热轧钛微合金化TRIP钢的组织与性能研究

对钛微合金化TRIP钢进行连续冷却转变曲线的测定,分析轧制与冷却工艺对其组织与性能的影响。结果表明:实验钢的奥氏体/铁素体、奥氏体/马氏体相变点分别在500~650℃和450℃左右;组织由铁素体/贝氏体及少量残余奥氏体组成;随着终轧温度的升高,实验钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度有所降低;随着空冷结束温度的降低,实验钢的屈服强度降低;当终轧温度和空冷结束温度分别为796℃和722℃时,实验钢的屈服强度,抗拉强度和强塑积分别为661,888MPa和25042MPa·%,其对应组织为细小的铁素体及板条贝氏体,铁素体基体上存在大量细小的析出物。     

1470MPa级双相钢的性能特征与强韧化机制

对0.16C-1.38Si-3.2Mn双相钢进行轧制和退火处理,用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等手段表征试验钢的微观组织和断口形貌,分析试验钢经退火后钢板的力学性能和加工硬化行为,重点研究了试验钢晶粒细化的强韧化机制。结果表明:试验钢在800℃退火后的显微组织主要由8.8%铁素体和91.2%回火马氏体构成。退火后的钢板具有良好的综合力学性能,屈服强度为873 MPa,表现为连续屈服特征,抗拉强度为1483 MPa,总伸长率为11%,屈强比为0.58;试验钢的Mn含量、退火前的初始组织、冷轧大变形以及退火过程中关键工艺参数等都有利于试验钢退火板的晶粒细化,铁素体尺寸为1-2μm,马氏体板条束的有效晶粒尺寸为0.2-1.5μm。细小的晶粒有利于阻碍位错的运动和增加裂纹扩展的阻力,从而提高了钢板的强度和塑韧性。     

V和Si对珠光体车轮钢显微组织和力学性能的影响规律

利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及拉伸和冲击试验等方法研究了V(0.03%-0.12%)(质量分数,下同)、Si含量(0.32%-0.89%)对中碳(0.54%)珠光体车轮钢显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:提高V含量细化了实验钢的奥氏体晶粒尺寸、珠光体团尺寸及其片层间距,并且提高了铁素体体积分数。随着V含量的提高,由于VC沉淀强化和细化晶粒的作用,室温屈服强度和-20℃冲击韧性得到改善;但软相(先共析铁素体)增多,室温抗拉强度降低。提高Si含量显著降低了铁素体体积分数和细化了珠光体片层间距,略细化奥氏体晶粒和珠光体团尺寸;Si也促进VC的析出但作用很小。Si主要以固溶强化和细化片层间距的方式提高屈服强度和抗拉强度。结合适中含量的V(0.07%-0.08%)微合金化和较高含量的Si(0.8%-0.9%)合金化,可以使中碳珠光体钢获得较好的强韧性匹配。     

外加微米ZrC颗粒对低碳微合金钢组织及性能的影响

本文研究了ZrC颗粒加入量对低碳微合金钢组织和力学性能的影响。对试验钢进行了各种力学性能的测试,并用金相显微镜和TEM观察了试验钢的微观组织,用SEM观察了ZrC颗粒的分布状态及拉伸断口形貌。结果表明,加入ZrC颗粒后,试验钢的晶粒都得到了一定程度的细化,当加入ZrC颗粒体积含量为1.1%时,晶粒被细化到5.5μm,此时试验钢的抗拉强度、屈服强度、伸长率、冲击韧性和维氏硬度分别达到635MPa、517.5MPa、20.66%、215.0J/cm2和214 Hv5,获得了最佳综合力学性能;添加ZrC颗粒后,试验钢的组织仍为铁素体,拉伸断口仍为韧窝状;轧制态试验钢中ZrC颗粒分布较为均匀。     

一种新型980MPa高强钢在不同温度下的拉伸断裂试验

本文通过在不同温度下,对一种轧制而成的贝氏体高强钢在三个相互垂直的方向进行了拉伸实验,结合宏观力学性能参数及微观断口形貌的观察,分析了这种高强钢在不同温度下的拉伸断裂行为。结果表明:此种钢在三个方向上的宏观力学性能参数基本相同(在室温下屈服强度为950MPa,抗拉强度为1000MPa;-196℃下,屈服强度达到1260MPa,抗拉强度高达1400MPa)。但沿不同方向的拉伸断口差异却很大。沿轧制方向和宽度方向的试样,不同温度下断口形貌相似,在温度较低的试样中都出现了纵向裂纹,在-196℃均出现"Z"型断裂路径;但沿板厚方向的试样,在不同温度下其断口形态都为典型的拉伸断口。     

