土损伤程度的大小,分析了混凝土相对动弹性模量与相对剩余抗压强度和相对剩余抗折强度之间的关系,基于相对动弹性模量建立了相对剩余抗压强度和相对剩余抗折强度衰减方程。结果表明:3.5wt%NaCl溶液对混凝土的损伤度要远大于单纯水冻融循环对混凝土的损伤度,飞机除冰液对混凝土冻融损伤具有抑制作用;混凝土抗压、抗折强度以及相对动弹性模量随着冻融循环次数的增加而降低;三种冻融介质下混凝土抗压、抗折强度损失率大小关系为:3.5wt%NaCl水飞机除冰液;相对动弹性模量与相对剩余抗压强度、相对剩余抗折强度相关性好,可以通过测定混凝土相对动弹性模量来评估混凝土相对剩余强度。     

Microstructure and characteristic properties of gelatin/chitosan scaffold prepared by a combined freeze-drying/leaching method

A combined freeze-drying and particulate leaching method for scaffold synthesis showed an improvement in the horizontal microstructure of the gelatin/chitosan scaffolds. Type and concentration of the cross-linking agent, freezing temperature, concentration of the polymeric solution and gelatin/chitosan weight ratio were the variables affecting the scaffold properties. Assessment of the tensile properties of the scaffolds revealed that for a scaffold with 50% chitosan, glutaraldehyde, as a cross-linking agent, created much tighter polymeric network compared to N,N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethyl carbodiimide (EDC). However, in the case of gelatin scaffolds, EDC was identified as the stronger cross-linker. Compressive behavior of the scaffolds satisfied formulations obtained from the theoretical modeling of the low-density, elastomeric foams. The investigation of the scaffold degradation indicated that the increase in the mechanical strength of the scaffolds would not always reduce their degradation rate.     

含孔隙混凝土复合材料有效力学性能研究

混凝土、岩石等工程材料是典型的多孔介质材料,孔隙或微裂纹的存在对材料的弹性模量及强度等力学参数产生很大影响。该文基于三相球模型确定了含孔隙复合材料的有效体积模量,提出采用空心圆柱形杆模型推导得到了含孔隙复合材料有效剪切模量的理论公式,并在各向同性材料的假设条件下确定了材料的有效弹性模量及泊松比;推导并得到了含孔隙材料的有效抗拉、抗压强度及有效抗剪强度与孔隙率之间的定量关系公式,并进一步得到了含孔基质在达到有效强度时的临界应变与孔隙率之间的定量关系。结果表明该文方法能较好的预测含孔混凝土材料的有效力学性能,且公式简单,易于应用。     

Mechanical behaviour of an amorphous metal ribbon reinforced resin-matrix composite

Resin-matrix composites, reinforced with high aspect ratio 2826MB amorphous metal ribbon in a simple stacking pattern, were fabricated and evaluated. Typical composite properties at 60 vol% ribbon are a density of 5.27 g cm^–3, a longitudinal tensile strength of 1740 MPa, a transverse tensile strength of 870 MPa, a near-isotropic in-plane modulus of 100 GPa and a fracture toughness similar to that of 6061-T6 aluminium alloy. These composites are also shown to have poor mechanical fatigue resistance. In comparison with other engineering materials, these composites are superior on a specific strength basis. However, they are not competitive with quasi-isotropic AS graphite-epoxy on a specific modulus basis. Because of this deficiency, it is concluded that amorphous metal ribbon reinforced composites would not be in a competitive position for most high performance composite applications. However, the high biaxial composite strength properties, potential low cost, and the unusual soft magnetic properties offered by the ribbons may result in some unique composite applications.     

缓冲包装用明胶-淀粉泡沫的性能研究

目的以明胶和预胶化淀粉为原料制备具有缓冲效果的生物质可降解泡沫材料,为缓冲包装用生物质泡沫提供一种新的选择。方法通过对不同明胶-淀粉质量比、固含量、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)用量进行实验研究,并进行结构表征及静态压缩性能测定对泡沫材料进行综合评价。结果得到了明胶-淀粉缓冲泡沫材料的最优条件,固含量(用质量分数表示)为20%,表面活性剂质量分数为0.75%,明胶-淀粉质量比为70∶30。在此最优条件下的明胶-淀粉缓冲泡沫材料发泡倍率为5.14倍,表观密度为0.064 g/cm³,弹性模量为36.64 kPa,50%抗压强度为2.49 kPa。结论以明胶和预胶化淀粉为原料制备的复合泡沫材料具有表观密度低、缓冲性能较好的特点。单因素实验结果表明,预胶化淀粉对泡沫的力学性能有增强作用。     

新型超硬材料z-BC2N的弹性、硬度与热导率研究

采用第一性原理计算研究了超硬材料z-BC₂N的弹性各向异性性质、应力-应变关系、硬度及最小热导率性质。计算得到的晶体力学行为判据B/G为0.87, 泊松比为0.084, 普适弹性各向异性指数为0.09992。[100]晶向上最大拉伸强度达到180 GPa, 应变方向上最大剪切强度达到160 GPa, 维氏硬度值为77.07 GPa。基于Cahill模型得到的最小热导率为6.811 W/(m·K)。结果表明: z-BC₂N是脆性材料且力学稳定性良好, 有非常高的拉伸强度、剪切强度, 体弹模量为各向同性, 杨氏模量各向异性程度不大。z-BC₂N的最小热导率低于金刚石的最小热导率。     

