A simple fuzzy logic based robust active power filter for harmonics minimization under random load variation

Widespread applications of power electronic-based loads continue to increase concerns over harmonic distortion. However, it is desired to draw purely sinusoidal current from the distribution network, but this is no longer the case with new generation loads, consisting of power electronic converters. The current harmonics produced by these non-linear loads further result in voltage distortion and leads to various power quality problems. This paper, therefore, deals with a simple fuzzy logic based robust active power filter to minimize the harmonics for wide range of variations of load current under stochastic conditions. The proposed control scheme is very simple and it is also capable of maintaining the compensated line currents balanced, irrespective of the unbalance in the load currents. The proposed methodology is extensively tested for wide range of variable load current under stochastic conditions and results are found to be quite satisfactory to mitigate harmonics and reactive power components from the utility current. The results presented in this paper clearly reflect the effectiveness of the proposed APF to meet the IEEE-519 standard recommendations on harmonic levels.     

Harmonic current and voltage compensation using HSAPF based on hybrid control approach for synchronous reference frame method

This paper presents a Hybrid Series Active Power Filter (HSAPF) for compensation of source current and load voltage harmonics. The HSAPF combination consists of a small rated series active power filter and a shunt connected passive power filter. This combination is suitable for compensation of voltage-type as well as current-type harmonic producing load. The HSAPF uses the synchronous rotating reference frame method that based on hybrid control approach, which eliminate both source current as well as load voltage harmonics and also tests the performance of HSAPF for ideal voltage, non-ideal voltage and also at different loading conditions, etc.     

Harmonic estimation using RLS algorithm and elimination with improved current control technique based SAPF in a distribution network

This paper presents the application of well known recursive least square (RLS) harmonic estimation technique and its elimination with improved current control technique based shunt active power filter (SAPF) in a distorted power network. The estimation of amplitude and phase angle of fundamental and harmonics is performed using RLS algorithm, known for their simplicity of computation, accuracy and good convergence properties. The estimates are updated recursively as samples of the harmonic signals are received. In order to eliminate harmonics produced by the nonlinear load connected in the distribution network, a three-phase SAPF with modified current control technique is employed. In this paper, based on the analysis and modeling of SAPF with closed-loop control, a feed forward compensation path of load current and a new pulse width modulation (PWM) control scheme is proposed to improve the dynamic performance of the SAPF. In this case the amplitude and phase angle of the converter AC voltage should be adjusted using PWM, thus producing either leading or lagging reactive power. Harmonic contented in the signal is estimated at the point of common coupling (PCC) with and without SAPF. The comparative results of amplitude and phase angle of fundamental and selected harmonics are determined considering installation of SAPF in the distribution network. The system is studied using MATLAB environment to justify the effectiveness of proposed control technique in comparison to the other techniques discussed in the recent literature.     

TIME DOMAIN ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES FOR HARMONIC LOAD MODELS

ABSTRACT

In this paper we present two novel time domain techniques for load modelling in the presence of harmonics. In the first technique, the harmonic contents of the load voltage and current waveforms are assumed to be known in advance. The second technique uses samples of the load voltage and current waveforms directly. The least errors square parameter estimation algorithm is used to estimate the load resistance, inductance and capacitance. The residual current associated with incomplete extraction of the parameters for all significant signal frequencies is also estimated. We also identify harmonics that are not common between the load voltage and current waveforms. The proposed techniques are applied to synthetic and actual recorded data. The paper's conclusions are based on comparing the results obtained using both techniques.     

Influence of phasor adjustment of harmonic sources on the allowable penetration level of distributed generation

Harmonic distortion caused by increasing size of inverter-based distributed generation (DG) can give rise to power quality problems in distribution power networks. Therefore, it is very important to determine allowable DG penetration level by considering the harmonic related problems. In this study, an optimization methodology is proposed for maximizing the penetration level of DG while minimizing harmonic distortions considering different load profiles. The methodology is based on updating the voltage magnitude and angle at point of common coupling depending on the size of DG to be utilized in the harmonic power flow modeling. The harmonic parameters are determined by using decoupled harmonic power flow method, in which the harmonic source modeling with harmonic current spectrum angle adjustment is embedded, while the nonlinear loads and inverter-based DGs are connected to the distribution power network. The allowable penetration level of DGs is determined based on power quality constraints including total harmonic voltage distortion, individual harmonic voltage distortion, and RMS bus voltage limits in the optimization framework. Fuzzy-c means clustering method is also applied to decrease the computational effort of the optimization process in the long-term load profile. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated on the IEEE 33-bus radial distribution network for different scenarios.     

Load and voltage balancing in harmonic power flows by means of static VAr compensators

In special applications, static VAr compensators (SVCs) with thyristor-controlled reactors (TCRs) are used to balance unbalanced loads or to eliminate voltage unbalances at the terminals of the SVC. In both cases, load balancing and voltage balancing, the TCR can present a significant unbalanced behavior which produces important quantities of noncharacteristic harmonics. In this paper, the formulation and solution of the load and voltage balancing problems are developed for harmonic power flows obtained from a combination of two blocks: (1) a conventional load flow (CLF) and (2) an iterative harmonic analysis (IHA). In both blocks, the treatment of load and voltage balancing is described in detail. Load flow (LF) calculations and harmonic analysis show the presence of noncharacteristic harmonics in these two situations.     

