一种氮缓释复混肥料的制备及其氮素缓释性评价

用化学方法制备了氮素不同程度缓释的复混肥(氮缓释肥),在实验室条件下肥料的淋洗实验表明,相比对照复混肥,这种复混肥的氮素具有一定程度的缓释性,且随着复混肥制备过程中所加入的缓释剂甲醛的增加,氮素的缓释性得到增强。用双曲线方程Xt=b-a/t对氮缓释肥的氮素累计溶出率进行拟合,采用拟合方程中b值和a值计算得到的缓释指数SRI来定性和定量评价氮缓释肥的氮缓释特性。结果表明:氮缓释肥的氮素缓释指数SRI与制肥中加入的缓释剂相对含量X具有较好的正相关,其直线相关系数达0.9905(P<0.01)。这种对相关养分淋洗数据用双曲线按淋洗时间段分段拟合,并引入缓释指数SRI评价缓释肥料缓释特性的方法,为缓释肥料缓释特性的快速定性和定量评价提供了依据。     

沸石基缓释肥料的研究进展

沸石基缓释肥料不仅显著提高了化学肥料的利用率,而且具有改良土壤、保持土壤水分、保护生态环境等诸多优点,在农业可持续发展中具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了近年来沸石基缓释肥料的缓释机理和应用研究现状。总结缓释机理发现,沸石对阳离子(NH⁺₄、K⁺)养分的缓释主要是利用沸石对阳离子良好的吸附和离子交换性能,而沸石对阴离子(NO^-₃、PO^3-₄、SO^2-₄)养分的缓释则需要对沸石表面进行阳离子改性。此外,沸石与磷矿在土壤中的结合可以促进有效磷的溶解,进而促进植物生长。应用研究表明,影响沸石基缓释肥料性能的因素主要包括:沸石的类型和粒径、沸石的施用剂量和方法、土壤质地和结构以及肥料的类型和来源等。结合目前的研究现状,对沸石基缓释肥料进行经济性评价,加强工艺开发及应用示范是未来重点研究的方向。     

磷缓释复混肥的制备及其氮、磷缓释性评价

在实验室条件下制得不同程度磷缓释的复混肥(磷缓释肥),分别测定以水为淋洗剂和以2%柠檬酸溶液为淋洗剂时在特定淋洗装置下水溶性氮、磷及有效磷随时间的溶出率,采用双曲线方程Xt=b a/t对肥料的累计养分溶出率进行分段拟合,在此基础上引入缓释指数评价各养分缓释特性。结果表明:磷缓释肥对磷的缓释作用强于氮,对有效性磷的缓释作用强于水溶性磷;其水溶性氮、磷缓释指数(SR IWN、SR IW P)和有效磷缓释指数(SR IAP)与肥料中加入的缓释剂硫酸镁相对含量(X)具有很好的正相关,其直线相关系数为0.7414、0.8958和0.9829,后两者分别达到显著和极显著水平;2%柠檬酸溶液几乎能溶出肥料中全部有效磷,从而证明了自制磷缓释肥的有效性。     

非包膜型缓释复混肥对辣椒产量与氮素利用率的影响

采用田间试验的方法研究了非包膜(混合)型缓释复混肥在辣椒上的应用效果。结果表明,等量的氮磷钾养分条件下缓释复混肥比普通复混肥有一定的增产和改善品质的效果。其中缓释肥2号的增产效果明显,一次基施的肥效达到常规分次施肥,比普通复混肥一次施用增产13.7%～24.6%。施用缓释复混肥还可提高氮肥利用率,其中缓释肥2号的农学生产率比复混肥一次施用相对增加61.2%～68.8%,比常规分次施肥相对增加4.0%～11.1%;氮素吸收利用率比普通复混肥一次施用处理增加10.29%～10.89%,比常规分次施肥增加3.79%～5.85%。     

脲甲醛缓释肥料的氮养分释放特征及其肥效研究

通过脲甲醛缓释肥料中氮养分释放性能测试及在玉米和水稻上的盆栽试验,结果表明:缓释复混肥中氮溶出、铵态氮挥发速率均低于常规复混肥;施用缓释复混肥可提高氮养分利用率,并可增加产量、改善作物品质;施用缓释复混肥能大幅减少氮肥的挥发和淋溶损失,减轻施肥对环境的污染,具有较大的社会和生态环境效益.     

