门槛梁抗弯性能影响因素研究

以某微型车门槛梁为研究对象,分析在侧面碰撞过程中的变形模式,确定薄弱截面。为便于对抗弯性能影响因素研究,将其等效简化为单帽梁。设计三点弯曲准静态试验,采用单一变量的方法,分析单帽梁的厚度、截面长宽比和材料对抗弯性能的影响规律。结果表明:薄壁梁内板厚度对抵抗弯曲所起的作用较小,薄壁梁的抗弯性能主要由外板厚度来体现,厚度越大,薄壁梁的抗弯性能越好。截面长宽比越小,所用材料的屈服强度越高,薄壁梁的抗弯性能越好。对后期门槛梁结构设计提供参考。     

Plastic mechanism and elastic-analytical approaches applied to estimate the strength of an axially compressed-thin-walled channel steel section beam

This paper presents the study of an analytical model to estimate the strength of a thin-walled channel steel section beam subjected to axial-compressive loads. The model is based on two different methods of analysis, which are performed by analysing a plastic failure mechanism and elastic behaviour of the beam. These analytical methods can be used to establish plastic-unloading and elastic-inclining-theoretical load-deflection behaviour of the beam. Meanwhile, the axial-compressive strength of the beam is estimated by directly measuring the value of load at an intersection point between two different curves of the theoretical load-deflection behaviour. The accuracy of using this analytical model is also verified by comparing its estimated data of the strength to the one obtained from a number of tests on 38 specimens of thin-walled channel steel section under the test loads of axial compression. It is clearly shown that deviation of the analytical data from the experimental one is still scattered within acceptable limits of ±20%. A statistical analysis of the scattered data indicates that its mean value is 1.03 with standard deviation of 0.058. This certainly means that the estimated strength, on average, displaces from the actual one by 3% and mostly tends to be conservative.     

现浇楼板对混凝土框架结构耗能分布的影响

为了研究现浇楼板对混凝土框架结构各构件滞回耗能分布的影响,基于多弹簧杆单元分别建立了矩形梁、考虑梁刚度、强度增强效应的矩形梁以及考虑楼板翼缘的T形梁共4个多层框架结构计算模型,进行了8度罕遇地震作用下结构滞回耗能分布比较分析。计算结果表明:梁强度增大使结构总滞回耗能增加,而梁耗能占总耗能的比例有所下降;梁刚度增大使得结构总滞回耗能略有增加,梁耗能占总耗能比例也有所上升。考虑楼板翼缘作用的T形梁对结构滞回耗能沿层分布、各层梁柱构件之间分布的影响主要体现在梁强度的增大,梁刚度的增大则会使滞回耗能分布产生突变,框架内梁滞回耗能小于外梁而边柱滞回耗能小于中柱。塑性铰的演化过程体现了结构耗能的转移过程,楼板翼缘作用可使结构由"梁铰机制"转为按"柱铰机制"破坏,这说明了楼板翼缘作用对于结构耗能分布的影响不可忽略。     

Diagnostics of a cavity in a prismatic beam

A beam with a cross section in the form of a hollow rectangular box is considered. A method for calculation of the dimensions of a cavity in a beam by two natural bending frequencies that are taken from different spectra is proposed. These are the spectra of vibrations in two mutually perpendicular planes that are chosen in such a way that the neutral axis of the cross section is parallel to the sides in both cases. The dependence of the natural frequency on the cavity’s parameters is studied. It is proven that the frequency values of the beam under investigation and of an identical beam with a solid cross section do not coincide at any size of the cavity and the natural frequency values of the former beam are always higher than those of the latter one.     

