反应型有机修饰剂对环氧树脂/粘土纳米复合材料热/机械性能的影响

使带有环氧基团的三缩水甘油基对氨基苯酚(TGPAP)分别与溴代正丁烷(BB)、2-溴乙醇(BE)反应,合成了反应型粘土有机修饰剂溴化(正定烷基)双环氧基(4-环氧醚基)铵(TGPAPB)和溴化(2-羟乙基)双环氧基(4-环氧醚基)铵(TGPAPE)。用这两种修饰剂改性粘土,分别制备出具有相同反应官能团但与环氧树脂的相容性略有不同的两种有机化粘土(B-Clay和E-Clay)。再用“粘土淤浆复合法”制备出两种环氧树脂/粘土纳米复合材料,研究了两种反应型有机修饰剂对纳米复合材料的结构和性能的影响。结果表明：带有羟基的E-Clay以高度无规剥离形式均匀分布在环氧树脂基体中;而B-Clay则形成了无规剥离/插层混合结构。两种粘土均参与固化反应在环氧树脂基体和粘土片层间产生了较强的界面作用力,从而显著提高了纳米复合材料的拉伸强度。粘土质量分数为3%的两种纳米复合材料,其拉伸强度分别达到32.4 MPa(E-Clay)和28.0 MPa(B-Clay),比对应的纯环氧树脂聚合物分别提高了76.47%和52.51%。同时,这两种纳米复合材料的玻璃化转变温度(T_g)也略有提高。     

考虑纤维随机分布的复合材料热残余应力分析及其对横向力学性能的影响

建立了考虑纤维随机分布并包含界面的复合材料微观力学数值模型,模拟玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料固化过程中的热残余应力。通过与纤维周期性分布模型的计算结果进行对比,发现纤维分布形式会对复合材料的热残余应力产生重要影响,纤维随机分布情况下的最大热残余应力明显大于纤维周期性分布的情况下。研究了含热残余应力的复合材料在横向拉伸与压缩载荷下的损伤和破坏过程,结果表明:热残余应力的存在显著影响了复合材料的损伤起始位置和扩展路径,削弱了复合材料的横向拉伸和压缩强度。在横向拉伸载荷下,考虑热残余应力后,复合材料的强度有所下降,断裂应变显著降低;在横向压缩载荷下,考虑热残余应力后,复合材料的强度略有下降,但失效应变基本保持不变。由于热残余应力的影响,复合材料的横向拉伸和压缩强度分别下降了10.5%和5.2%。      

Evaluation of water degradation of vinylester and epoxy matrix composites by single fiber and composite tests

Degradation of the mechanical properties of vinylester and epoxy matrix composites exposed to water has been approached by monitoring the strengths of glass and carbon fibers and resins. In addition, the fiber/matrix (F/M) interface strengths and debond lengths of single-fiber composites were determined and test results were compared to test results of macroscopic composite specimens. The single-fiber tensile test results indicate a substantial loss of the tensile strength of glass fibers and the fragmentation tests reveal loss of F/M shear strength and substantial debonding for both glass and carbon fiber composites after water exposure. The transverse strengths of the composites are also degraded to large extents. The tests results identify water degradation of the F/M interface as a major strength limiting mechanism.     

Fracture behavior of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites

Polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites have been prepared via a reactive compounding approach with an epoxy based masterbatch. Compared with PP and common PP/organoclay nanocomposites, the PP/clay nanocomposites based on epoxy/clay masterbatch have higher impact strength. The phenomenon can be attributed to the epoxy phase dispersed uniformly in the PP matrix, which may act as impact energy absorber and helps to form a large damage zone, thus a higher impact strength value is achieved.     