包裹型缓释肥料生产技术实验研究

通过一系列的实验室研究和小型试验 ,选出了成本低、效果较好的包裹控释材料和粘结剂 ,提出了制造包裹型缓释肥料的生产工艺。对小试生产的包裹型缓释肥料进行缓释性评价 ,结果表明 :肥料的缓释性良好 ,工艺简便易行 ,生产成本低。     

长效氮肥机理及其在缓释复肥中的应用

介绍了添加组合抑制剂以提高氮素利用率的长效氮肥机理，分析了缓释／长效复混肥料的最新生产工艺，将该复混肥与普通复混肥的施用效果进行了对比试验，对其工业生产的经济效益进行了评估。结果表明，长效氮肥应用于缓释复肥可使氮素利用率提高10％，氮肥肥效期延长至100-120天，工业生产利润为40元／t。     

缓释化肥概况（上）

在查阅了大量有关缓释化肥文献的基础上,对缓释化肥的发展、现状及生产工艺作了回顾,对缓释化肥的分类,缓释尿素（包括涂硫尿素,大颗粒尿素,包膜尿素、添加阻溶类物质和抑制剂缓释尿素）、长效碳铵、缓释复混肥料及含农药缓释肥料的研究和生产情况作了介绍,并对我国缓释化肥的发展前景进行展望。     

高氮缓释防结块复混肥料生产技术

选用熔融尿液为载体,以石蜡及阴离子表面活性剂烷基苯磺酸盐和阳离子表面活性剂烷基胺盐等混合物为复混肥料防结块剂,添加对尿素水解有抑制作用的尿酶抑制剂氢醌和对土壤中铵离子氧化有抑制作用的硝化抑制剂双氰胺混合物,经特制喷涂设备喷涂包衣生产具有养分缓释、防结块性能好的高氮型、高浓度复混肥料[以总养分45%的30 6 9复混肥料为例,w(N)可达30%]。使用熔融尿液替代机械油为复混肥料防结块剂载体,解决了因使用机械油造成的二次污染;通过氮素缓释剂的使用,氮素利用率提高13%。     

复混肥生产装置改产脲甲醛缓释复合肥料的技术

利用转鼓蒸汽造粒或圆盘造粒复混肥生产装置改造并开发生产脲甲醛缓释复合肥。介绍脲甲醛的生产原理、反应条件控制和脲甲醛缓释复合肥的生产过程。尿素熔融喷浆工艺的转鼓蒸汽造粒复混肥装置改产脲甲醛缓释复合肥具有投资少、工期短、生产成本低于包膜控释肥等优点。该肥料中包含了速效、中效、长效的氮素养分．其氮素利用率可达50％,减少30...     

缓释、控释肥料生产、使用前景展望

从我国氮、磷、钾肥高消费、低利用率的现状,阐述了为什么缓控释肥被列为国家中长期科学技术发展计划的优先主题之一。介绍了哪些肥料是缓释、控释肥及当前世界生产、消费量。据估计,2005年世界缓释、控释肥料产量及消费量不超过100万t/a,若包括用于大田作物,具有一定缓释性能的包膜、包裹、包囊肥料,即广义的缓释、控释肥料世界生产、消费量已达120万t/a。展望了缓控释肥生产使用前景,在世界范围内,缓控释肥生产与消费的制约条件是产品价格;就国内而言,农民对肥料要求速效、速溶、速散是推广缓释、控释肥的主要思想障碍。降低生产成本,转变农民对缓释肥的认识,才能推动我国缓控释肥高速发展。     

Preparation of superabsorbent slow release nitrogen fertilizer by inverse suspension polymerization

A superabsorbent, slow release nitrogen fertilizer (SSRNF) was prepared by inverse suspension polymerization of partially neutralized acrylic acid using N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as an initiator in the presence of urea. The polymer was characterized using infrared spectral analysis, and network structural parameters such as molecular weight between crosslinks (M_c) and crosslink density (q) were calculated. The effects of reaction conditions, such as reaction time, reaction temperature, initiator, crosslinker and the degree of neutralization of acrylic acid, on water absorbency were investigated. The nitrogen content of SSRNF synthesized under optimal conditions was 22.7%, and the water absorbencies were about 965 g g^?1 in distilled water and 185 g g^?1 in tap water. The nitrogen slow release behaviors of the SSRNF in water and water retention capacity of soil with the SSRNF were also investigated. A possible slow release mechanism was proposed and the release rate constant K and the diffusion coefficient D of urea in the hydrogel was calculated. The results showed that the product not only had good slow release properties but also excellent soil moisture preservation capacity, which could effectively improve the utilization of fertilizer and water resources simultaneously. Therefore, the SSRNF is a multifunctional water managing material, which would find application in agriculture and horticulture, especially in drought‐prone areas where the availability of water is limited. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

涂布包裹新型肥料技术

对缓释肥料的概念、分类、制作方法、作用机理、释放机理、应用和评价等方面进行综述。分析我国控释和缓释肥料研制的现状和进展,重点介绍上海化工研究院开发的涂布包裹技术,及该技术用于硫基复肥增氮或尿基复肥包硫的实施情况,还介绍了开发的转鼓涂布包裹机、尿素快速熔融器等专用设备情况,指出涂布包裹技术进一步工业实施应注意的问题和方向。     

