9种药用植物内生或附生真菌的分离及其杀虫、抑菌活性

从9种药用植物的根、茎、叶、花中分离得到358株内生或附生真菌,其中9株真菌的发酵液对白纹伊蚊3龄幼虫的毒杀活性较强,24 h死亡率均达到80%以上;15株真菌的发酵液对至少1种供试病原真菌的菌丝生长抑制率超过50%;4株真菌的发酵液对5种供试细菌均有明显的抑菌活性.     

侧柏内生真菌的分离鉴定及抗菌活性筛选

采用组织分离法从侧柏的根、茎、叶中分离获得内生真菌110株,经形态观察将其中103株鉴定分类为4个目、6个科、15个属,未产孢7株;内生真菌以链格孢属为优势属,茎叶中内生真菌的株数、种类多于根中.通过与苹果腐烂病菌、葡萄黑痘病菌等4种植物病原真菌平板对峙培养,从分离的内生真菌中筛选出21株(占总分离株数的19.1%)有拮抗活性的菌株,其至少对1种植物病原真菌有生长抑制作用,活性菌株主要分布在链格孢属,其抗菌活性成分值得进一步研究.     

植物内生真菌抑制细菌活性菌株的筛选

室内以离体方法测试了供试植物内生真菌样品的丙酮提取物对枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌3种病原细菌抑菌活性，筛选出了对供试细菌有很好离体抑菌效果的植物内生真菌样品，2种是从银杏上分离的内生真菌，1种为扶芳藤上分离的内生真菌。     

药用植物内生真菌及其生物活性物质研究概况

综述药用植物内生真菌及其生物活性物质的研究现状。分析了内生真菌产生物活性物质的种类、方式与作用,介绍了内生真菌分离与活性物质的筛选及其在新药研发中的应用。     

硒多糖的研究进展

硒多糖是一种有机硒化合物,具有多种生理活性,在保健和药物开发等方面显现出巨大的应用前景.简要综述了硒多糖的来源、结构及生理活性.     

农用植物内生真菌研究进展

植物内生真菌(Plant endophytic fungi)是指在植物寄主中度过全部或近乎全部生活周期而不使寄主表现任何症状的一类真菌。它是生活在植物组织内的一类微生物,是植物微生态系统中的天然组成成分。内生真菌长期生活在植物体内的特殊环境中,并与寄主协同进化,在演化过程中两者形成了互惠共生关系。一方面内生真菌可从寄主中吸取营养供自己生长所需,另一方面内生真菌在寄主的生长发育和系统演化过程中起重要的作用。近年来,植物     

56种植物对植物病原菌的生物活性

以小麦赤霉菌等6种常见植物病原真菌为对象,采用生长速率法对56种植物的甲醇提取物进行了室内抑菌活性测定.结果表明:多数供试中草药植物提取物对植物病原真菌都表现出了不同程度的抑菌活性,其中黄连、藁本、臭椿3种植物的甲醇提取物表现出强烈的抑菌活性,对供试的6种病原真菌中的5种生长抑制率都在80%以上,值得深入研究.     

植物硒多糖的研究与应用

植物硒多糖是硒与多糖结合在一起的有机硒化合物,具有硒和多糖的各种生理功能,而且生物活性普遍高于硒和多糖,硒多糖通过提高相关酶的活性来增强机体免疫力、提高抗氧化活性、降低血糖血脂和拮抗重金属。本文综述了植物硒多糖的种类、提取、分离纯化、结构分析测定及生理活性研究,以期能为更好的研究植物中的硒多糖提供理论依据。     

植物内生真菌挥发性物质及其在生物防治中的应用研究进展

植物病、虫、草害是目前影响植物健康、作物产量、品质和生态系统稳定的重要因素。植物内生真菌挥发性物质体积小，易于在植物和土壤中扩散，与寄主植物拥有相同或相似的活性成分，其在生物防治方面具有潜在的重要性。通过对植物内生真菌挥发性物质在病害、草害和虫害中的应用进行综述，并提出目前植物内生真菌挥发性物质应用挑战及解决策略，以期推动植物内生真菌和挥发性物质熏蒸剂的商品化，为保护植物的绿色健康生长提供科学依据和理论基础。     

植物内生菌及其次生代谢活性物质多样性的研究进展

植物内生菌是一种新型的微生物资源,具有重大的研究意义和潜在的应用价值,近年来已成为微生物资源研究的热点之一.对植物内生菌及其次生代谢活性物质多样性的研究进展进行了综述.     