三维编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料横向压缩性质的温度效应

采用实验和有限元方法,研究了三维编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在低温场（20、0、-50、-100℃）中横向压缩性质温度效应。研究结果表明：温度对碳纤维/环氧树脂横向压缩模量、屈服应力及切向模量均有不同程度影响。三维编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料横向压缩后,试样表面形貌受温度影响显著。低温场中,表面鳞纹现象减弱,且纱线-树脂间界面出现开裂。温度降低导致碳纤维/环氧树脂内部产生热应力。热应力对碳纤维/环氧树脂力学性能影响有限,不是温度效应的主导因素。基体性质随温度变化是三维编织碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料横向压缩性质温度效应的主要机制。     

静电植绒法处理多壁碳纳米管改性玻纤织物/环氧树脂复合材料的制备及力学性能

为提高玻纤增强环氧树脂复合材料的力学性能,采用静电植绒法将多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)附着在玻纤织物表面,得到改性的玻纤织物。利用一种低黏度的环氧树脂和所制得的改性织物,采用真空辅助成型工艺(VARI)制备了MWCNTs改性格玻纤织物/环氧树脂复合材料层合板,表征了层合板的力学性能。对进行力学实验后的MWCNTs改性玻纤织物/环氧树脂复合材料试样断口进行了SEM和OPM观察。结果显示:与未添加MWCNTs的玻纤织物/环氧树脂复合材料层合板相比,添加了MWCNTs的层合板的拉伸强度降低了10.24%,弯曲强度降低了13.90%,压缩强度降低了17.33%,拉伸模量和弯曲模量分别提高了19.38%和16.04%,压缩模量提高了13%;MWCNTs与玻纤织物之间的结合较弱,在拉伸作用下,存在明显的脱粘和分层;将改性玻纤织物在200℃下热压处理2h后,制备的MWCNTs改性玻纤织物/环氧树脂复合材料层合板的力学性能均有所提高,热压处理后树脂与玻纤织物之间的界面结合得到改善。     

Strength of unidirectional glass/epoxy composite with silica nanoparticle-enhanced matrix

A technique was developed to improve the strength of unidirectional composites by enhancing the matrix properties through nanoparticles infusion. A commercially available standard DGEBA epoxy with silica nanoparticles (Nanopox F 400) was used as the matrix to make fiber composites. The silica nanoparticles in Nanopox were grown in situ via a sol–gel process resulting in a concentration of 40 wt% which was later diluted to 15 wt% particle loading. TEM images showed very uniform dispersion of silica nanoparticles with a size distribution of about 20 nm. Compression test revealed a substantial improvement (40%) in elastic modulus of the modified epoxy. A modified vacuum assisted resin transfer molding process was used to fabricate unidirectional E-glass fiber reinforced silica/epoxy nanocomposites. Inclusion of silica nanoparticles dramatically increased the longitudinal compressive strength and moderately increased the longitudinal and transverse tensile strengths. A microbuckling model was used to verify the compression testing results.     

Interfacial and hydrophobic evaluation of glass fiber/CNT–epoxy nanocomposites using electro-micromechanical technique and wettability test

Interfacial evaluation of glass fiber reinforced carbon nanotube (CNT)–epoxy nanocomposites and the hydrophobicity of CNT–epoxy nanocomposites were investigated by micromechanical and wettability tests. The contact resistance of the CNT–epoxy nanocomposites was measured using a gradient specimen, containing electrical contacts with gradually-increasing spacing. The contact resistance of CNT–epoxy nanocomposites could be better valuated by mainly the two-point method. Due to the presence of hydrophobic domains on the heterogeneous surface, the static contact angle of CNT–epoxy nanocomposites was about 120°, which was somewhat lower than that for super-hydrophobicity (>150°). For surface treated glass fiber, tensile strength decreased dramatically, whereas tensile modulus exhibited little change despite the presence of flaws on the etched fiber surface. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between the etched glass fiber and the CNT–epoxy nanocomposites increased due to enhanced surface energy and roughness. As thermodynamic work of energy, W_a increased, both the mechanical IFSS and the apparent modulus increased.     