测土施肥与肥料创新

测土施肥是一个系统工程，肥料创新是其中非常重要的环节。掺混型肥料成为适应测土施肥推广的肥料产品，为业界所关注。我国人多地少，复种指数高，新型缓控释肥料与我国国情相结合的就是“一茬作物（只施）一次肥”。同时，测土施肥还需要施肥机械与施肥技术的创新，实现平衡施肥与肥料深施。涂层缓释一次肥以其全新的缓释理念和养分管理模式，成为适应测土施肥的肥料新产品。     

Granular urea‐formaldehyde slow‐release fertilizer with superabsorbent and moisture preservation

To improve the utilization of fertilizer and water resource at the same time, a new type of slow‐release fertilizer with superabsorbent and moisture preservation was developed, with the combination of slow‐release technique and superabsorbent polymers. The coatings were formed by the inverse phase polymerization technique. The element analysis results showed that the product contained 22.58% nitrogen element, and the water absorbency of the product was 94 times its own weight if it was allowed to swell in tap water at room temperature for 2 h. The results of the slow‐release behavior of N and the water absorbency and retention properties in soil showed that the product not only had good slow‐release property but also had excellent water absorbency and water retention capacity, which was a significant advantage over the normal slow‐release or controlled‐release fertilizers. The effects of the amount of initiator, crosslinker, reaction time, and the degree of neutralization of acrylic acid on water absorbency were investigated and optimized. At the same, a rather new and simple method was used to make homogeneous urea‐formaldehyde granules. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3230–3235, 2006     

包裹型缓释/控制释放肥料专题报告

阐述了包膜肥料、包裹肥料、涂层肥料、缓释肥料、控制释放肥料以及肥效调节肥料在概念上的区别 ,并讨论了以水中氮溶出率测定缓释氮肥释放期不能反映缓释氮肥的实际肥效期。根据分析肥料—土壤—作物的相互关系以及多年在美国草坪上施 LUXACOTE的观察 ,提出了评判缓释性能的新标准。     

磷酸二铵包膜缓释肥料的性能研究

以玉米淀粉、聚乙烯醇、二氧化硅（湿法磷酸脱氟制备氟化钾时的副产物）、丙三醇和膨润土为主要原料,以水作为溶剂制备包膜乳液,以高压喷枪将包膜乳液多次雾化对磷酸二铵颗粒（DAP）进行喷涂,成功制备了一种磷酸二铵缓释肥。研究了不同金属离子种类、不同离子浓度对其缓释性的影响;金属离子种类对土壤持水性能的影响;包膜肥料对土壤保水性和持水性能的影响。结果表明：磷酸二铵包膜肥料的缓释性能随金属离子浓度的增加而增加,多价金属阳离子对包膜肥料缓释性能的影响大于单价金属阳离子;土壤的持水性能会受金属离子种类的影响;包膜肥料能提高土壤的保水性能和持水性能。     

不同施肥方式对水稻生长、养分吸收和品质的影响

研究不同施肥方式对田间水稻生长、养分吸收和品质的影响。结果表明,施肥能显著提高水稻产量,增产幅度在7.62%~41.90%,NPK与有机肥配合施用、施用控释肥分别增产31.75%和41.90%,氮磷钾对水稻增产作用NKP。氮肥农学利用率以缓控释肥处理最高,达11.08 kg/kg,氮肥利用率最高与最低相差31.10%;氮磷钾施肥+有机肥处理和控释肥处理田面水中速效氮含量显著低于其他处理,稻米品质最好。     

Synthesis and characterization of slow‐release nitrogen fertilizer with water absorbency: Based on poly(acrylic acid‐acrylic amide)/Na‐bentonite

A novel slow‐release nitrogen fertilizer with high‐water absorbency (SRNFWA) was prepared by cross‐linking poly (acrylic acid‐acrylic amide)/bentonite and urea. The synthesis conditions were studied systematically and optimized by using the response surface methodology (RSM). Meanwhile, the effects of the concentration of cross‐linker, initiator, bentonite, and degree of neutralization of acrylic acid on WA were investigated. The SRNFWA was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of SEM showed the undulant and coarse surface, facilitated the permeation of nutrition into the polymeric network. We also investigated the slow release property and release mechanism of the nitrogen from the network structure, and the WA in different external solutions. The released characteristic of nitrogen was less than 15% by the third day and reached up to almost 75% after 30 days in distilled water. The WA was 700 g g^?1 and 150 g g^?1 in distilled water and 0.9 wt % NaCl solutions, respectively. These studies exhibited the excellent slow‐release property and WA capacity of this polymer in 0.9 wt % NaCl solution and could be quite effective in improving the utilization of fertilizer and its water retention capacity simultaneously. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

脲醛缓释肥在橡胶树上的肥效研究

通过试验研究了脲醛缓释肥、脲醛缓释肥加尿素及尿素等6个养分投入量相同的处理对橡胶树胶水产量的影响.试验结果表明,施用脲醛缓释肥,提高了橡胶树胶水产量,以肥料中掺混60％脲醛缓释肥和40％普通尿素一次性施用效果最好,既降低了施用脲醛缓释肥的成本,又节省了劳动力.