聚合物水泥砂浆的力学性能

本文采用美国产 MTS试验机 ,分别研究了掺聚醋酸乙烯水泥砂浆的轴拉和轴压应力 -应变关系及抗弯性能。试验结果表明 ,随着聚醋酸乙烯的掺入 ,砂浆的轴压强度和弹性模量显著下降 ,但极限应变却明显增大 ;砂浆的轴拉强度和抗弯强度均略有提高 ,而极限应变、拉压强度比和弯压强度比则显著增加。因此 ,掺入聚醋酸乙烯能有效改善砂浆的变形力学性能。根据 12年龄期的粘结抗弯强度试验结果 ,聚醋酸乙烯砂浆不但具有优良的粘结性能 ,还具有良好的耐久性 ,可广泛用于新老混凝土的粘结、修补及结构加固中的钢板粘贴和表面粉刷等。     

Mechanical properties of electrospun collagen–chitosan complex single fibers and membrane

Collagen and chitosan blends were fabricated into ultrafine fibers to mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM). So far less mechanical property investigation of electrospun fibers has been reported because of the small dimensions of micro and nanostructures that pose a tremendous challenge for the experimental study of their mechanical properties. In this paper, the electrospun collagen–chitosan complex single fibers and fibrous membrane were collected and their mechanical properties were investigated with a nano tensile testing system and a universal materials tester, respectively. The mechanical properties were found to be dependent on fiber diameter and the ratio of collagen to chitosan in fibers. Fibers with a smaller diameter had higher strength but lower ductility due to the higher draw ratio that was applied during the electrospinning process. For the electrospun single fibers, the fibers demonstrated excellent tensile ductility at chitosan content of 10% and 20% and the highest tensile strength and Young's modulus at chitosan content from 40% to 60%. For the electrospun fibrous membrane, the ultimate tensile strength of the fibrous membrane decreased with the increase of chitosan content in fibers and the trend in the ultimate tensile elongation is similar to that of the single fiber.     

壳聚塘-明胶共混膜的制备及机械性能测试

以共混方法制备了壳聚糖-明胶共混薄膜,并对共混薄膜的机械性能进行了测试。研究表明:壳聚糖-明胶共混膜的混合比例可以改变共混膜的力学强度,共混膜随明胶含量增加其弹性模量和拉伸断裂应力逐渐减小,壳聚糖溶液与明胶共混的体积比为4∶6时,拉伸强度达到最小值,而断裂伸长率在壳聚糖与明胶体积比为6∶4的时候达到了最大值。     

模拟点腐蚀油气管线钢的力学性能

通过计算机产生随机数确定点腐蚀孔的位置,利用小钻头打孔的方法模拟X60管线钢基体多孔特征进行拉伸试验,测得其弹性模量、屈服强度和抗拉强度,并将理论计算值与前二者比较,给出了三者与孔隙率的函数关系.结果表明,多孔材料的弹性模量试验值随其孔隙率的变化在低孔隙率时与理论预测基本吻合;实测材料的屈服强度也随着孔隙率的增加而递减,与理论预测也基本吻合,特别是较高孔隙率时相近或相同;实测材料的抗拉强度随孔隙率的变化拟合曲线与屈服强度相似,但受孔隙率影响较大.     

炭布力学性能的试验研究

由于炭布种类繁多,其力学性能差别也较大,在炭布用于实际工程之前,应有一套合理的测试方法,用以测定炭布的拉伸强度及弹性模量等有关的力学性能指标,参照日本的有关试验方法,对国内外的多种炭布和粘接剂进行了系列试验研究,试验发现,炭布在破坏之前能保持较好的线弹性变化,可以认为其应力-应变为线性关系;试件的尺寸对拉伸强度影响很大,即存在尺寸效应;粘接剂的使用有利于炭纤维材料强度的充分发挥,粘接剂的种类对试件的拉伸强度有一定影响。     

Mechanical property enhancement of aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube sheets and composites through press-drawing process

A solid-state drawing and winding process was done to create thin aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets from CNT arrays. However, waviness and poor packing of CNTs in the sheets are two main weaknesses restricting their reinforcing efficiency in composites. This report proposes a simple press-drawing technique to reduce wavy CNTs and to enhance dense packing of CNTs in the sheets. Non-pressed and pressed CNT/epoxy composites were developed using prepreg processing with a vacuum-assisted system. Effects of pressing on the mechanical properties of the aligned CNT sheets and CNT/epoxy composites were examined. Pressing with distributed loads of 147, 221, and 294 N/m showed a substantial increase in the tensile strength and the elastic modulus of the aligned CNT sheets and their composites. The CNT sheets under a press load of 221 N/m exhibited the best mechanical properties found in this study. With a press load of 221 N/m, the pressed CNT sheet and its composite, respectively, enhanced the tensile strength by 139.1 and 141.9%, and the elastic modulus by 489 and 77.6% when compared with non-pressed ones. The pressed CNT/epoxy composites achieved high tensile strength (526.2 MPa) and elastic modulus (100.2 GPa). Results show that press-drawing is an important step to produce superior CNT sheets for development of high-performance CNT composites.