海水环境下老化周期对T800碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料的影响EI北大核心CSCD

研究T800碳纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料在海水环境中进行湿热腐蚀老化,将制备好的试件放置在人工制备70℃,3.5%NaCl溶液中腐蚀30,60,90 d,通过质量变化、老化前后表面形貌、红外光谱、动态力学性能、压缩实验和层间剪切实验分析材料的力学性能变化。结果表明:T800碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料在3.5%NaCl溶液中吸湿率分别为0.39%,0.47%,0.53%;未老化试样纤维与基体之间黏结良好,在3.5%NaCl溶液老化后纤维与基体界面破坏随时间的增加老化更加严重;玻璃化转变温度T_(g)下降,分别在老化30,60,90 d后从189.16℃下降到177.54,171.88,168.06℃;经3.5%NaCl溶液老化后,老化30,60,90 d试样的最大破坏载荷分别降低3.2%,8.4%,15.3%,压缩强度分别降低3.0%,8.2%,15.9%;层间剪切最大破坏载荷分别降低3.0%,9.2%,14.9%,剪切强度分别降低3.0%,9.7%,16.4%。     

基于纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料试验的单向层合板横向拉伸强度预测方法

实验研究表明,纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料试件的横向拉伸强度与工程上常用的单向层合板横向拉伸强度在趋势上具有很好的相关性,但是数值上存在一定差距。本文使用两种碳纤维和两种环氧树脂制备了三种纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和单向层合板,并分别测量了纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和单向层合板的横向拉伸强度,以及环氧基体的拉伸强度。在实验基础上,应用Griffith断裂强度理论建立了纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和单向层合板的横向拉伸强度的关系模型,通过两种复合材料实验的结果拟合了该模型中的参数。利用第三种复合材料实验进行校验,发现该模型预测的单向层合板横向拉伸强度与实测强度之间达到很好的一致性,相对偏差为9%。采用本文提出的方法,可以用较为简单的纤维束/环氧树脂复合材料和环氧基体拉伸试验预测单向层合板的横向拉伸强度。     

A fractographic study on the effects of hygrothermal conditioning on carbon fiber/epoxy laminates submitted to axial compression

This paper is part of a series of fractographic studies on fiber-reinforced polymer composites submitted to compression, which attempts to fill the gap in the composite failure analysis. Here, the effect of the hygrothermal conditioning is assessed for composite laminates manufactured from a carbon fiber/epoxy resin prepregs, which used plain weave fiber arrangement. The laminate was trimmed into compression test specimens, according to the ASTM D3410 standard. After the test, the aspects of the failure were investigated using a scanning electron microscope, so the compression failure modes could be identified. The fractographic analysis indicates that the lower compressive strength of the conditioned specimens was caused by a decrease in the stiffness of the polymer matrix, due to the plasticizing effect of the moisture exposure.     

Effect of weaving processes on compressive behavior of 3D woven composites

This work is an attempt to examine the effect of weaving process on the compressive failure behavior of 3D carbon/epoxy composites. Three weaving processes were designed and studied: unidirectional, bi-directional, and symmetric weaving. They result in 3D fabrics with the same three-axis, orthogonal yarn structure in the interior but with different interlacing patterns on surface. To manifest the influence of the transverse yarns, a unidirectional composite with the same axial fiber content and a monolithic epoxy material are also tested. Resin transfer molding was employed to impregnate and consolidate the fabrics. Since the specimens are relatively thick, an end-supported, end-loaded fixture was used to apply the compressive load. The strength was measured and the induced damage was examined. The symmetric weaving results in composites with the least fiber undulation in axial yarns. Two prevailing failure modes of different dimensional scales were observed in the materials. One is the microscopic fracture band, consisting of fiber kink-bands in axial yarns and matrix cracks in the transverse yarns. The other is the miniscopic fracture band, consisting of the fracture of yarns in all three directions. The microscopic bands are intensive but less detrimental, while the miniscopic fracture band is more crucial and is responsible for the major drop in load. The onset and growth of these modes are discussed, and how these modes relate to the interlacing loops on surface is also examined.     

Morphology and mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene glass mat thermoplastic composites modified with organophilic montmorillonite

Satisfactory impregnation of glass fiber mats may be obtained with isotactic polypropylene/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites under conditions comparable with industrial conditions. However, it is demonstrated here that the high melt viscosity of the nanocomposite matrix at low shear rates may significantly influence the release of the compressive load in the glass mat and hence the glass fiber distribution in consolidated specimens. Thus, depending on the initial lay-up and overall glass fiber content, the bending modulus may either increase or decrease with increasing MMT content, whereas the tensile modulus is more consistent with micromechanical models assuming a uniform glass fiber distribution. Results from fractographic analyses show that the presence of matrix rich layers at the specimen surfaces may also lead to premature crack initiation and failure in flexion.     

