耦合流化床提升管流动结构及边壁层厚度的研究

在射流流化床与提升管耦合的多段分级转化流化床冷态实验装置上,采用压力传感器和PV-6型颗粒速度测量仪,对提升管流动结构和边壁层厚度进行了系统研究。结果表明,一定的操作气速下,固体循环量增加使提升管中气固流动状态从稀相气力输送过渡到快速流态化区域。当提升管处于快速流态化区域时,一定固体循环量下,表观气速增加使提升管轴向各个位置的边壁层厚度减小;一定气速下,固体循环量增加使提升管各个截面的边壁层厚度增加,且低气速时提升管各个截面的边壁层厚度随固体循环量增加的程度明显高于高气速时。拟合得到了边壁层厚度与截面平均固体浓度的关系式,较好地预测了快速流态化区域内边壁层厚度随截面平均固体浓度的变化关系,该表达式的计算值和实验值吻合较好。     

流动方向对循环流化床中颗粒混合行为的影响

对循环流化床提升管及下行床两种不同气固流动方式对颗粒混合行为的影响进行了较为深入的对比分析，发现在影响循环流化床颗粒混合的众多因素（如操作条件、床层直径、颗粒性质及床层内构件等）中，气固流动方向是影响颗粒轴向混合的最主要因素．当气固流动为顺重力场时（下行床），颗粒的轴向混合很小，流型接近平推流；当气固流动为逆重力场的提升管时，轴向颗粒混合将成倍增大，颗粒流动远离平推流流动．分析表明，下行床中颗粒混合仅为单一的弥散颗粒扩散，而提升管中则存在着两种颗粒混合机制：弥散颗粒扩散及颗粒团扩散．弥散颗粒的扩散基本以平推流的形式通过循环流化床，提升管中大量的颗粒轴向返混归因于颗粒团的严重返混并由此形成了提升管中颗粒停留时间的双峰分布．     

提升管-流化床耦合反应器颗粒约束返混区的流动特性及约束作用分析

针对催化汽油辅助反应器改质降烯烃工艺,在一套提升管-流化床耦合反应器大型冷态实验装置上,系统研究了提升管出口段的颗粒流动特性,通过定义约束指数R_i（R_i为颗粒约束返混区实际截面平均固含率与理论截面平均固含率之比）定量反映提升管出口分布器及流化床层的约束作用。结果表明,与常规提升管相比,耦合反应器提升管出口存在一个颗粒约束返混区,其长度主要受表观气速、颗粒循环强度及上部流化床内颗粒静床高度影响;由于出口设置了倒锥形分布器,使得颗粒约束返混区靠近提升管出口区域在表观气速较低和颗粒循环强度较大时,局部固含率最大值出现在量纲 1半径Φ＝0.7处;颗粒约束返混区的约束指数在靠近出口的过程中逐渐增大,气固流动受到分布器及上部流化床层的约束作用亦逐渐增强。     

环隙下料式流化床?提升管耦合反应器内截面平均固含率的分布

在环隙下料式流化床-提升管耦合反应器大型冷模实验装置中,研究了提升管和环隙下料管内FCC颗粒截面平均固含率(εp)的轴向分布.结果表明,流化床区域内pe随操作气速增大而减小,提升管区域可分为充分发展区(3.91~6.81 m)和约束返混区(6.81~8.60 m),提升管区域内εp随操作气速增大而增大,操作气速小于0.7 m/s时,εp沿轴向分布均匀;其大于0.7 m/s时,约束返混区的pe明显增大.在环隙下料管内,由于受窜气的影响,颗粒沿重力场流动阻力增大.操作气速小于0.75 m/s时,环隙下料管内εp沿轴向分布较均匀;其大于0.75 m/s时,变径段出现脱空现象.总体上,εp沿轴向向下略有增加,颗粒可顺畅通过环隙下料管循环返回流化床内.确定了提升管区域内εp沿轴向分布的经验模型,计算值与实验值吻合较好.     