超快冷条件下含Nb钢铁素体相变区析出及模型研究

采用Gleeble-3800热/力模拟试验机研究了超快冷条件下含Nb钢在铁素体相变区的析出行为。考虑Nb(C,N)在铁素体中的固溶度积和Nb元素在铁素体中的扩散系数,给出了超快冷条件下Nb在铁素体相变区的析出模型。结果表明:轧后超快冷至650℃(铁素体相变区)可抑制Nb在奥氏体中析出,实现Nb在铁素体相变区中的析出;与在奥氏体中析出行为相比,Nb在铁素体中析出物数量明显增加,尺寸显著细化,析出物粒子密度由79个/μm2增加到373个/μm2,析出物尺寸由12.9nm细化到8.1nm,有利于发挥Nb的析出强化效果;该含Nb实验钢在铁素体中析出时最大形核率温度为620℃,最快沉淀析出温度为700℃,且计算与实测的析出相体积分数吻合良好,说明该模型可以用来模拟超快冷条件下Nb在铁素体相变区的析出行为。     

变形制度对低碳锰钢组织性能的影响

为了获得细晶铁素体/贝氏体的复相组织,通过控轧控冷工艺研究了低碳锰钢在奥氏体区变形时变形量、终轧温度和卷取温度对组织演变和力学性能的影响规律.研究表明,增加变形量(对应道次间隔时间缩短)可以细化铁素体晶粒,但当终轧温度降低到800℃时,变形量的增加以及开冷温度的降低不利于贝氏体组织的获得.通过调整变形量、终轧温度、可开冷温度并适当降低卷取温度,可使实验钢获得晶粒尺寸约为5μm的铁素体和10%~20%的贝氏体组织,低碳锰钢强塑性能良好.     

低碳钢在Ae3以上形变诱导铁素体的形成和性能

对低碳钢在Ae_3以上进行了单道次快速大形变量变形,测定了材料在高温变形前后的室温拉伸曲线并观察其断口形貌。对结果的分析表明,低碳钢在Ae_3以上的温度发生形变诱导铁素体相变,是形成超细晶粒(3μm左右)的主要原因。应变速率大于0.1 s~(-1)时,可诱导形成铁素体晶粒,且随着应变速率的提高铁素体分数增加而晶粒尺寸减小;当应变速率大于10 s~(-1)时铁素体分数达到饱和,晶粒尺寸的变化不大。与先共析铁素体相比,形变诱导铁素体的强度和硬度大大提高,低碳钢Q235的屈服强度由250 MPa左右提高到510 MPa,抗拉强度则达到615 MPa,而形变诱导铁素体的塑性有所降低,但仍保持较高的水平。     

Mn含量对热轧超低碳钛低合金钢组织与力学性能的影响

实验钢在传统C-Mn钢的基础上添加低合金元素Ti,通过调整钢中Mn元素含量,同时采用简便的控制轧制与控制冷却工艺,获得了良好的组织形态及纳米尺度析出物,从而在保证优良延伸性能的前提下大幅度提高了钢板的强度,显著降低了钢材成本。使用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对微观组织进行观察。结果表明:当实验钢Mn含量从1.05%(质量分数,下同)提高至1.5%,平均晶粒尺寸从6.4μm细化至5.2μm;基体中纳米尺度TiC的析出量明显增加;屈服强度、抗拉强度和断后伸长率分别提高了56.7,42.2MPa和1.2%,达到了558.7,662.2MPa和22.4%。     

HRB500高强度抗震钢筋伸长率偏低原因分析及控制

针对国内某钢厂采用Nb微合金化和控冷工艺生产HRB500高强度抗震钢筋出现的伸长率偏低情况,取样进行了金相显微组织、断口形貌、夹杂物及化学成分分析研究.结果表明,HRB500钢筋伸长率偏低的主要原因是钢筋心部显微组织异常,贝氏体含量高(50%)且形态差(大块状),原始奥氏体晶粒粗大(50～60μm);显微组织异常的主要原因是轧钢加热温度高(1260℃)、控冷后终止温度偏低(710℃).针对上述情况,炼钢采取了渣洗工艺、延长吹氩时间(长于200s)、严格控制中包浇铸液面(大于650mm)的措施,轧钢采取了降低加热温度(均热段温度低于1200℃)、升高控冷后终止温度(高于725℃)的措施,HRB500钢筋伸长率偏低得到消除.     