浸泡腐蚀对玻璃纤维-空心玻璃微珠/环氧树脂复合泡沫材料弯曲性能的影响

制备了不同纤维质量分数的玻璃纤维-空心玻璃微珠/环氧树脂复合泡沫材料。通过三点弯曲试验研究了纤维质量分数对复合泡沫材料力学性能的影响。将复合泡沫材料试件置于蒸馏水和海水中浸泡,研究了浸泡腐蚀对试件弯曲性能的影响,并结合扫描电镜照片分析其原因。研究表明:纤维质量分数越高,玻璃纤维-空心玻璃微珠/环氧树脂复合泡沫材料的吸湿率越大,且在蒸馏水中的吸湿率较海水中的更大。试件的弯曲强度随纤维质量分数增加而增大,当纤维质量分数为10%时达到最大,比未添加纤维的试件增强了51%,之后则随纤维质量分数增加逐渐降低。浸泡腐蚀降低了试件的弯曲性能,其中海水浸泡后的试件弯曲性能最低。玻璃纤维-空心玻璃微珠/环氧树脂复合泡沫材料弯曲强度降低的直接原因是浸泡腐蚀使得部分玻璃微珠和玻璃纤维与环氧树脂基体间的界面层受到破坏。     

Strain rate sensitivity of glass/epoxy composites with nanofillers

It is understood that small amount of nanoclay in the neat epoxy and fiber reinforced epoxy composite system improves the mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of most of polymer matrix composites are rate sensitive. Most of the researches have concentrated on the behavior of the polymer composites at high strain rates. The present research work is to study the effect of clay on neat epoxy and glass/epoxy composites, at low strain rates. The clay in terms of 1.5, 3 and 5 wt% are dispersed in the epoxy resin using mechanical stirrer followed by sonication process. The glass/epoxy nanocomposites are prepared by impregnating the glass fiber with epoxy–clay mixture by hand lay-up process followed by compression molding. Characterization of the nanoclay is done by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Tensile stress–strain curves are obtained at strain rates of 10⁻⁴, 10⁻³, 10⁻² and 10⁻¹ s⁻¹ by a servo-hydraulic machine and the variation of modulus, strength and failure strain with strain rate are determined. The results show that, even at low strain rates, the longitudinal strength and stiffness increase as strain rate increases for all clay loadings. It is observed that the tensile modulus increases as the clay loading increases for both epoxy and glass/epoxy nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy is used to study the adhesion of composites in fracture surfaces.     

Compressive response and failure of fiber reinforced unidirectional composites

The compressive response of polymer matrix fiber reinforced unidirectional composites (PMC's) is investigated via a combination of experiment and analysis. The study accounts for the nonlinear constitutive response of the polymer matrix material and examines the effect of fiber geometric imperfections, fiber mechanical properties and fiber volume fraction on the measured compressive strength and compressive failure mechanism.Glass and carbon fiber reinforced unidirectional composite specimens are manufactured in-house with fiber volume fractions ranging over 1060 percent. Compression test results with these specimens show that carbon fiber composites have lower compressive strengths than glass fiber composites. Glass fiber composites demonstrate a splitting failure mode for a range of low fiber volume fractions and a simultaneous splitting/kink banding failure mode for high fiber volume fractions. Carbon fiber composites show kink banding throughout the range of fiber volume fractions examined. Nonlinear material properties of the matrix, orthotropic material properties of the carbon fiber, initial geometric fiber imperfections and nonuniform fiber volume fraction are all included in an appropriate finite element analysis to explain some of the observed experimental results. A new analytical model predictionof the splitting failure mode shows that this failure mode is favorable for glass fiber composites, which is in agreement with test results. Furthermore, this modelis able to show the influence of fiber mechanical properties, fiber volume fraction and fiber geometry on the splitting failure mode.     