Evaluation on interaction surface of plastic resistance for exposed-type steel column bases under biaxial bending

Exposed-type steel column bases are used widely in low-rise building construction Numerous researchers have examined methods to identify their stiffness and strength, but those studies have heretofore been restricted to in-plane behaviors This paper presents an experimental investigation of inelastic behaviors of square hollow section (SHS) steel column bases under biaxial bending Two types of failure modes are considered anchor bolt yielding and base plate yielding Different pinching effects and interaction surfaces for biaxial bending are observed for these two modes during bi-directional quasi-static cyclic loading tests Differences are elucidated using limit analyses based on a simple analytical model     

钢-BFRP复合筋混凝土柱试验与骨架曲线模型研究

为了研究钢-玄武岩纤维(basalt fiber reinforced polymer,简称BFRP)复合筋混凝土柱的抗震性能,以复合筋的纤维含量(等效配筋率)为主要参数,开展了4个钢筋与复合筋混凝土柱的抗震性能试验。试验结果表明,随着复合筋二次刚度比的提高,构件承载力也有明显提高,构件具有较为显著的屈服后刚度。在试验基础上提出了钢-BFRP复合筋混凝土柱骨架曲线理论模型,建立了骨架曲线特征点参数与结构特性之间的解析关系,该表达式能够综合考虑矩形构件截面尺寸、轴压比和复合筋本构关系及配筋情况等参数影响。该模型与试验结果吻合较好,对普通钢筋混凝土柱也具有较好的预测性,说明该理论模型具有一定的实用性和精确性,可实现利用杆系模型开展结构层次的建模,供混凝土框架结构非线性分析参考。     

Study of a hollow laser beam for cladding

Laser cladding, as a promising manufacturing technology, has been widely used in industry for component recovery and surface modification. In this paper, a hollow laser beam was proposed to optimize the laser intensity distribution. A three-dimensional (3-D) finite element (FE) model was developed using ANSYS to investigate the thermal field in the clad deposited by a hollow laser beam. The thermal results, such as the temperature distribution and the cooling rate, were investigated. The effect of the hollow ratio between the inner and outer radius of the hollow beam on the molten pool shape was also studied. The temperature at the boundary of the molten pool was higher than at the center. A clad with a flat metallurgical bonding was formed. The microstructure in the clad was mainly consisted of fine dendrites except the large columnar structures along the bonding. The hardness distribution of the clad was associated with the grain size distribution and the dilution by the substrate. The molten pool was not able to be generated with a high hollow ratio, while overheated at the center with a low hollow ratio. Based on the comparison with the Gaussian laser beam, the hollow laser beam could effectively alleviate the overheating at the center of the clad.     

Peculiarities of constructing elastic elements in the form of shaped composite beams

Using the example of a shaped beam, a few interesting effects of changes in section form are shown. It is proved that, with simultaneous fulfillment of strength and rigidity conditions, the mass of any uniform-strength beam whose section sizes change according to the power law is three times less than the mass of a beam with a constant section. Methods of increasing weight fineness and the durability of composite elastic elements are analyzed, and the influence of shape “non-fineness” on characteristics of rigidity, mass, and strength of a beam is estimated.     

SLM制备的小长径比四棱锥点阵填充轻量化研究

EHA（电静液驱动执行器）是航空飞行器中动作控制的集成核心部件,高功重比要求对多个部件进行极值轻量化设计,但是由于可填充区域尺寸受限,导致用于轻量化填充的点阵单杆长径比较小。针对现有欧拉梁理论对短粗杆计算准确性差的问题,基于铁木辛柯梁理论进行小长径比的四棱锥点阵静力学性能推导。结果表明,基于铁木辛柯梁理论的小长径比四棱锥点阵的等效弹性模量与长径比的二次方呈反比,等效屈服强度与长径比的二次方呈正比。此外,针对SLM（选择性激光熔化）工艺在激光成型方向呈现的各向异性现象,通过试验得到屈服强度随悬垂角度的各向异性数据,并将此规律拟合融入性能表征公式,以此寻优得到考虑工艺约束的四棱锥点阵填充参数。最后,采用拓扑优化和点阵填充的方法对EHA电机壳进行轻量化设计,由选区激光熔化进行增材制造,结果减重近200 g,占原模型16.3%。     

The influence of the relationship between yield strength and temperature on the stress state in a thin hollow disk

A thin hollow elastoplastic or perfectly plastic disk placed in a rigid cylindrical container and subjected to the action of a temperature field is considered. The conditions of plane stress state are assumed. The Mises yield condition is satisfied in the plastic zone. The main feature of the problem formulation is in the relationship between yield strength and temperature, taken in arbitrary form. A parametric analysis of the solution is carried out for the linear relationship. It was shown that the relationship between yield strength and temperature needs to be taken into account for some materials to define the stress-strain state in the disk and to estimate the conditions of the transition of the whole disk to the plastic state.     

