载入航天器飞行安全性定额

就载人航天器安全性的定额问题进行了系统的研究，其中包括对飞行安全性的若干定义，为保证机组人员安全性所应该满足的若干要求，在飞行安全设计中应该提出的若干指标以及其中一些主要指标的数量定额等问题，并对未来某型载人航天器以相似物的数据为基础进行了定额设计。     

空间站可靠性定额设计

象空间站这样的大型航天器的可靠性问题是十分重要而又十分复杂的，本文仅就其可靠性问题中的定额部分进行了研究，以俄罗斯相关资料上的可靠性指标资料，载人航天器故障统计资料作为原型资料，对未来某型空间站的总体可靠性以及其站上系统的可靠性进行了定额设计。     

航空燃料使用中值得注意的几个问题

为了改进航空燃料使用的有效性和飞行的安全性,近年来国外对影响航空燃料性能的各种因素进行了多方面的研究。本文根据美国的经验,从使用的角度论述了存在的若干问题以及应该采取的一些措施。     

直射弹药弹道监视系统设计

为了检测直射武器弹药在动态试验中存在的质量问题及安全性问题,进行了弹道监视系统的研究和设计,所研究的直射弹药弹道监视系统集光学探测、信息采集及信号处理技术于一体,对弹药发射和弹道飞行过程进行实时监测,保证了射击试验的安全性.该系统可以记录弹药发射过程的信息和弹道飞行轨迹图像,显示动态试验中弹药质量问题发生的时间、位置和性质,为弹药射击试验过程中的安全性问题和质量问题提供一种监测方法.     

一种大型球罐内部检修工作台的设计与分析

目前,大部分大型球罐内部定检、维修仍采用在球罐内部搭设满堂脚手架的方式,存在劳动强度大、检修周期长、安全性差、易造成罐体二次损伤等问题。为解决上述问题,设计了一种新的大型球罐内部检修工作台,该检修工作台由底部支承平台、中央支撑立柱、回转支撑平台、顶部回转平台和升降牵引装置构成,采用顶、底部双向牵引和顶部水平回转相结合的结构,保证载人工作篮能够快速运行并精确定位至球罐内壁所有检修工作点。载人工作篮、中央支撑立柱与上、下回转支撑臂共同构成平面四杆机构,保证载人工作篮在运动过程中始终保持水平。运用MATLAB和ADAMS对该工作台主要结构进行了动、静力学仿真分析,验证了工作台设计的合理性,结果满足承载力、平稳性、安全性等设计性能指标的要求。该检修工作台结构简单,装卸方便,采用电力驱动,方便设备状态监测、维护,可极大提高大型球罐检修工作效率。     

载人航天人机交互界面色彩设计方法研究

目的 对载人航天人机交互界面的色彩设计方法流程进行了梳理和分析。方法 遵循“以人为中心”的设计原则,从色彩空间与模型、色彩设计与人因、航天色彩设计范围、载人航天器色彩设计模型,以及载人航天器色彩设计与人因评价体系等方面,对载人航天器人机交互界面色彩设计方法流程体系进行了探讨。结果 构建了载人航天色彩设计模型,阐述了完整的载人航天色彩设计方法流程体系。结论 针对载人航天人机交互色彩设计方法的研究为航天员在轨环境中的生活品质及工作效能等相关领域的提高提供了有力支持,进一步增强了航天领域色彩设计与人因工程的重要性。     

以用户为中心的载人潜水器交互界面设计探析

对载人潜水器交互界面各要素进行分解,探析深潜作业的任务与操作流程,指出我国载人潜水器交互界面中存在的问题。以用户为中心的角度出发,提出载人潜水器交互界面设计的研究方法,在最后进一步提出载人潜水器交互界面的设计策略。     

Virgin太空船二号获得动力测试绿灯

Virgin Galactic的太空船二号模型,主要由碳复合材料制成,目前联邦航天管理局(FAA)已为其动力测试飞行开了绿灯。该公司的飞船开发商Scaled Composites,已获得一个针对亚轨道商业飞船和白骑士二号运输机高空发射飞船的实验性发射许可。两年多来,Virgin Galactic一直致力于完善其第二代模型。尽管其他少数飞船也曾获得过发射许可,但多数是非载人的火箭,太空船二号是第一个获得发射许可的设计用于载人的航天飞行。     

一种用于载人航天器人机功能分配的模型

如何确定人(航天员)、机(自动化)在空间飞行过程中的作用，是进行载人航天器系统最优人—机界面匹配设计面临的重要问题。章基于经典概率分析理论，根据效益—费用比函数建立了单任务人、机功能分配模型，并给出具体应用实例。在此基础上，进行的特定条件研究。最后，提出几点看法以供讨论。     

载人潜水器材料技术发展现状

载人潜水器是探索海底资源、执行多种海底任务的必要设备,载人舱球壳是载人潜水器关键部件,必须使用高比强、高韧性的材料以保证它具有足够的有效载重和良好的安全性。同其它船用金属材料相比,钛合金比强度高,非常适合用于建造潜深3000m以上载人潜水器载人舱球壳,而载人舱球壳用钛合金的发展必将促进我国载人潜水器的研制和国产化进程。总结了目前国内外在载人舱球壳材料方面的研究和应用进展,对国产新型Ti6321合金进行了详细介绍。     

