Low complexity concurrent constant modulus algorithm and soft decision directed scheme for blind equalisation

The recently introduced concurrent constant modulus algorithm (CMA) and decision-directed (DD) scheme provides a state-of-the-art low-complexity blind equalisation technique for high-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) channels. At a small cost of slightly more than doubling the complexity of the standard CMA blind equaliser, this concurrent CMA and DD blind equaliser achieves a dramatic improvement in equalisation performance over the CMA. In the paper, a new blind equalisation scheme is proposed based on concurrent CMA and a novel soft decision-directed (SDD) adaptation. The proposed concurrent CMA and SDD blind equaliser has simpler computational requirements than the concurrent CMA and DD algorithm. Extensive simulation shows that it has the same steady-state equalisation performance as the concurrent CMA and DD algorithm and a faster convergence speed over the latter scheme     

Adaptive equalisation for DECT systems operating in low time-dispersive channels

DECT (digital European cordless telecommunication) is the current standard for cordless indoor communication in Europe. In this work the authors present a scheme to increase the coverage area of DECT links in multipath propagation by the application of channel equalisation. The equaliser is a decision feedback equaliser using a recursive least squares algorithm for adaptation. As a training sequence for the equaliser, the standardised packet synchronising word of the DECT TDMA slots is used.<>     

Space-time blind equalisation in impulsive noise

The presence of non-Gaussian impulsive noise in wireless system can degrade the performance of existing equalisers and signal detectors. The problem of blind source separation and equalisation for multipleinput/ multiple-output (MIMO) channels under heavy-tailed impulsive noise environment is studied. A generalised multi-user constant modulus (CM) cost function is proposed by employing the fractional lower order CM property of the equaliser input signals as well as the fractional lower order cross-correlations between them. The associated adaptive blind equalisation algorithm based on a stochastic gradient descent method is defined as fractional lower order multi-user constant modulus algorithm (FMU_CMA), which is able to mitigate impulsive channel noise while recovering all input signals simultaneously. The steady-state meansquare error (MSE) performance of the FMU_CMA is studied in a noise-free environment; the approximate expression is derived based on the energy-preserving relation and the Taylor series expansion. Simulation studies are undertaken to support the analysis with CM and non-CM signal.     

Normalized sliding window constant modulus and decision-directedalgorithms: a link between blind equalization and classical adaptivefiltering

By minimizing a deterministic criterion of the constant modulus (CM) type or of the decision-directed (DD) type, we derive normalized stochastic gradient algorithms for blind linear equalization (BE) of QAM systems. These algorithms allow us to formulate CM and DD separation principles, which help obtain a whole family of CM or DD BE algorithms from classical adaptive filtering algorithms. We focus on the algorithms obtained by using the affine projection adaptive filtering algorithm (APA). Their increased convergence speed and ability to escape from local minima of their cost function make these algorithms very promising for BE applications     

Global convergence and mixing parameter selection in thecross-correlation constant modulus algorithm for the multi-userenvironment

Surface topography of the mixed cross-correlation and constant modulus algorithm (CC-CMA) is undertaken to provide a suitable range for the mixing parameter to avoid ill-convergence. Previous work indicated that the mixing parameter k should be chosen to be greater than 4/3, but this result was based upon an assumption of perfect equalisation of previous equaliser outputs. The authors relax this perfect equalisation assumption and obtain a tighter bound for the mixing parameter in the case of a two-user system as well as a multi-user system. In a two-user transmission scheme, they suggest that the value of k should be chosen as 4. It is shown that for a multi-user system the cross-correlation of the soft decision of the previous equaliser output may result in ill-convergence and a hybrid equalisation method, which employs a hard decision on the equaliser output in the cross-correlation term of the CC-CMA algorithm after a start-up period is therefore proposed. Simulation studies are included to support the results     

一种与前向纠错结合的判决指向SNR估计方法

通过最大似然方法导出了MPSK信号在加性高斯白噪声信道的判决指向(DD)信噪比估计算法,并将这种算法与前向纠错算法结合得到了一种新的信噪比估计方法。分析和仿真的结果表明,该方法的估计性能不但比判决指向算法好得多,而且也优于最近出现的其他信噪比估计算法。     

Low-complexity sphere decoding for detection of OFDM systems in doubly-selective fading channels

A low-complexity detection scheme consisting of a sphere decoder and a parallel interference cancellation (PIC) equaliser is proposed for OFDM systems in doubly-selective fading channels. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that this detection scheme substantially improves the symbol error rate performance of OFDM systems compared with the traditional PIC equaliser while requiring lower complexity at moderate and high signal-to-noise ratios.     