多段分级转化流化床提升管速度场的研究

针对流化床煤气化过程中需要长气固接触时间和高固体浓度,开发了耦合灰熔聚流化床和提升管的多段分级转化流化床。为了研究多段分级转化流化床提升管中局部颗粒速度的径向、轴向分布,在不同的操作条件下,采用PV-6型颗粒速度测量仪在冷态实验装置中系统测定提升管内局部颗粒速度。实验结果表明:提升管中任何径向、轴向位置的颗粒速度随着操作气速的增大而增大,随循环量的增加而减小。操作条件对中心区颗粒速度变化的影响明显高于边壁区。颗粒的加速首先发生在提升管中心区域,然后向边壁区域扩展。颗粒速度径向分布的不均匀性沿轴向逐渐增大,并且受操作气速影响比较大。     

气液固三相提升管中液相扩散特性

对气液固三相提升管内液相扩散行为进行了实验研究,考察了气速、液速以及颗粒循环量等操作因素对液相扩散系数的影响规律.实验研究结果表明,轴向、径向扩散系数随气速的增大均增大;轴向扩散系数随液速的变化基本保持不变,径向扩散系数随液速的增大而减小;轴向、径向扩散系数随颗粒循环量的增大均增大.与传统的气液固三相流化床相比,气液固三相提升管反应器更接近理想的平推流反应器.     

循环流化床压力波动信号的间歇性分析

用小波变换模极大值的方法对循环流化床靠近床层底部和顶部压力波动时间序列进行多重分形分析,确定相应的压力波动信号的间歇性指数.结果表明循环流化床内气-固流动具有多重分形的特性,由间歇性参数随操作气速的变化可判断出由快速流化床向密相气力输送的改变,提出了新的判断循环流化床流型转变的方法,指出流型的转变沿提升管轴向并不是均匀一致同时改变,床层底部的转变要滞后于床层顶部.     

移动床除尘器捕集颗粒喷动再生的主要操作因素

通过对喷动再生操作前后的捕集颗粒进行采样,考察粉尘/捕集颗粒比、提升管气速、颗粒循环量等操作因素对再生效果的影响。结果表明,粉尘/捕集颗粒比、提升管气速、颗粒循环量为影响喷动再生效果的主要操作因素,随粉尘/捕集颗粒比增大、提升管气速增大、颗粒循环量减小,粒级效率增大;喷动再生器在提升管气速较高时,再生效率较高,但若提升管气速过高,捕集颗粒同样会随灰尘一起被带出;喷动再生过程不可避免地造成捕集颗粒的磨损,合适的提升管气速对整个喷动再生系统至关重要,一般为捕集颗粒带出速度的1.1?1.3倍。     

提升管中气固两相流动行为的相似特性

在15.1 m高循环流化床实验装置上对提升管内的轴向压力梯度、局部颗粒浓度和颗粒速度进行了较系统的实验测试,研究了提升管中气固两相流充分发展段在不同操作条件下流动行为的相似特性.结果表明,在(G_s /ρ_p)^1.2/U^2.0_g相近的操作条件下,上行气固两相流充分发展段的颗粒浓度、下降颗粒时均速度、絮状物颗粒浓度和出现频率在空间的分布特征基本相同.对于同一提升管内的同一气固两相流系统,只要表观气速和颗粒循环速率按(G_s /ρ_p)^1.2/U^2.0_g同步变化,不同操作条件下的上行气固两相流在充分发展段就具有相似的宏观和微观流动行为.     

组合约束型提升管出口气固分布器的压降

在一套组合约束型提升管冷态实验装置上,通过实验研究了不同操作条件下提升管出口气固分布器的压降,并与常规气体分布器压降进行了对比。实验结果表明,在零床层及有床层的操作模式下,气固分布器压降均随提升管内表观气速和颗粒循环强度的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较低时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而增大,在颗粒循环强度较高时,气固分布器压降曲线变化的斜率随着表观气速的增加而减小;随着开孔率及上部流化床层压降增加,气固分布器压降呈降低趋势,当流化床层压降达到一定程度后,分布器各孔方可实现有效布气,此后气固分布器压降趋于近似不变;在相同表观气速及开孔率下,气固分布器压降大于常规气体分布器压降。     

Axial gas dispersion in a fluidized bed of polyethylene particles

Gas mixing behavior was investigated in a residence time distribution experiment in a bubbling fluidized bed of 0.07 m ID and 0.80 m high. Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) particles having a mean diameter of 772 Μm and a particle size range of 200-1,500 Μm were employed as the bed material. The stimulus-response technique with CO₂ as a tracer gas was performed for the RTD study. The effects of gas velocity, aspect ratio (H₀/D) and scale-up on the axial gas dispersion were determined from the unsteady-state dispersion model, and the residence time distributions of gas in the fluidized bed were compared with the ideal reactors. It was found that axial dispersion depends on the gas velocity and aspect ratio of the bed. The dimensionless dispersion coefficient was correlated with Reynolds number and aspect ratio.     