Effect of silica nanoparticles on compressive properties of an epoxy polymer

The effect of nanosilica on compressive properties of an Epikote 828 epoxy at room temperature was studied. A 40 wt% nanosilica/epoxy masterbatch (nanopox F400) was used to prepare a series of epoxy based nanocomposites with 5–25 wt% nanosilica content. Static uniaxial compression tests were conducted on cubic and cylindrical specimens to study the compressive stress–strain response, failure mechanisms and damage characteristics of the pure and nanomodified epoxy. It was found that the compressive stiffness and strength were improved with increasing nanosilica content without significant reduction in failure strain. The presence of nanosilica improved ductility and promoted higher plastic hardening behaviour after yielding in comparison with the unmodified resin system. This result suggested that nanoparticles introduced additional mechanisms of energy absorption to enhance the compressive properties without reducing the deformation to failure.     

Investigations on the thermal and flexural properties of plain weave carbon/epoxy-nanoclay composites by hand-layup technique

The matrix of carbon fiber/SC-15 epoxy composites was modified with Nanomer^® I-28E nanoclay, a surface modified montmorillonite mineral, to determine the effects of particle reinforcement on the response of these materials to flexural and thermomechanical loading. Different weight percentages of nanoclay were dispersed in SC-15 epoxy using sonication route. The nanophased epoxy was then used to manufacture plain weave carbon/epoxy nanocomposites using hand-layup process followed by vacuum bagging. Control samples of woven carbon fiber/epoxy were fabricated for comparison purposes. Effect of post curing on these samples was also investigated. 3-point bend flexure and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) studies were carried out on 8- and 3-layered samples respectively. Results of flexural tests indicate significant improvements in flexural strength and modulus for nanoclay reinforced composites as compared to the control samples. DMA studies also showed enhancement in thermomechanical properties especially in storage modulus though no appreciable change was noticed in glass transition temperature, T _g. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were carried out to comprehend the effect of nanoclay on the microstructure and the failure modes.     

Experimental and analytical study on fiber-kinking failure mode of laminated composites

Compressive behavior of composite materials has received significant attention in recent years. In the present work, a recently developed strain based fiber kinking model and stress based ones for unidirectional laminated composites are compared with experimental results. These models are implemented into a finite element code and the obtained results for glass/epoxy (Type C) ASNA 4197 unidirectional composites are presented and discussed in detail. Experimental investigations on compressive strength and kink band formation were also performed for several specimens with various dimensions and off-axis angles made of the same glass/epoxy prepreg composite material. A special compressive fixture was also fabricated in order to ensure that the specimens are in full contact with the loading machine elements and also to eliminate the potential bending moments.Comparison between the experimental and analytical results indicated that the proposed fiber kinking model and the developed code can be used to predict the compressive strength of laminated composites due to fiber kinking mode.     

A novel method for measuring direct compressive properties of carbon fibres using a micro-mechanical compression tester

A novel method has been developed for measuring direct compressive properties such as strength and elasticity of a series of mesophase-pitch-based and PAN-based carbon fibres about 10 m in diameter by uniaxial and transverse compression tests using a micromechanical tester. The fibres were shaped into cylindrical specimens, with their size ratio of length to diameter kept at about 2 to 3, by separating them from a thin film made by polishing the cut faces of a strand of carbon fibres with epoxy resin as a matrix. Individual cylindrical specimens were stood up or laid down on a glass plate without any fixer for the measurements of axial and transverse compression properties of fibres, respectively. The fibres exhibited non-linear elasticity, with the compressive modulus decreasing with compressive deformation. The direct axial compressive strengths of pitch-based carbon fibres were found to be marginally lower than the indirect ones, whereas there was no significant difference between the two strength values for PAN-based fibres. The pitch-based fibres exhibited smaller average values of axial compressive strength than the PAN-based fibres. The transverse compressive strength, which decreases with an increase in elasticity of carbon fibres, exhibited a considerably lower average value than that of the axial compressive strength. Further, the axial compressive strength was found to be smaller than the direct tensile strength for the fibres.