电力市场中计及发电机组可用率的和备用分配计算

市场环境下辅助服务指标的量化、辅助服务成本的计算是一个亟待解决的问题，备用及其分配是其中重要的组成部分。文中提出备用需求的分配不仅应考虑发电机组的容量，还应考虑到发电机组的可用率，并给出了一种计及发电机组可用率水平的备用需求分配计算方法。计算结果分析与物理概念吻合良好。     

发电厂热备用容量的优化分配和成本分析

在竞争的发电市场环境下，备用作为一种重要的辅助服务，其成本分析是一个急待解决的问题，对发电厂热备用容量进行优化分配和成本分析，采用电能收益和备用容量收益总和最大化的目标函数。解算方法首先是根据发电厂总的发电负荷约束获得机组的经济组合，其次是将负荷在各机组间进行经济分配实现热备用容量的优化分配，热备用容量的成本采用其机会成本等值，方法简单，计算结果符合工程实际，研究结果表明，发电厂在计及备用收益和满足发电机组最低出力约束的条件下开机台数越多总收益也越大；在给定的时段和相应的电能电价下，备用容量成本随发电厂出力的增加而增加，在给定的时段和相应的发电出力下，备用容量成本随电价的增加而有较大的增加。     

PJM备用体系及其对广东电力市场的启示

介绍PJM备用分类、备用容量的计算方法、备用容量分配、备用市场机制、广东备用辅助服务市场建设等情况。     

旋转备用辅助服务的需求与调度

备用辅助服务关系到电力系统的安全运行和可靠性。旋转备用与能量市场有很强的耦合关系,其容量需求和调度分配受到了人们的广泛关注。该文采用和能量市场解耦的旋转备用辅助服务模式,提出了以系统旋转备用社会效益最大的最优备用容量确定原则和基于竞争的备用分配调度模型。文中采用启发式算法求解,算例的仿真结果说明了该方法的有效性。     

旋转备用辅助服务的需求与调度

备用辅助服务关系到电力系统的安全运行和可靠性.旋转备用与能量市场有很强的耦合关系,其容量需求和调度分配受到了人们的广泛关注.该文采用和能量市场解耦的旋转备用辅助服务模式,提出了以系统旋转备用社会效益最大的最优备用容量确定原则和基于竞争的备用分配调度模型.文中采用启发式算法求解,算例的仿真结果说明了该方法的有效性.     

考虑风电接入的有功运行备用协调优化

分析了大量风电接入对系统有功运行备用提出的问题,首先分析了风电接入后系统的运行备用需求性质,进而提出一种基于风险的风电备用需求决策方法,并提出一种充分利用发电机组控制性能的备用协调优化分配算法.IEEE 39节点系统的仿真结果表明,所提出的方法有效解决了风电备用需求的确定和分配问题,对接入大量风电的系统的有功调度运行具有实用价值.     

计及加权网络拓扑的备用购买双层决策

为反映大电网多市场环境下对电网运输的不确定影响,提出了加权网络拓扑分析下的电力交易对备用服务的购买模型。以备用服务为研究对象,基于线路电抗的加权电网拓扑,考虑关键线路的备用可用率,构造了考虑阻塞风险的备用获取模型,并利用双层规划进行全局优化计算得最优备用分配。该模型通过带阻抗权重的将电网简化为有向加权稀疏连通图,从输电通道裕度角度和发电容量归属建立脆弱深度指标,定量反映不同交易注入下通道受扰程度。上层优化以供电公司效用最大化为目标,下层以备用成本最小化为目标,以通道受扰程度为约束。算例结果表明备用通道分析可方便调度人员明确通道冗余度状况,加大了安全性和经济性。     

