教师实践自由的张力及其限度

教师实践自由的张力是指教师作为主动的施力者,其实践自由张开程度、趋势的大小.从教育自身的规律看教师实践自由张力应体现在教师的实践是审美的、智慧的、创新的、愉悦的、实用的、主体的、生命的、开放的、个性的、人文的、生态的、责任的.但教师实践自由不是无边界地肆意驰骋,相反,教师实践自由的张力是有限度的、被约束的,这既体现于教育内在机制对它的约束和牵制,也体现于人类社会发展实践的内在逻辑建构.     

试制的超声波脉冲穿透法砂轮硬度试验机

用超声波脉冲穿透法测定的动弹性系数与砂轮的组成有密切的关系,砂轮的组成与动弹性系数的关系用松野的公式.大体上是可以说明的。动弹性系数与砂轮的抗折强度有密切的关系,而抗折强度与实际采用的方法测定出的硬度是互相关联着的。动弹性系数与锥头的压入深度也是有关系的。因此,动弹性系数与用普通方法测定出的硬度是容易对应的,用于实     

改进SLP和遗传算法结合的车间设备布局优化

针对加工多种类产品,且具有固定入口和出口的生产车间,运用改进的SLP和遗传算法相结合的方法进行车间设备布局的优化,从而减少人员、物料的移动成本,提高车间利用率和企业的核心竞争力。首先,在对生产车间的物流进行详细分析的基础上,利用改进的SLP理论确定生产车间设备布局的初步方案。然后,把SLP形成的初步方案作为遗传算法的初始种群的部分染色体,利用改进的遗传算法实现对案例车间设备布局的优化。运用改进的SLP和遗传算法相结合的方法进行车间设备布局的优化,弥补了SLP过于依赖经验、约束过多的缺点,同时,提高了遗传算法的选优能力,减少了随机性所引起的误差,在选出最好个体的同时保证了种群的多样性,使最终的布局方案更具实用价值。     

用三种不同粘结剂制作的粘结磁体的强度和磁性能

本文研究了用两种不同粘结剂制作的粘结磁体在不同的固化温度下的强度和磁性能，并与美国进口粘结剂制作的粘结磁体的强度和磁性能进行了对比。实验结果表明，由于这两种粘结剂的固化温度较低，因此在粘结剂含量相同的情况下，由它们制作的粘结磁体的磁性能比用美国进口粘结剂制作的粘结磁体的要高，而且它们的使用温度范围也较宽，达１８０℃。粘结剂Ａ制作的粘结磁体的强度也略高于用美国进口粘结剂制作的粘结磁体的强度，是一种很理想的制作粘结磁体的粘结剂。     

粉末钢锻件的模缎

粉末冶金学的发展使我们能够成功地利用粉末材料生产重负荷的重要零件。包括一些目前用低合金钢模锻的零件的生产,也能够用粉末冶金学的方法得到毛坯,而最后的形状和要求的密实性则用精密的热模锻获得。这样的工艺过程兼有粉末材料成本的优点和模锻的金属构件的高质量。生产消耗的降低是靠省掉目前为了获得精锻件所必须的那     

21世纪初的材料科学技术

材料是人类进化史的里程碑,现代文明的重要支柱,发展高新技术的基础和先导。随着科学技术的进步,人类生活水平的提高,特别是由于世界人口的迅速增加,资源的加速枯竭,生态环境的不断恶化,21世纪对材料科学技术提出更高的要求。知识经济的蓬勃发展与信息的网络化将促进材料科学技术的突飞猛进,因而本文仅对21世纪初的情况做一粗略的预测,谨供参考。     

关于锌精矿合理计价模式的探讨

随着商品牛市的演进，我国铅锌业蓬勃发展，矿产品短缺推升了采选业的利润，矿产品价格的坚挺吸引了逐利资本的目光，矿业的繁荣又推进了冶炼厂的扩张，采选业和冶炼业互相拉动、互相促进，螺旋式上升，奠定了我国锌业在国际上的重要地位。随着供求关系的变化，锌精矿的供应也在短缺——过剩的轮回中不断摇摆。除了供求关系的不断变化对价格的影响以外，过剩的流动性带来的大量资本对商品市场的投机也给市场造成难以预测的波动，从业者既享受了“井喷”行情带来的喜悦，也承受着“雪崩式”跳水行情带来的心酸。面对上窜下跳的锌行情，如何合理的确定锌精矿的价格，对锌精矿的供求者来说，一直是一个揪心的问题。     

车式机器人个体避开凸多边形障碍物的免碰转角的确定

设置在机器人不同侧面的机器人传感器的角色有着很大的不同。在同一侧,来自不同传感器的距离差意味着关于环境的重要信息。对于在同一侧面的同一水平面的传感器．传感器的位置在决定机器人的安全转角上扮演着天键角色。在本文中,我们讨论了这些问题,提出并证明计算瞬时转角的公式。车式机器人被赋予不同的避开障碍物的能力这些能力的自组织融合能够使机器人安全地转向宽阔的空间,然后在平行于或近于平行于静态或动态凸多边形障碍物的边缘的方向前进或后退。所有的实时信息来自于各侧面的两个距离传感器,没有任何环境的先验信息。本文中推导的公式具有普遍的适用性。     

Cr含量对铬硅锰合金耐磨铸铁性能的影响

以铸态的低Cr量的铬硅锰合金耐磨铸铁为对比材料,考察了不同Cr含量的铬硅锰合金耐磨铸铁及其热处理后的材料的抗冲蚀磨损性能,并对试验材料的冲击断口形貌和抗冲蚀磨损失效机理进行了分析.结果表明:在相同的冲蚀磨损条件下,铬质量分数为0.70%的铸态材料以及碳化物含量为16%～20%的材料的耐磨性能较好,并具有良好的综合力学性能;磨球的耐磨性与碳化物的含量有很大关系,较多的碳化物含量以及较为分散的分布,对耐磨性的提高是有利的.磨球的冲击韧度主要受碳化物分布的影响,碳化物分布越分散,磨球的冲击韧度越大.     

谁是明天的赢家——怎样迎接21世纪的挑战

1　面临的挑战和机遇21世纪,人类正在迈向一个崭新的新经济时代,我们面临严峻的挑战和巨大的机遇。传统工业经济依为命脉的钢铁和石油等自然资源是有限的,无节制地消耗自然资源和污染环境已经威胁到人类的生存。新经济不是脱离物质生产的“软件经济”,它的实质是利用智力资源对有限自然资源的部分取代,以更低的成本和更快的速度去完成以前的事情,通过知识和智力对短缺的自然资源进行更加科学合理的配置。新经济的出现改变了过去那种以资源和资本的总量和增量决定经济发展成败的模式,而将资源和资本的经营意识上升到创新知识的生产和消费,使…     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.