Measurement of particle concentration in a Wurster fluidized bed by electrical capacitance tomography sensors

It is essential to measure and monitor the particle flow characteristics in a Wurster fluidized bed to understand and optimize the coating processes. In this article, two electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) sensors are used to measure the particle concentration in different regions in a Wurster fluidized bed for the “cold” particle flows. One ECT sensor has a 12‐4 internal‐external electrodes and another has eight electrodes. The 12‐4‐electrode ECT sensor is used to measure the particle concentration in the annular fluidization region (outside of the Wurster tube) and the eight‐electrode ECT sensor is used to measure the particle flow in the central region (inside the Wurster tube). The effect of particle type, particle moisture, fluidization velocity, and geometrical parameters on the Wurster fluidization process is studied based on the two ECT measurements. The radial particle concentration profiles in the annular fluidization and central flow regions with different operation parameters are given. Fast Fourier Transform analysis of the particle concentration in the Wurster tube is performed with different superficial air velocities. The optimum operating ranges of the Wurster fluidization process for different particles are given. In the end of the article, computational fluids dynamics simulation results are given and used to compare with the measurement results by ECT for a typical Wurster fluidized bed. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 4051–4064, 2014     

Investigation of gas–solids flow characteristics in a conical fluidized bed dryer by pressure fluctuation and electrical capacitance tomography

It is important to investigate the gas–solids flow characteristics of fluidized bed drying processes to improve the operation efficiency and guarantee the product quality. This paper presents research into fluidized bed drying processes measured by high-frequency differential pressure fluctuation and electrical capacitance tomography (ECT). Power spectra analysis is combined with dynamic calibration for ECT to reveal the complex gas–solids flow behavior. Bubble characteristics are visualized by cross-sectional and quasi-3D ECT images. In addition, results by discrete wavelet transform analysis are given and compared with the analysis results of previous sections. It has been found that bubbles would coalesce in different ways under different operation conditions, and discrete wavelet transform sub-signals of ECT measurements are sensitive to particle moisture. This work reveals the complex hydrodynamic behavior in the fluidized bed dryer and provides valuable information for process control.     

Deep learning-based tomographic imaging of ECT for characterizing particle distribution in circulating fluidized bed

The gas and solids in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) are heterogeneously dispersed and a multiscale flow regime may form both in time and space. Accurate measurement of the fluidizing process is significant for investigating the multiscale gas–solid flow characteristics and the design, optimization, and control of CFBs in various applications. This article develops a deep learning-based tomographic imaging of electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) to characterize the particle concentration distribution in a CFB. The deep tomographic imaging approach is realized through training a well-designed convolutional neural network (CNN) with the numerically built dataset. Simulation results demonstrate that the average values of the relative image errors reconstructed by CNN in the test set are 0.1110 and 0.1114 for the 60 and 100 mm pipes, respectively, which are better than the average values of 0.1819 and 0.2519 by the Landweber algorithm. With the verification of the trained model based on the prepared data can image the unseen typical flow patterns better than Landweber, it is further used to investigate the particle flow characteristics of a lab-scale CFB. Experimental results reveal that the developed deep tomographic imaging of ECT can successfully measure the fluidized particle distribution in both the 60 and 100 mm pipes, showing good prediction and generality of the designed CNN model. A flow regime transformation from “annular” flow to “core-annular” flow and pneumatic conveying is observed under the tested conditions. Besides, the flow regime would be highly affected by the fluidized gas flow rate and the initial bed height.     

Influence of ring-type internals on axial pressure distribution in circulating fluidized bed

In order to improve non-uniform radial and axial flow structure of a circulating fluidized bed, the influence of ring-type internals on the axial pressure distribution and gas—solids flow structure in a riser of 7.6 cm in diameter and 3 m in height was investigated experimentally. Four different opening areas, 70%, 80%, 90% and 95%, were used and the superficial gas velocity and solids circulation rate were in the ranges of 5 to 10 m/s and 20 to 233 kg/m²·s, respectively. With the presence of internals, the axial pressure gradient distribution shows the formation of a zigzag type profile instead of the regular exponential or S-shape profile and the bottom acceleration region is shortened. The opening ratio of the rings plays an important role in affecting the flow structure. The optimal opening ratio is tightly related to the operating conditions. In the circulation fluidized bed used in this study, 90% open area was found to be most suitable for obtaining a more uniform gas—solids flow structure.     