A recursive link adaptation algorithm for MIMO systems

An algorithm to adjust the coding/modulation (CM) scheme in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication system is proposed and analysed. The CM scheme selected for each transmitter is determined by a recursive procedure at the receiver, taking into account estimated signal-to-noise ratio and the properties of available CM schemes. The algorithm performance was tested with different detection algorithms: pseudo-inverse (PINV), V-BLAST and maximum likelihood (ML).     

Performance of adaptive multisensor decision feedback equaliser fortime-varying frequency selective radio channels

A multisensor decision feedback equaliser based on the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) criterion is studied. The superiority of the performance of the multisensor equaliser is shown by simulation of a whole communication system in which the adaptive equaliser is incorporated. The recursive least squares (RLS) algorithm is used to update the coefficients. From the results obtained for a time-varying urban terrain channel model, the extremely interesting tracking capability of the multisensor equaliser is shown     

Simplified parallel decision feedback equalisation for CCITT V.32/V.32 bis coded modems

A simplified parallel decision feedback equaliser (SPDFE) with the 32/64/128 AMPM CCITT trellis code is considered. The SPDFE detector consists of a whitened matched filter (WMF) and a reduced parallel decision feedback equaliser incorporated in the Viterbi decoder. The bit error rate simulation results show substantial improvement over the conventional detector with a linear equaliser and a separate Viterbi algorithm, although the implementation complexity remains the same.<>     

基于反射半导体光放大器与光纤布拉格光栅均衡器的单波长10Gb/s WDM PON光传输方案（英文）

We propose a 10-Gb/s WavelengthDivision-Multiplexed Passive Optical Network(WDM-PON) scheme with upstream transmission employing Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier(RSOA) and Fibre Bragg Grating(FBG) optical equaliser.Transmissions of10-Gb/s non return-to-zero signals using a 1.2-GHz RSOA and FBG optical equaliser with different setups are demonstrated.Significant performance improvement and 40-km standard single mode fibre transmission are achieved using FBG optical equaliser and Remotely Pumped Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifier(RP-EDFA),where they are used to equalise the output of the band-limited RSOA and amplify the seed light and upstream signal,respectively.     

Recursive single-most-likely-replacement channel equaliser

The paper proposes a recursive single-most-likely-replacement (SMLR) equaliser, that is a fixed-lag block signal processing algorithm indexed by the block size L and the number of decisions N⩽L at each recursion, for channels in the presence of intersymbol interference of finite or infinite length and additive white Gaussian noise. Both computational load and storage required by the proposed recursive SMLR equaliser are linearly proportional to the block size. Two simulation examples illustrate the performance of the proposed recursive SMLR equaliser     

Complexity reduction for a multisensor Viterbi equaliser

A multisensor equaliser based on the Viterbi algorithm is presented. The equaliser consists of a multisensor Viterbi estimator and adaptive channel estimators. Its complexity is described and its performance over mobile channels is analysed. It is concluded that the multisensor Viterbi equaliser is capable of considering truncated channels, thereby allowing a considerable reduction in complexity     

Fast Converging Semi-Blind Space-Time Equalisation for Dispersive QAM MIMO Systems

A novel semi-blind space-time equaliser (STE) is proposed for dispersive multiple-input multiple-output systems that employ high-throughput quadrature amplitude modulation signalling. A minimum number of training symbols, approximately equal to the dimension of the STE, are first utilised to provide a rough initial least squares estimate of the STE?s weight vector. A concurrent gradient-Newton constant modulus algorithm and soft decision-directed scheme is then applied to adapt the STE. The proposed semi-blind adaptive STE is capable of converging fast to the minimum mean square error STE solution. Simulation results confirms that the convergence speed of this semi-blind adaptive algorithm is very close to that of the training-based recursive least squares algorithm.     

Turbo equalisation in non-Gaussian impulsive noise

Turbo equalisation is a state-of-the-art receiving scheme for coded data transmission over channels introducing intersymbol interference (ISI). The author investigates turbo equalisation performance in the presence of ISI and impulsive noise. The design imperfections contributing to the non-robustness of the standard turbo equaliser to outliers are identified, and a novel turbo equaliser, at almost no additional increase in complexity, is proposed for joint mitigation of ISI and impulsive noise. The proposed turbo equaliser incorporates a Talwar penalty function into the maximum a posteriori (MAP) component equaliser to serve two purposes. First, it improves the estimation of the transition probabilities for all transitions through the trellis and for subsequent determination of the a posteriori log-likelihood ratio. Secondly, it absorbs the outliers and prevents them from spreading into the MAP constituent decoder. Simulation results based on Proakis's channel models show that the proposed turbo equaliser achieves a dramatic improvement over the standard turbo equaliser in impulsive noise. At a bit error rate (BER) of 10/sup -2/, the performance gain is as large as 3.5 to 5 dB, and as large as 7 to 8 dB at a BER of 10/sup -3/.     