Phase transformation and mechanical behavior of thermomechanically controlled processed high strength ordnance steel

A new low carbon titanium and niobium microalloyed steel has been thermomechanically processed in a pilot plant unit. Phase transformation phenomenon of the above steel during continuous cooling has been assessed. Evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties has also been studied at different finish rolling temperatures. A mixture of intragranular ferrite with granular bainite and bainitic ferrite along with inter-lath and intra-lath precipitation of (Ti, Nb)CN particles are the characteristic microstructural feature of air cooled steel. However, mixture of lower bainite and lath martensitic structure along with similar type (Ti, Nb)CN precipitate is observed in water quenched steel. High yield strength (896–948 MPa) with high tensile strength (974–1013 MPa) has been achieved with moderate ductility (16–17%) for the selected range of finish rolling temperature for air cooled steel. However, the water quenched steel yields higher yield strength (1240–1260 MPa) as well as higher tensile strength (1270–1285 MPa) but with lower ductility (13–14%) for the selected range of finish rolling temperature. Fairly good impact toughness values in the range of 50–89 J are obtained for the air cooled steel which are marginally higher than those of water quenched steel (42–81 J).     

Cooling process and mechanical properties design of hot-rolled low carbon high strength microalloyed steel for automotive wheel usage

For the purpose of developing Nb–V–Ti microalloyed, hot rolled, high strength automotive steel for usage in heavy-duty truck wheel-discs and wheel-rims, appropriate cooling processes were designed, and microstructures and comprehensive mechanical properties (tension, bending, hole-expansion, and Charpy impact) of the tested steels at two cooling schedules were studied. The results indicate that the steel consists of 90% 5 μm polygonal ferrite and 10% pearlite when subjected to a cooling rate of 13 °C/s and a coiling temperature of 650 °C. The yield strength, tensile strength, and hole-expansion ratio are 570 MPa, 615 MPa, and 95%, respectively, which meet the requirements of the wheel-disc application. The steel consists of 20% 3 μm polygonal ferrite and 80% bainite (granular bainite and a small amount of acicular ferrite) when subjected to a cooling rate of 30 °C/s and a coiling temperature of 430 °C. The yield strength, tensile strength, and hole-expansion ratio are 600 MPa, 655 MPa, and 66%, respectively, which meet the requirements of the wheel-rim application. Both the ferrite–pearlite steel and ferrite–bainite steel possess excellent bendability and Charpy impact property. The precipitation behavior and dislocation pattern are characterized and discussed.     

Ti+Nb和Ti+V超低碳烘烤硬化钢的组织和性能研究

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对Ti+Nb和Ti+V复合处理超低碳BH钢的变形抗力和动态连续冷却转变进行研究,并观察了两种实验钢在不同冷却工艺条件下的金相组织。结果表明:在1100℃、应变速率1s-1时Ti+Nb超低碳BH钢的变形抗力比Ti+V超低碳BH钢高出约13MPa,在相同的变形条件下,两种实验钢的组织形貌及晶粒尺寸差别较大。两种超低碳BH钢在不同冷却条件下的室温金相组织均是多边形的铁素体,Ti+Nb超低碳BH钢铁素体晶粒较为细小,形状不规则,平均晶粒尺寸为16μm,Ti+V超低碳BH钢铁素体晶粒则较为粗大,形状规则,平均晶粒尺寸为26μm。     

Effects of carbon and niobium on microstructure and properties for Ti bearing steels

The objective of the study described here is to elucidate the effect of carbon and niobium on the microstructure, precipitation behaviour, and mechanical properties of 0·09C–0·11Ti (%) steel and 0·05C–0·025Nb–0·11Ti (%) steel under ultra fast cooling condition. The strengthening mechanisms are also discussed. The ferrite grains size and the size of precipitates in Ti and Nb–Ti steels were measured respectively. The mechanical properties obtained in Ti steel were similar to Nb–Ti steel with yield stress >700 MPa, elongation >20%, and good low temperature impact toughness. The study underscores that addition of higher carbon content by 0·04% under controlled rolling and ultra fast cooling conditions, we can achieve similar strength in the absence of micro-alloying element, niobium.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Nb-Ti Bearing Hot-rolled TRIP Steels

Nb-Tihot-rolled TRIP-assisted steel with high plasticity and appropriate volume percentage of retained austenite based on fine ferrite grain have been developed in the experiment. The test results showed that niobium tend to exist in solution state in matrix with less precipitation, and niobium-titanium could be precipitated in form of （Nb, Ti）C or （Nb, Ti） （C, N）, which play an important role in increasing yield strength （from 495 MPa to 610 MPa）. Besides, the retained austenite had a positive effect on improving the plasticity by transformation into martensite during tensile deformation.     