电容层析成像在气固流化床测量中的应用

气固流化床广泛应用于化工、炼油、冶金、电力等工业生产领域。由于流化床中气固两相流动的复杂性,流化床测量方法的研究成为了一个重要的研究领域。电容层析成像（ECT）是20世纪80年代以来发展起来的一种非介入式多相流测量技术,已经在多相流测量领域发挥了重要作用。总结了国内外近年来应用ECT技术进行气固流化床测量的进展,特别是对气固流化床内固体相浓度、流化床流型识别、固体相速度等方面工作进行了总结,并简单介绍了ECT在流化床干燥中的应用,讨论了ECT和其他测量方法结合使用情况。最后对ECT在流化床测量中的局限性和发展方向进行了讨论。     

Geldart-B类颗粒在气固流化床中的床层膨胀与流型转变

采用理论推导和经验公式相结合方法,建立了Geldart-B类颗粒在流化床中流化过程的床层膨胀比(R)的通式,并在全取值范围内构建了床层膨胀比的收敛迭代公式。采用不同颗粒的流化实验数据对上述通式(模型)进行了验证,结果表明该模型很好地预测了床层膨胀比。进一步讨论了床层膨胀比与鼓泡流化流型变化之间的关系,给出了临界膨胀比的取值规律。有关床层膨胀比的研究结果一定程度上可有效改善流化床的监控,优化操作条件选取。     

导流筒分布器位置对环隙气升式气固环流反应器流体力学性能的影响

环流反应器的研究绝大多数都局限于气液、气液固系统,涉及气固环流反应器的研究较为稀少,且大多针对气升式气固环流反应器和喷动床。本文研究了一种处理A类粒子的环隙气升式气固环流反应器,考察了操作条件和导流筒分布器位置对床层密度分布、环流速度和质量流率的影响。发现将分布器位置下移后可以有效地改善区域的流化质量、减小滑移区,床层密度沿径向的分布得到了明显改善,颗粒环流质量流率有了明显提高;进气位置以上r/R<0.367的床层得到了良好的流化,但是0.367相似文献   

摇摆流化床的气固流动特性

采用二维床及D类玻璃珠颗粒,在表观气速U_g=0.267~0.978 m/s、摇摆幅值Θ=5°~15°、摇摆周期T=8~20 s的实验条件下,对摇摆流化床内气固流动过程及气体通过流化床的时均总压降进行了研究,并通过与常规直立床和倾斜床进行对比,分析了床体摇摆对气固流动的影响。结果表明,在平均角速度ω_ave>2(°)/s的条件下,当初始装料量和表观气速相同时,气体通过摇摆流化床的时均总压降低于直立床,高于相同最大倾角时的倾斜床;惯性力所产生的压降在0.15 kPa以下,其对床层压降的影响较小,床体倾斜导致气体向边壁区域聚集是影响摇摆流化床内气固流动特性的主要因素,由此导致床内存在固定床和下行移动床状态的非流化区域,使得处于流化区域的颗粒量减少,同时还降低了流化床层在竖直方向的静压。非流化区域的存在还会造成流化区域的气速高于直立床表观气速,两者表观气速之比为1.04~1.49。     

Wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in gas—liquid—solid fluidized beds

Wall to bed heat transfer has been studied in three-phase fluidized beds with a cocurrent up-flow of water and air. Six sizes of glass beads, two sizes of activated carbon beads and one size of alumina beads, varying in average diameter from 0.61 to 6.9 mm and in density from 1330 to 3550 kg/m³, were fluidized in a 95.6 mm diameter brass column heated by a steam jacket. Complementary heat transfer experiments have been performed also for a gas–liquid cocurrent column and liquid–solid fluidized beds. The wall-to-bed coefficient for heat transfer in the gas–liquid–solid fluidized bed is evaluated on the basis of the axial dispersion model concept. The ratio of the wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in the gas–liquid–solid fluidized bed to that in the liquid–solid fluidized bed operated at the same liquid flow rate is correlated in terms of the ratio of the velocity of gas to that of liquid and the properties of solid particles. A correlation equation for estimating the wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in the liquid–solid fluidized bed is also developed.