辅助服务收费问题

辅助服务是指为了保障电力系统安全运行和电力商品质量(包括频率、电压和可靠性)，发电厂提供的除正常电能生产外的其他服务。辅助服务分为基本辅助服务和有偿辅助服务。基本辅助服务是指为了保证电力系统安全运行，发电机组必须具备的辅助服务，含频率的一次调整及在不影响其有功发电能力的情况下提供的无功服务等。有偿辅助服务是指除基本辅助服务之外发电企业提供的其他辅助服务，包括调峰、自动发电控制(AGC)、无功、强制备用和黑启动等。     

光纤保护通道可靠性研究

光纤保护已经成为当下电力系统的主流保护,是保证电网安全稳定运行的重要手段,光纤通道的可靠性对继电保护整体可靠性至关重要。分析了专用光纤通道和复用光纤通道的可靠性,并分别提出了可用率的计算方法。以同塔双回线路保护为例,分析了光纤通道可用率与备用芯数量的关系,同时给出了在不同备用芯数量的情况下光纤通道可用率对于纤芯可用率的灵敏度分析结果,为分析实际光纤保护通道可靠性提供了依据,也为实际工程纤芯备用数量选择提供了参考。     

考虑电能与备用联合出清的日前调度优化方法

为解决电力现货市场与辅助服务市场改革不断深入带来的日前调度计划编制模式转变问题,提出了一种考虑电能与备用辅助服务联合出清的日前调度优化方法。首先,剖析了电能与备用辅助服务之间的耦合关系,从机组运行特性和电网承载能力两个维度出发,明确了电能与备用联合出清中需要考虑的运行约束项。接着,以综合购电成本最低为优化目标,全面考虑电网运行、电力平衡、机组运行等三方面约束条件,构建了电能与备用辅助服务联合出清下的日前调度优化模型。并根据模型特点,明确了求解方法。最后基于我国某省区电网实际数据构造的算例表明,该方法能够有效提升发电资源调用效率,避免由于备用均摊等方式造成的发电机组中标量超过系统承载能力或发电机组发电能力的问题。     

基于极限场景分析的电力系统有功功率和备用协调调度

针对电力系统有功备用在调用过程中因线路传输容量不足而无法投入使用的问题,提出一种基于极限场景分析的有功功率和备用协调调度方法。首先,建立考虑备用可用性的优化调度模型。然后,基于连续贪婪算法,提出计及备用调用时机组出力调整范围的极限场景生成方法。最后,将模型分解为预测场景下的备用经济性分配主问题和若干极限场景下的备用可行性校核子问题,进行迭代求解。通过在新英格兰10机39节点系统的测试结果表明,所提方法不仅可以有效解决备用可用性问题,还可以识别影响备用可用性的关键线路和时段。     

Who Should Pay for Reserve?

In the long run, the cost of maintaining a reserve margin can be minimized without sacrificing reliability by giving an incentive to generating companies to improve the availability of their units.     

Evaluation of the operating reserve in hydrothermal generation systems

The demand for an accurate evaluation of power reserves has become very important especially since the installation of large generating units such as nuclear power plants. The features of the power reserve and its partition into non-spinning and spinning components are discussed. Attention is paid to the regulating margin of the generating units and to the problem of evaluating the magnitude and duration of the operating reserve in a hydrothermal generating system under uncertain conditions.Practical examples are given to illustrate evaluation of the fast and slow operating reserves for the hydro and thermal subsystems of the Egyptian Unified Power System. The relation between the uncertainty in the amount of the required operating reserve on the one hand, and the amount of statistical data and size of added generating units on the other are discussed.     

Comparison of Capacity Credit Calculation Methods for Conventional Power Plants and Wind Power

Several methods for computing capacity credit values of power plants have been presented over the years. This paper uses an empirical approach to investigate and compare different properties of four typical capacity credit definitions. It is shown that the choice of definition indeed can have a significant impact on the results. Concerning three of the analyzed methods, it is found that important factors that influence the capacity credit are the overall generation adequacy and the penetration factor of the power plant; this means that the same generating unit will generally have a higher capacity credit if added to a system with high loss of load probability, and the unit will have a higher capacity credit if its installed capacity is small compared to the total installed capacity of the system. The results of the fourth method only depend on the size and availability of the generating units.     