Metric of TCM decoder robust to error propagation indecision-feedback equaliser for fading ISI channels

When TCM is used in frequency selective fading channels. A simple receiver can be used that consists of a decision-feedback equaliser, deinterleaver, and decoder. In this receiver, error propagation of the decision-feedback equaliser significantly degrades the TCM system performance. A metric calculation scheme of TCM decoder robust to error propagation in decision-feedback equalisers is proposed. Computer simulation shows the usefulness of the proposed scheme     

Joint channel estimation and data detection for high rate orthogonal time frequency space systems

This paper proposes a new pilot pattern in the delay-Doppler (DD) domain for the orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) system. In contrast to the embedded-pilot schemes, guard intervals are not used so as increase the spectral efficiency. Also, compared to the superimposed design where data symbols and pilots are arranged on the entire DD grid, in the proposed rearrangement, the number of pilots used is only spread over a subgrid of the DD grid. Hence, the interference of pilots with data symbols is reduced. Afterwards, an algorithm for channel estimation (CE) and symbol detection in the DD domain benefiting from the sparsity of the DD channel is designed. The sparse CE step is formulated as a specific marginalization of the maximum a posteriori (MAP) criterion by providing a Bayesian approach via the mean-field approximation that involves the variational Bayesian expectation maximization (VB-EM) algorithm. Detection of data symbols is done using a low complexity MP algorithm. We also propose an interference cancellation (IC) scheme to mitigate contamination of data by pilots that is run after each CE step. To achieve a high CE accuracy, based on the mean mutual incoherence property (MIP), a pilot optimization problem for OTFS is formulated and develop a simulated annealing-based algorithm to solve it. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves a good compromise between spectral efficiency, complexity, and performance in terms of bit error rate (BER) and normalized mean square error (NMSE) when compared to literature benchmarks.     

Noncoherent adaptive linear MMSE equalisation for 16DAPSK signals

A novel adaptive noncoherent linear minimum mean squared error equaliser for 16-level differential amplitude/phase shift keying signals is proposed. A novel modified least mean square algorithm is derived which allows an efficient equaliser adaptation. Simulations confirm the high performance of the proposed noncoherent equaliser and its robustness against carrier phase variations     

A Technique for Frequency Synchronization in Multi-Band OFDM in Realistic UWB Channel

This paper presents a highly accurate frequency offset estimation algorithm for multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) systems effective for realistic ultra-wideband (UWB) environment. The proposed algorithm derives its estimates based on phase differences in the received subcarrier signals of several successive OFDM symbols in the preamble. We consider different carrier frequency offsets and different channel responses in different bands to keep the analysis and simulation compatible for practical multi-band UWB scenario. Performance of the proposed algorithm is studied by means of bit error rate (BER) performance of MB-OFDM system. In order to compare the variance of the synchronizer to that of the theoretical optimum, we derive the Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) of the estimation error variance and compare it with the simulated error variance both in additive white Gaussian noise and UWB channel model (CM) environments, CM1–CM4. Next, we modify the estimation algorithm by proposing a multi-band averaging frequency offset synchronization (MBAFS) scheme. We establish superior BER performance with MBAFS compared to our first scheme. We calculate modified CRLB for MBAFS and compare it with simulation results for CM1–CM4. Both analysis and simulation show that MBAFS algorithm can estimate the carrier frequency offset effectively and precisely in UWB fading channels for MB-OFDM applications. We also analyze the computational complexity of both the proposed algorithms in order to verify their feasibility of implementation in practical UWB receiver design.     

Adaptive lattice-form IIR blind equaliser

The author describes incorporation of the lattice-form structure in the blind infinite impulse response (IIR) algorithm, based on a cost function which is a modified version of that proposed by Shalvi and Weinstein (1990). The proposed IIR blind equaliser has the advantage of lower complexity; simulation results also indicate that the proposed IIR blind equaliser has a faster convergence rate and a smaller mean square error (MSE)