An alternative approach to the analytical determination of the moment capacity of a thin-walled channel steel section beam

An analytical method of combined plastic mechanism and elastic approaches has been developed to predict the moment capacity of a thin-walled channel steel section beam. The plastic mechanism approach is performed by analyzing an idealized model of bending-plastic-hinge-collapse mechanism of the beam bent about its minor neutral axis. This approach adopts a concept of the equilibrium between external energy and the one dissipating in the hinge mechanism. Another analytical approach has been done by analyzing the investigated beam according to an elastic-bending theory. In the elastic analysis, the application of an effective width concept has also been considered to account for the effect of local buckling on the bending element of the beam. These both analytical approaches are then used in the method of cut-off strength to estimate a theoretical moment capacity of the beam bent about its minor neutral axis. An attempt has also been carried out to correlate the estimated moment capacity obtained to another one about a major neutral axis. In order to assess the accuracy of the analytical method developed, its predicted results are verified using the data obtained from experiments and a design code specially used for cold-formed steel structural members. The data of moment capacity about the minor neutral axis is compared to the one measured in a number of flexural-bending tests to failure on the similar channel steel section beams. Meanwhile, the data of moment capacity about the major neutral axis is compared to the one calculated using the design code. A statistical analysis of verified data populations indicates that the mean value of deviated data from experimental one is 1.025 with the standard deviation of 0.087 and from the design code is 1.004 with the standard deviation of 0.111. These statistical measures clearly mean that the analytical model presented herein, on average, tends to estimate conservatively the moment capacity of the investigated beam about its both unsymmetrical and symmetrical-neutral axes by less than 5% and this is certainly still within acceptable limits of ±20%.     

基于边缘屈服准则法的汽车车架横梁的布局优化设计

提出一种基于边缘屈服准则法的汽车车架横梁的布局优化设计方法,假定纵梁截面形式和横梁截面宽度给定,基结构为纵梁间布满了横梁,根据梁的边缘纤维屈服准则给出横梁单元截面高度的修改公式,通过结构重分析不断修改横梁单元的尺寸,使每个横梁单元的边缘纤维达到屈服,满足迭代收敛准则后删除截面高度小于阈值的横梁单元,获得横梁新的布局并提高阈值.在横梁新的布局基础上进行下一轮优化设计.当阈值达到阈值上限时优化设计结束,从而获得最终的横梁准确分布位置和数量.算例表明该方法简单高效,特别适合对大型车架进行横梁布局优化设计.     

Fatigue strength and fracture behaviour of CHS-to-RHS T-joints subjected to out-of-plane bending

The fatigue behaviour of six different hollow section T-joints subjected to out-of-plane bending moment was investigated experimentally using scaled steel models. The joints had circular brace members and rectangular chord members. Hot spot stresses and the stress concentration factors (SCFs) were determined experimentally. Fatigue testing was carried out under constant amplitude loading in air. The test results have been statistically evaluated, and show that the experimental SCF values for circular-to-rectangular (CHS-to-RHS) hollow section joints were found to be below those of circular-to-circular (CHS-to-CHS) hollow section joints. The fatigue strength, referred to experimental hot spot stress, was in reasonably good agreement with referred fatigue design codes for tubular joints.     

A source of broad electron beams with a self-heated hollow cathode for plasma nitriding of stainless steel

The principle of operation and characteristics of a broad electron beam source based on the discharge with a self-heated hollow cathode and widened anode part are described. The source is intended for the ion nitriding of metals in the electron beam plasma. The influence of the current density (1–7 mA/cm²) and ion energy (0.1–0.3 keV) on the nitriding rate of the 12X18H10T austenitic stainless steel is studied. It is shown that the maximal nitriding rate is reached by the combining of the minimal bias voltage across the samples (100 V) and maximal ion current density, which ensures the dynamic oxide layer sputtering on the sample surface. The electron source, in which electrons are extracted through a stabilizing grid in the direction normal to the axis of the hollow cathode, ensures the radially divergent electron beam formation with a 700-cm² initial cross section, a current of up to 30 A, and initial electron energy of 0.1–0.5 keV. The source stably operates at nitrogen-argon mixture pressures of up to 3 Pa.     