An investigation of the harmonic characteristics of transformerexcitation current under nonsinusoidal supply voltage

This paper investigates the effect of supply voltage harmonics on the excitation current of a typical 25 kVA single-phase distribution transformer. A complete analytical model is developed to calculate the time domain waveform and the harmonic components of the excitation current. The key findings are: the phase angles of the supply voltage harmonics determine whether or not those voltage harmonics increase or decrease the distortion of the input current (with respect to the sinusoidal supply voltage case). A peaked input voltage wave distorted by 3rd, 7th, 11th, etc. harmonic components, or a flattened input voltage wave distorted by 5th, 9th, 13th, etc. harmonics, creates a flattened current (i.e., decreases the current harmonics and distortion). A flattened input voltage wave distorted by 3rd, 7th, 11th, etc. harmonic components, or a peaked input voltage wave distorted by 5th, 9th, 13th, etc. harmonics, creates a peaked current (i.e., increases the current harmonics and distortion): The 3rd harmonic component in the supply voltage has the highest effect on the current harmonics and distortion. The effect of higher voltage harmonics gradually diminishes with frequency. The magnitudes of the individual current harmonics follow the same decreasing/increasing pattern of changes as does current distortion variation. The corresponding variations in harmonic current phase angles is negligible     

The sharing of responsibility between the supplier and the consumer for harmonic voltage distortion: A case study

The aim of this research paper is to demonstrate the application of a proposed procedure for the sharing of responsibility between the supplier and the consumer for the actual harmonic voltage distortion at a given point of common coupling (PCC). The methodology is based on the analysis of measured voltage and current signals at the PCC and on information related to the harmonic impedances involved in the process. Both the supply and the load impedances are considered and an approach for coupling these with a consumer representative load is presented. The method is applied to a real commercial installation containing a combination of linear and nonlinear components fed by a pre-distorted 13.8 kV busbar. The result emphasizes the consistence of the approach in identifying the individual contributions of the supplier and the consumer. By finding the supply and load harmonic contributions, it is possible to achieve fairer cost sharing when mitigation procedures are needed to reduce voltage distortion to admissible legislation limits.     

Methods of Evaluation of Harmonic Levels in Industrial Plant Distribution Systems

Techniques for analyzing and evaluating the harmonic levels in an industrial facility's electrical distribution system are presented. The various system models and types of harmonic source representation are described. A harmonic evaluation should be performed when a new industrial facility will include sources of harmonics or when the addition of harmonics injecting equipment is being considered. Cogenerators and variable-speed ac induction motor drives are examples of sources of harmonics that are growing in size and number. The methods described utilize a harmonics load flow program based on the direct solution of the impedance matrix at each harmonic frequency. The program includes detailed models of transformers, lines, loads, and generators. It also allows the specification of the harmonic sources by either ac/dc converter parameters or by sampled data of the current or voltage waveform. Results from the analysis of two typical distribution systems in large industrial plants are presented. This analysis illustrates some of the problems that may be encountered and gives recommendations for solutions to these problems.     

An investigation of the quality of the output voltage,current, and energy relationships of independent inverters with transformers with a rotating magnetic field

It is analyzed how commutator circuits of independent inverters with transformers with rotating magnetic fields influence the quality of the output voltage and current. Based on a harmonic analysis of curve forms under different types of loads, the dependences of the coefficients of voltage and current harmonics on the number of power-key pairs involved in commutators of independent inverters with transformers with rotating magnetic fields have been determined.     

大规模风电接入电网谐波影响研究

随着风电场容量和接入电压等级的不断提高,风电场对电网的电能质量影响越来越大。分析了不同类型风电机组的谐波特性,以及在不同网架下对风电场并网点产生的谐波影响。依据风电机组实测谐波数据及风电场实际参数,使用ETAP软件对风电场产生谐波进行仿真,提出了风电场电能质量评估方法。     

交－交变频器斜率逼近控制法

余弦交点法广泛地应用于数控型交一交变频器的触发控制中，能明显地降低输出电压中的谐波含量。但是余弦交点法在控制过程中，采用的参考量是理想的电压曲线，所以当用来控制正弦波电流输出时，其必然存在有较大的弊端。斜率逼近法直接以理想输出电流为参考量，对负载电流进行实时采集、计算进而控制晶闸管的切换。该方法计算简单，所需硬件少，可有效地提高交一交变频器的性能，改善输出电流波形的正弦度，减少低次谐波含量。     