Mechanical Properties of V-, Nb-, and Ti-bearing As-cast Microalloyed Steels

The influence of microalloying additions on the mechanical properties of a low-carbon cast steel containing combinations of V, Nb, and Ti in the as-cast condition was evaluated. Tensile and hardness test results indicated that good combinations of strength and ductility could be achieved by V and Nb additions. While the yield strength and UTS （ultimate tensile strength） increased up to the range of 378-435 MPa and 579- 590 MPa, respectively in the microalloyed heats, their total elongation ranged from 18% to 23%. The presence of Ti, however, led to some reduction in the strength. Microstructural studies including scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and optical microscopy revealed that coarse TiN particles were responsible for this behavior. The Charpy impact values of all compositions indicated that microalloying additions significantly decreased the impact energy and led to the dominance of cleavage facets on the fracture surfaces. It seems that the increase in the hardness of coarse ferrite grains due to the precipitation hardening is the main reason for brittle fracture.     

Microalloying effects on microstructure and mechanical properties of 18Cr–2Mo ferritic stainless steel heavy plates

The microstructure, including grain size and precipitation, tensile strength and Charpy impact toughness of (Nb + V) 18Cr–2Mo ferritic stainless steel heavy plates with/without Ti were investigated by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and standard tensile strength and Charpy impact toughness testing. It was found that for 18Cr–2Mo heavy plate, a good combination of Nb–V stabilized method without Ti induces refinement of grain sizes due to the precipitation of amounts of fine Nb carbonitrides and V nitrides. Meanwhile, the mechanical testing results indicate that optimal transformation of grain size, precipitation that Nb–V composition system brings to 18Cr–2Mo heavy plate is beneficial to improvement of strength and impact toughness.     

The effect of processing parameters on the microstructure and mechanical properties of low-Si transformation-induced plasticity steels

A base low Si, high-Al transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel and one with 0.03Nb and 0.02Ti (wt%) additions were subjected to thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) and galvanising simulations. The microstructure and mechanical properties were analysed using a combination of optical and electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and tensile testing and the results compared with those from intercritically annealed–galvanised steels. The addition of Nb and Ti results in microstructure refinement and an increase in the amount of the retained austenite after TMP which in turn, leads to increases in the tensile strength (~750 MPa) and the total elongation (TE) (~29 %). A deterioration in the volume fraction of retained austenite and the mechanical properties was noted in both steels after the additional galvanising simulation. For the base steel, all TMP and galvanised samples presented with continuous yielding during tensile testing. The Nb–Ti steel exhibited discontinuous yielding and extended Lüders banding when TMP was followed by a longer coiling time. Both steels returned discontinuous yielding after the intercritical annealing–galvanising treatment. The discontinuous yielding behaviour was associated with the much finer ferrite grain size in the intercritically annealed steels and the ageing processes that take place during galvanising.     

Precipitation of MC phase and precipitation strengthening in hot rolled Nb–Mo and Nb–Ti steels

Hot rolled Nb–Mo steel of yield strength 600 MPa and Nb–Ti steel of yield strength 525 MPa with polygonal and acicular ferrite microstructure have been developed. Using physicochemical phase analysis, XRD, TEM and EDS, the distribution, morphology, composition, crystal structure and particle size of precipitates were observed and identified in these steels. The results revealed that the steels containing both Nb and Mo exhibited fine and uniformly distributed MC-type carbides, while the carbides were coarse and sparsely distributed in the steels containing Nb and Ti. The physicochemical phase analysis showed MC-type carbides contain both Nb and Mo, and the ratio of Mo/Nb was 0.41. Meanwhile, the mass% of the fine particles (<10 nm in size) of Nb–Mo steel was 58.4%, and higher than that of Nb–Ti steel with 30.0%. Therefore, the results of strengthening mechanisms analysis showed the higher strength of Nb–Mo steel than that of Nb–Ti steel is attributed to its relatively more prominent precipitation strengthening effect. The yield strength increments from precipitation hardening of Nb–Mo steel attained 182.7 MPa and higher than that of Nb–Ti steel.     

Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Si-Al-Mn TRIP Steel with Niobium

Microstructure consisting of ferrite, bainite and retained austenite can be obtained through intercritical annealing and isothermal treatment in bainite transformation region for low silicon TRIP (transformation induced plasticity) steel containing niobium. Effects of strain rate, Nb content and soaking temperature in bainite region on microstructure and mechanical properties of test steels were investigated. It is shown that as strain rate ranges from 10-2 to 10-4 s-1, the volume fraction of transformed martensite from retained austenite,as well as tensile strength, elongation rate and strength-ductility product, increases. When Nb is added, the volume fraction of retained austenite decreases, but tensile strength and yield strength increase. While Nb content reaches 0.014%, the steel exhibits high elongation and combination of strength and ductility. Higher retained austenite volume fraction and good mechanical properties are obtained in the test steels when the soaking temperature in bainite region is 400℃. The maximum values of tensile strength, total elongation rate and strength-ductility product can reach 739 MPa, 38% and 28082 MPa%, respectively.