采用通用生成函数法的自治微网旋转备用充裕性评估

自治微网中可再生能源的随机波动特性对旋转备用容量的运行规划提出了新的要求。基于通用生成函数法(UGF),结合马尔可夫技术建立了自治微网内各元件的多状态概率预测模型,提出了自治微网旋转备用概率预测充裕性评估方法与流程。模型综合考虑了风速、光照强度的预测不确定性,以及风机、光伏系统的随机故障特性和拓扑结构。针对UGF处理多状态会产生组合爆炸问题,采用合并同类项、均摊法以及改进K-means聚类进行状态削减,以减小计算负担、提高计算速度。通过MATLAB编程对自治微网算例系统进行仿真分析,结果表明增大传统机组爬坡速率、合理设置光风容量以及初始储能状态有助于提升旋转备用裕度程度。     

Scheduling of Spinning Reserve Considering Customer Choice on Reliability

One of the main objectives of power system restructuring and deregulation is to allow customers to select their desired reliability. This paper proposes a new market model where the reserve capacity is scheduled based on the desired risk level of customers, that is recognized by the expected load not supplied (ELNS) index. The reliability constraint in the objective function of reserve procurement is formulated as a function of generation and reserve allocation among the generating units as well as their failure probability. The reserve requirement is determined regarding transmission constraints and load curtailments due to transmission congestion. Therefore, this method produces market-clearing results with the desired probabilistic characteristics. Moreover, it is shown that the load shedding procedure in contingency states affects the assessment of reserve. The Roy Billinton test system (RBTS) and the IEEE reliability test system (RTS) are analyzed to illustrate the technique.     

Analysis on Operation Reliability of Generating Units in 2009

This paper presents the data on operation reliability indices and relevant analyses toward China's conventional power generating units in 2009.The units brought into the statistical analysis include 100-MW or above thermal generating units,40-MW or above hydro generating units,and all nuclear generating units.The reliability indices embodied include utilization hours,times and hours of scheduled outages,times and hours of unscheduled outages,equivalent forced outage rate and equivalent availability factor.     

Meeting the Texas electricity peak demand conundrum: A case for wind and solar

Texas electricity production and consumption profiles were reviewed to gain an understanding of the renewable energy role in a high-demand jurisdiction. According to NERC, peak demand on the ERCOT electricity grid is rising at exponential rates, yet the operating reserve margin is still set at 13.75%. The study shows that only recently has Texas been replacing generating units with adequate capacity, primarily wind and solar installations due to an increased offer cap in its competitive electricity market.     

需求侧参与备用的系统日前调度模型研究

需求响应资源（DRR）具有参与系统优化调度的能力,引入多种类型DRR作为系统备用资源,将其等效成发电机组融入日前机组组合的优化调度模型,并将备用的容量成本和调用期望成本纳入系统成本的目标函数中,约束中加入DRR参与相关约束。提出基于激励的DRR备用获取方式,通过期望收益分析模拟DRR用户的报价行为模型。此外,考虑因DRR基荷预测偏差和用户主观用电意愿变化等响应不确定性因素,建立响应可信度指标,衡量并分析其对DRR备用参与的影响。IEEE26机算例分析了各类DRR参与系统备用的特点,验证了DRR作为备用参与系统日前调度模型具有有效优化系统的资源配置,降低系统运行总成本的作用。     

大型火电机组可靠性的增长模型和现场验证

提出了大型炎电机组可靠性（可用性）的增长模型,介绍了该增长模型的参数估计和拟合检验方法,给出了３００ＭＷ火电机组可靠性增长的分析结果。现场运行可靠性数据的验证说明该可靠性增长模型符合３００ＭＷ火电机组可靠性的增长趋势。可靠性增长的分析结果表明制造商和用户采用的完善和改进措施是有效的,３００ＭＷ火电机组的可靠性呈增长趋势。