一种低压谐波抑制的新方法

介绍一种新的谐波抑制装置—通用滤波器UHF(UniversalHarmonicFilter)或线性滤波器(Lineator),它是无源滤波器领域里新的进展。它采用带有小容量滤波电容器的T型电抗器反极性接入电源与负荷之间。使得经过绕组中的反串互感减少了供电系统与非线性负荷之间的电压降落,同时,在谐波条件下供电系统支路形成一个高阻抗。这样,就使大部分谐波电流流入滤波器支路,而流入系统的谐波电流大大减少。使用SIMULINK,对装有UHF的三相六脉波整流器装置的工作特性进行数字仿真并与单调谐滤波器相比较,分析结果表明采用UHF对谐波有更好的抑制效果。     

双环控制整流桥直流侧串联型有源电力滤波器及实验研究

针对广泛应用的整流负荷,提出一种直流侧串联型有源电力滤波器(active power filter,APF)。这种DC侧APF串联在整流桥与负载之间,通过产生谐波电压达到补偿谐波源的目的,使电源电流成为与电源电压同频同相的正弦波。与传统的交流侧有源电力滤波器相比,有源开关的数量减少了一半,简化了电路结构,降低成本。串联型DC侧APF采用双环控制,电流控制跟踪电源电压变化,电压控制调整APF的能量流向,通过改变APF储能电容电压极性,实现对电感电流的连续可控,从而实现谐波治理。这种控制方法具有结构简单、控制效果好等优点。实验结果验证了文中所得结论。     

一种基于多调整策略的电机相电流重构技术

为解决不可重构区域内的相电流重构问题,同时减小对相电流谐波含量的影响,提出了一种基于多调整策略的电机相电流重构技术。对电压矢量空间的不可重构区域进行划分,通过在不同的区域内采用不同的调整策略实现相电流重构。最后利用Matlab/simulink搭建基于相电流重构的永磁同步电机SVPWM矢量控制仿真模型。仿真结果表明该方案能够在不可重构区域内对相电流进行有效重构,同时能够在电机的带负载启动、切换负载以及电机加减速的过程中有效实现相电流的重构。FFT分析结果表明该方案对于相电流的谐波影响较小。     

电弧炉电气系统谐波分析的频域方法研究

文中对电弧炉电气系统谐波分析的频域方法进行了研究。首先对电弧电压波形进行了傅立叶分析，接着讨论了电弧炉系统谐波分析的思路。从替代定理和叠加原理出发，将三相对称及不对称电弧炉系统简化为单相系统进行求解。经过电路分析，导出了电弧炉系统主电路谐波、注入电网谐波、流过电容器谐波的解析计算公式。分析表明：电弧炉系统的主电路谐波的大小与系统的谐波阻抗、电弧电压波形和电弧炉的平均功率因数有关，电弧炉注入电网的谐波主要为低次谐波。当电弧炉电气系统在串联谐振点和并联谐振点附近时，均会出较大谐波电流，而串联谐振对系统的影响更大一些。     

居民用户谐波调查及仿真分析

调查了多种低压民用负荷的谐波情况和典型配电网变压器低压侧的中性线电流和相线电流情况。低压民用负荷会产生大量的谐波和畸变功率,且功率因数较低,是影响配电网无功含量和功率因数的主要因素。配电网中性线电流中的三倍次谐波含量很高,相电流中奇次谐波含量很高,而且配电网的谐波网损很大。利用电磁暂态仿真程序ATP建立了两类主要的低压民用负荷模型,模型的仿真结果与实测数据基本吻合。     

谐波源和闪变源的识别算法

从多个负荷中鉴别出谐波和闪变的扰动源,有利于明确电能质量问题责任,进行针对性治理.提出一种谐波源和闪变源的识别算法.通过移动窗数据处理方式计算公共连接点(PCC)电压与各负荷支路电流的最大相关系数,据此评价电压与电流波形相似度,实现多支路负荷中非线性负荷的识别,鉴别出普通负荷与谐波、闪变扰动源负荷;比较PCC电压与扰动...     

A quantative approach to estimate the life expectancy of motorinsulation systems

Electric motors represent the largest single load in most power systems. With continuing increase in nonlinear loads, the effects of harmonic contents of power systems on various components is becoming more important. This paper is concerned with the effects of power system harmonics and voltage unbalance on the useful life of electric motors. A simple equivalent circuit is used to calculate the additional heat losses caused by supply distortions. A lumped-parameter thermal network is proposed to calculate the resulting heat distribution within the machine. An Arrhenius chart is then used to estimate motor insulation remaining life. The proposed approach is used to determine the effect of supply harmonics and voltage unbalance on the useful life of a three phase induction motor and the results are verified experimentally     

多谐波合成的测试与研究

冶理供电网络的谐波,从较精确地估算谐波电流源的谐波含量开始,同一接入点有多个谐波源时,首先考虑利用不同谐波源的相位关系,以减小注入电网的某些较低频率的谐波电流。采用先进的多通道数字化波形记录装置,可以同时记录下多个谐波电流源的数字离散畸变波形,利用快速傅里叶变换的算法,可以比较准确地分析出各个谐波电流源同一时间的畸变波形中基波电流以及各个谐波电流的幅值和初相位。从而在机理上说明,利用多个谐波源的相位关系可以减小谐波电流源的合成谐波电流。