LEO大型载人航天器主动电位控制技术进展

LEO大型载人航天器主动电位控制技术可以有效的防护空间等离子体充放电效应对于航天器造成的安全隐患,确保航天员出舱和航天器空间对接作业的顺利完成。通过研究LEO大型载人航天器与空间等离子体的相互作用,从原理上认识空间等离子体对于航天器的危害程度。分析回顾国外主动电位控制技术在LEO大型载人航天器上的成功应用及发展情况,得出启示和初步的主动电位控制系统设计设想。对比国内外主动电位控制领域的核心技术,对主动电位控制技术的发展和应用提出了建议。     

System and software safety analysis for the ERA control computer

The European Robotic Arm (ERA) is a seven degrees of freedom relocatable anthropomorphic robotic manipulator system, to be used in manned space operation on the International Space Station, supporting the assembly and external servicing of the Russian segment. The safety design concept and implementation of the ERA is described, in particular with respect to the central computer's software design. A top–down analysis and specification process is used to down flow the safety aspects of the ERA system towards the subsystems, which are produced by a consortium of companies in many countries. The user requirements documents and the critical function list are the key documents in this process. Bottom–up analysis (FMECA) and test, on both subsystem and system level, are the basis for safety verification. A number of examples show the use of the approach and methods used.     

综合集成方法的实践——“中国载人航天发展战略”研究方法总结

中国要不要搞载人航天？怎么搞载人航天？采取何种发展战略和技术途径,涉及政治、经济、军事、社会和科技诸多方面。遵照钱学森院士创建的系统学提出的“定性与定量相结合的综合集成方法”,结合中国国情,以软科学命题,从指导思想、研究步骤和研究方法几方面进行了研究,研究结果表明,“面对世界载人航天的挑战和机遇,中国载人航天不可不搞,也不能大搞,飞船起步,平稳发展万无一失。盲自赶超或急于缩小差距均将陷入困境,疑虑过多以至坐视不顾,也会失掉机会和希望。”文章对该软科学命题做了总结。     

Hypervelocity research and the growing problem of space debris

Man-made orbital debris has increased in number so that it poses a potential barrier to the exploration of space. The ever-increasing number of objects in space has created an increasing hazard to all spacecraft, including manned shuttles, unmanned satellites, and manned space stations. Although international efforts are underway to reduce the proliferation of space debris, the number of objects continues to climb.

The majority of debris tracked by earth observation is classed either as ‘operational debris’ (spent boosters and satellites, discarded hardware from manned flight, etc.) or as “fragmentation debris” (debris created by explosions aboard boosters or satellites or by impacts between objects in orbit). While there is considerable information available about operational debris, statistics on fragmentation debris are more suspect, since it is difficult to predict with any accuracy the fragments resulting from an explosion or impact on a space structure.

As realization of the importance of the problem grows, the hypervelocity launcher and impact communities are becoming increasingly involved. This paper defines the major problems to be solved and outlines the requirements for launchers, diagnostics, and modeling. A bew U.S. space program to model and the fragmentation of satellites impacted by space debris described. The results of tests against actual satellites are discribed in terms of their importance to the modeling effort.     

中国载人航天“飞船起步"的战略思考

对我国载人航天的概念研究、技术途径论证,以及中国载人航天发展的战略思考和“飞船起步"的决策过程进行了分析与小结,提出了我国发展现代宏大工程应站在国家发展的全局上进行深层次的战略思考。     

Human Reliability Analysis in Spaceflight Applications

Predicting and mitigating human error in manned spaceflight can be the difference between mission success and lost vehicle or crewmember. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has used the Cognitive Reliability Error Analysis Model analysis developed by the nuclear industry during the last 30 years of manned spaceflight to predict human error. Although the analysis has proven to be reliable, it does not take into account operations specific for long duration spaceflight such as crew training and ground support. This article first explains the principles of the Cognitive Reliability Error Analysis Model and how it is used at NASA. Then, the probability for error for an International Space Station ingress procedure is calculated using standard performance shaping factors developed for the nuclear power industry. Lastly, the environmental and operational constraints of space flight are used to develop new performance shaping factors specific to a NASA‐operated spacecraft. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国的载人运载火箭

高可靠、高安全和高质量，确保航天员绝对安全，是对载人运载火箭的最主要要求。简要介绍了CZ-2F载人运载火箭的总体方案、系统组成以及设计的基本原则。     

A method of human reliability analysis and quantification for space missions based on a Bayesian network and the cognitive reliability and error analysis method

Analyses of human reliability during manned spaceflight are crucial because human error can easily arise in the extreme environment of space and may pose a great potential risk to the mission. Although various approaches exist for human reliability analysis (HRA), all these approaches are based on human behavior on the ground. Thus, to appropriately analyze human reliability during spaceflight, this paper proposes a space‐based HRA method of quantifying the human error probability (HEP) for space missions. Instead of ground‐based performance shaping factors (PSFs), this study addresses PSFs specific to the space environment, and a corresponding evaluation system is integrated into the proposed approach to fully consider space mission characteristics. A Bayesian network is constructed based on the cognitive reliability and error analysis method (CREAM) to model these space‐based PSFs and their dependencies. By incorporating the Bayesian network, the proposed approach transforms the HEP estimation procedure into a probabilistic calculation, thereby overcoming the shortcomings of traditional HRA methods in addressing the uncertainty of the complex space environment. More importantly, by acquiring more information, the HEP estimates can be dynamically updated by means of this probabilistic calculation. By studying 2 examples and evaluating the HEPs for an International Space Station ingress procedure, the feasibility and superiority of the developed approach are validated both mathematically and in a practical scenario.