Biodiversity,Phylogeny, and Antifungal Functions of Endophytic Fungi Associated with Zanthoxylum bungeanum

This study investigated the biodiversity, phylogeny, and antifungal activity of endophytic fungi isolated from Zanthoxylum bungeanum. A total of 940 isolates obtained were grouped into 93 morphotypes, 43 species, and 23 genera, which were authenticated by molecular identification based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. A high diversity of endophytic fungi from Z. bungeanum are observed with high species richness S (43), Margalef index D′ (6.1351), Shannon–Wiener index H′ (3.2743), Simpson diversity index D_s (0.9476), PIE index (0.9486), and evenness Pielou index J (0.8705) but a low dominant index λ (0.0524). Significant tissue specificity of the endophytic fungi was observed in Z. bungeanum, and the highest species richness and diversity indexes were obtained in the stem. Phylogenetic analyses of the 93 endophytic isolates were carried out by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method to demonstrate their evolutionary processes. Antifungal activities of endophytic fungi were assayed and eight endophytic isolates showed strong and long-lasting inhibition against host pathogenic fungi Fusarium sambucinum and Pseudocercospora zanthoxyli. Here, for the first time, we systematically demonstrate the biodiversity, phylogeny, and antifungal activity of endophytic fungi associated with Z. bungeanum and reveal the value of sampling different tissues of a given plant to obtain the greatest endophyte species diversity, which might offer a framework for further investigation and utilization of endophytic fungi as aunique source of interesting and useful bioactive compounds.     

The Role of Glycoside Hydrolases in Phytopathogenic Fungi and Oomycetes Virulence

Phytopathogenic fungi need to secrete different hydrolytic enzymes to break down complex polysaccharides in the plant cell wall in order to enter the host and develop the disease. Fungi produce various types of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) during infection. Most of the characterized CWDEs belong to glycoside hydrolases (GHs). These enzymes hydrolyze glycosidic bonds and have been identified in many fungal species sequenced to date. Many studies have shown that CWDEs belong to several GH families and play significant roles in the invasion and pathogenicity of fungi and oomycetes during infection on the plant host, but their mode of function in virulence is not yet fully understood. Moreover, some of the CWDEs that belong to different GH families act as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which trigger plant immune responses. In this review, we summarize the most important GHs that have been described in eukaryotic phytopathogens and are involved in the establishment of a successful infection.     

药用真菌多糖的免疫活性及化学特征研究进展

药用真菌多糖种类较多,具有复杂的单糖组成和结构,因其具有免疫活性而受到广泛的关注。为了更好的研究和开发药用真菌活性多糖资源,本文综述了6种重要药用真菌多糖的免疫活性和化学特征在近5年内的研究现状,为进一步研究功能性多糖的构效关系提供参考。     

Biochemical Properties and Possible Roles of Ectophosphatase Activities in Fungi

Ectophosphatases are surface membrane-bound proteins whose active sites face the extracellular medium. These enzymes have been reported in several microorganisms including a large number of medically relevant fungal species. An effective technique for identifying ectophosphatases is performing phosphatase activity assays using living intact cells. Biochemical characterization of these activities has shown their differential modulation by classical phosphatase inhibitors, divalent metals and pH range. The physiological roles of ectophosphatases are not well established; however, it has been suggested that these enzymes play important roles in nutrition, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, virulence and infection. Adhesion to host cells is the first step in establishing a fungal infection and ectophosphatases may be one of the first parasite proteins that come into contact with the host cells. Several results indicate that ectophosphatase activities increase the capacity of fungi to adhere to the host cells. In this context, the present review provides an overview of recent discoveries related to the occurrence and possible roles of ectophosphatase activities in fungal cells.     

Putative LysM Effectors Contribute to Fungal Lifestyle

Fungal LysM effector proteins can dampen plant host–defence responses, protecting hyphae from plant chitinases, but little is known on these effectors from nonpathogenic fungal endophytes. We found four putative LysM effectors in the genome of the endophytic nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc123). All four genes encoding putative LysM effectors are expressed constitutively by the fungus. Additionally, the gene encoding Lys1—the smallest one—is the most expressed in banana roots colonised by the fungus. Pc123 Lys1, 2 and 4 display high homology with those of other strains of the fungus and phylogenetically close entomopathogenic fungi. However, Pc123 Lys3 displays low homology with other fungi, but some similarities are found in saprophytes. This suggests evolutionary divergence in Pc123 LysM effectors. Additionally, molecular docking shows that the NAcGl binding sites of Pc123 Lys 2, 3 and 4 are adjacent to an alpha helix. Putative LysM effectors from fungal endophytes, such as Pc123, differ from those of plant pathogenic fungi. LysM motifs from endophytic fungi show clear conservation of cysteines in Positions 13, 51 and 63, unlike those of plant pathogens. LysM effectors could therefore be associated with the lifestyle of a fungus and give us a clue of how organisms could behave in different environments.     