Predictions of permanent deformation of impulsively loaded simply supported square tube steel beams

The paper describes experimental and theoretical work on model scale simply supported hollow steel beams of square tube section. In the experimental work, the beams were loaded impulsively by detonating a strip of sheet explosive along the top surface, using a fairly thick layer of styrofoam to spread the effect of the explosive strip. Impulses were measured by means of a ballistic pendulum. Local deformations of the order of the cross-section dimensions took place; however, these were uniform along the beam, indicating that the local and global beam deformations were sequential. In the analysis it is assumed that the local and global deflections are uncoupled. The local deformation is predicted approximately by treating the cross-section as a rigid-viscous portal frame, and the global deformation by treating the simply supported beam by an approximate elastic-plastic approach. Given the simplicity of the analysis, acceptable estimates of the deformation are obtained.     

On the hollowness ratio effect on the dynamics of a spinning Rayleigh beam

The analytical solutions of a spinning Rayleigh beam with rotatory moment inertia and gyroscopic effect are presented in this paper. The critical speeds can be written analytically in a function of the length-to-radius ratio (l) defined by the beam's length over its outer radius and the hollowness ratio (α) defined by the hollow area over the total area of the cross section. The sensitivity analyses show that the critical speed is decreasing with l, but increasing with α. Moreover, α is more sensitive to the critical speeds. The design of a spinning beam should therefore be emphasized more on the hollowness factor. Contrary to common belief, only finite critical speeds exist and the number is independent of the boundary conditions. It increases monotonically with l, but decreases with α. The steady state unbalanced response can therefore be expressed analytically by the finite precessional modes and the corresponding generalized coordinates.     

6061铝合金汽车保险杠横梁的碰撞性能

基于有限元分析软件LS-DYNA对设计的一种薄壁、中空且带加强筋的铝合金保险杠横梁的摆锤和台车试验进行了有限元模拟;并进行相关试验,与钢制横梁的碰撞性能进行对比。结果表明:在20km·h-1低速碰撞条件下台车有限元模拟与实际试验结果吻合较好;铝合金横梁较原钢制横梁有更好的刚度和吸能性能;在相同的碰撞试验条件下,钢制横梁的吸能性有限,而铝合金横梁能够在较大的速度范围内保持较高的吸能性能。     

SGA3550矿用自卸车驱动桥壳结构分析与改进

建立了SGA3550型矿用汽车驱动桥壳及A形架的有限元模型,选择极限工况对其进行了结构强度和刚度分析.结果表明,驱动桥壳空心梁和半轴套管部分的应力远小于材料的许用应力,而悬架支座与桥壳连接处出现了局部应力过大的情况.对该桥壳的相应结构提出了改进方案,改进后的桥壳质量更小,最大应力也大幅减小,且应力分布更为合理.     

The interference effect of double symmetrical cracks on general yield strength

The interference effect of double symmetrical cracks of either equal or unequal crack depth on the plane-strain general yield strength under tension is analyzed based on the upper and lower bound theorems. Theoretical results are compared with experimental results. The experimentally obtained range of crack pitch as influenced by the interference effect can be predicted accurately by the theory. The discrepancy is recognized at each crack pitch, especially for the single symmetrical crack, between the experimental value of the ratio of mean tensile stress in the net section at general yielding to the lower yield point and the constraint factor calculated from the theory. Strain figures obtained by Fry's etching method show that plastic deformation occurs approximately along the line of velocity discontinuity employed in the upper bound considerations.     

Experimental study of ion beam optics in a two-stage accelerator

Hydrogen ion beam optics in a two-stage linear acceleration system is studied by examining the beam divergence as a function of the voltage and gap distribution, the beam perveance, the background gas pressure, the aspect ratio, and the total accelerating energy (60-110 keV). The system consists of four electrodes with single, cylindrical, straight-bore apertures acting as an extraction-accel-decel column. An optimum relation between the field ratio and the extraction perveance is obtained from measurements for the minimum beam divergence condition. The HWHM divergence angle is <0.3 degrees under optimum conditions. Qualitative agreement between the measurements and a previous theoretical study is noticed. A potential application of the results to high energy neutral beam injectors for fusion research is also discussed.