Chemical Ecology Mediated by Fungal Endophytes in Grasses

Defensive mutualism is widely accepted as providing the best framework for understanding how seed-transmitted, alkaloid producing fungal endophytes of grasses are maintained in many host populations. Here, we first briefly review current knowledge of bioactive alkaloids produced by systemic grass-endophytes. New findings suggest that chemotypic diversity of the endophyte-grass symbiotum is far more complex, involving multifaceted signaling and chemical cross-talk between endophyte and host cells (e.g., reactive oxygen species and antioxidants) or between plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies (e.g., volatile organic compounds, and salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways). Accumulating evidence also suggests that the tight relationship between the systemic endophyte and the host grass can lead to the loss of grass traits when the lost functions, such as plant defense to herbivores, are compensated for by an interactive endophytic fungal partner. Furthermore, chemotypic diversity of a symbiotum appears to depend on the endophyte and the host plant life histories, as well as on fungal and plant genotypes, abiotic and biotic environmental conditions, and their interactions. Thus, joint approaches of (bio)chemists, molecular biologists, plant physiologists, evolutionary biologists, and ecologists are urgently needed to fully understand the endophyte-grass symbiosis, its coevolutionary history, and ecological importance. We propose that endophyte-grass symbiosis provides an excellent model to study microbially mediated multirophic interactions from molecular mechanisms to ecology.     

两株红树内生真菌混合发酵液提取物抗植物病原菌活性及LC-MS研究

将混合发酵技术用于南海红树内生真菌E33和K38的培养,发酵液乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取物对多种植物病原菌显示强烈抑制作用,抑制率比单独发酵平均增加1～3倍。LC-MS检测显示混合发酵时代谢物种类显著增加,表明两菌发展出不同于单独发酵的代谢途径,产生了强效抗菌活性物质。     

Diversity and Taxonomic Distribution of Endophytic Bacterial Community in the Rice Plant and Its Prospective

Endophytic bacterial communities are beneficial communities for host plants that exist inside the surfaces of plant tissues, and their application improves plant growth. They benefit directly from the host plant by enhancing the nutrient amount of the plant’s intake and influencing the phytohormones, which are responsible for growth promotion and stress. Endophytic bacteria play an important role in plant-growth promotion (PGP) by regulating the indirect mechanism targeting pest and pathogens through hydrolytic enzymes, antibiotics, biocontrol potential, and nutrient restriction for pathogens. To attain these benefits, firstly bacterial communities must be colonized by plant tissues. The nature of colonization can be achieved by using a set of traits, including attachment behavior and motility speed, degradation of plant polymers, and plant defense evasion. The diversity of bacterial endophytes colonization depends on various factors, such as plants’ relationship with environmental factors. Generally, each endophytic bacteria has a wide host range, and they are used as bio-inoculants in the form of synthetic applications for sustainable agriculture systems and to protect the environment from chemical hazards. This review discusses and explores the taxonomic distribution of endophytic bacteria associated with different genotypes of rice plants and their origin, movement, and mechanism of PGP. In addition, this review accentuates compressive meta data of endophytic bacteria communities associated with different genotypes of rice plants, retrieves their plant-growth-promoting properties and their antagonism against plant pathogens, and discusses the indication of endophytic bacterial flora in rice plant tissues using various methods. The future direction deepens the study of novel endophytic bacterial communities and their identification from rice plants through innovative techniques and their application for sustainable agriculture systems.     

Occurence and Bioactivities of Funicone-Related Compounds

Studies on production of secondary metabolites by fungi have received a substantial boost lately, particularly with reference to applications of their biological properties in human medicine. Funicones represent a series of related compounds for which there is accumulating evidence supporting their possible use as pharmaceuticals. This paper provides a review on the current status of knowledge on these fungal extrolites, with special reference to aspects concerning their molecular structures and biological activities.