~(60)Co γ射线水吸收剂量量值传递方法初步研究

60Co γ射线水吸收剂量是放射治疗体系的基础物理量,在辐射治疗中发挥着重要作用。开展60 Coγ射线水吸收剂量值传递方法研究,可为我国γ射线水吸收剂量量值体系的建立提供重要技术支持。以PTW-30013电离室、PMMA水箱及三维移动平台为基础,建立量值传递标准装置;结合IAEATRS398报告的要求开展60 Coγ射线水吸收剂量量值传递方法的初步研究。经量值传递后,PTW-30013电离室60 Coγ射线水吸收剂量校准因子的扩展不确定度为0.90%(k=2),辐射计量中心(IAEA次级标准计量实验室)60 Co参考辐射γ射线水吸收剂量的扩展不确定度为1.4%(k=2)。结果表明,该量值传递方法可有效降低次级标准剂量实验室60 Coγ射线水吸收剂量的测量不确定度。     

10-50kV X射线水吸收剂量的测量与研究

X射线水吸收剂量是辐射剂量学的重要物理量,它的精确测量在放射治疗中至关重要。开展低能X射线水吸收剂量的研究与测量,可为完善水吸收剂量溯源体系及扩宽计量部门校准范围提供重要技术支持。确定低能X射线水吸收剂量的测量方法,在辐射场中使用PTW23344电离室对10-50 k V的治疗水平辐射质下的X射线水吸收剂量进行了测量。最终得到了电离室的水吸收剂量刻度因子N_D以及厚度为6 cm有机玻璃前表面的水吸收剂量D_W。本项工作为建立国内X射线水吸收剂量标准及进行国际比对提供了条件和基础。     

用化学方法测量 J-2.5MV 质子静电加速器电子的吸收剂量

用硫酸亚铁剂量计和辐射变色薄膜剂量计相结合的化学方法，测定了水和聚乙烯材料中电子的吸收剂量、深度剂量分布和实际射程。测量结果和外推电离室的测量结果进行了比较，水和聚乙烯中电子最大吸收剂量的测量值在２％范围内一致。本方法测量水的吸收剂量总不确定度为２．１％，测量聚乙烯和其它物质的吸收剂量总不确定度为６．５％，置信概率为９５％。     

用化学方法测量J—2.5MW质子静电加速器电子的吸收剂量

用硫酸亚铁剂量和辐射变色薄膜剂量计相结合的化学方法，测定了水和聚乙烯材料中电子的吸收剂量，深度剂量分布和实际射程，测量结果和外推电离室的测量结果进行了比较，水和聚乙烯中电子最大吸收剂量的测量在２％范围内一致，，本方法测量水的吸收剂量部不确定度为２．１％，测量聚乙烯和其它物质的吸收剂量总不确定度为６．５％，置信概率为９５％。     

水箱中电离法测量X射线水吸收剂量

本文基于电离法对X射线水吸收剂量进行了测量与研究,确定了管电压在100 k V以上的X水吸收剂量射线测量方法。在基准辐射场建立了管电压为100 k V的治疗水平X射线辐射质,通过引用文献插值得到水与空气的质能吸收系数之比和PTW 30013型电离室的扰动因子。基于计算公式得到PTW 30013型电离室的水吸收剂量校准因子,同时在水箱中测量了该辐射质下水深2 cm处的X射线水吸收剂量。     

应用双电离定方法测定15MeV中子场内化学样品中的吸收剂量

本文研究了BPT型指形TE-TE和Me-Ar电离室的特性。在由T(d,n)~4He反应产生的混合场中,对电离室的各项修正因子进行了实验测定与计算。TE-TE电离室500 V的饱和修正因子为1.007;Mg-Ar电离室200V的饱和修正因子为1.017。在15MeV中子场中应用双电离室方法测定了葡萄糖和FBX溶液体系(硫酸亚铁—苯甲酸—二甲酚橙)中的吸收剂量。确定了样品中中子吸收剂量与γ射线吸收剂量的比值。并给出了在混合场中中子吸收剂量测量不确定度为±6.3％。     

低能X射线水吸收剂量测量的散射辐射研究

低能X射线常应用于浅层放射治疗,其空气比释动能或水吸收剂量通常采用平板电离室进行测量。为了更好地了解平板电离室在低能X射线校准过程中的响应情况,以及随辐射野变化所引起的散射情况,在低能X射线标准辐射场中,对4个参考辐射质（30 kV、25 kV、50 kV(b)和50 kV(a)）进行了蒙特卡罗模拟,同时对两种常用的PTW23344和PTW23342电离室分别在空气中和模体中进行了校准测量,并改变辐射野大小。结果表明：两种电离室的读数随着辐射野直径增大而增加,但总体趋势逐渐平缓。两种电离室空气读数和模体读数之比随着辐射野直径减小而减少,总体趋势也逐渐平缓。PTW23344电离室在辐射野4.5～9 cm范围的水吸收剂量刻度因子平均增幅是辐射野9～13.5 cm范围的水吸收剂量刻度因子平均增幅的2.85倍;PTW23342电离室在辐射野2.03～4.05 cm范围的水吸收剂量刻度因子平均增幅是辐射野4.05～6.08 cm范围的水吸收剂量刻度因子的平均增幅的1.50倍。低能X射线水吸收剂量测量,要使辐射野完全覆盖电离室灵敏体积,以达到电子平衡测量条件,又不能过大导致过多散射造成伤害。     

电离法校准低能质子剂量技术

本工作建立1套电离室绝对剂量测量系统，对自制石墨电离室性能进行研究，实验结果表明自制电离室系统满足标准电离室的要求。设计了1套基于同向测量的透射电离室，用于在线监测束流变化，为剂量测量的准确性提供了依据，解决了替代法校准时束流波动对测量结果造成较大不确定度的问题。对已建立的电离室测量低能质子吸收剂量绝对测量系统进行不确定度评估，合成标准不确定度约4%。最后，以自行研制的质子剂量测量系统（电离室系统、透射电离室系统）在HI-13串列加速器上开展了对丙氨酸剂量计校准技术的研究，获得了不同能量质子辐照下的RE值。     

抽真空法测量自由空气电离室空气衰减修正因子

空气衰减对自由空气电离室是最大的修正项,对总的修正因子不确定度影响也大。本文采用钼靶X射线、真空管测试系统和圆柱型自由空气电离室测量电离电流,用EGSnrc(Electron Gamma Shower)程序模拟恒压管对X射线束额外损失的影响;用抽真空法对圆柱型自由空气电离室空气衰减修正因子的测量,修正了实际测量中圆柱型自由空气电离室限束光阑入射面到收集极这段距离的空气衰减,得到准确的电离电流测量值。结果表明:自由空气电离室的电离电流与恒压管的压强成正比,恒压管对于X射线束额外损失小于0.5%;在钼靶X射线基准的4个辐射质条件下测得的圆柱型自由空气电离室空气衰减修正因子与德国物理技术研究院(The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt,PTB)的测量结果比较,呈现相同的变化趋势,符合实验要求和国际标准。圆柱型自由空气电离室空气衰减修正因子的实验测量对于钼靶X射线空气比释动能的绝对测量具有科学参考价值。     

β吸收剂量绝对测量装置

β吸收剂量绝对测量装置由PTW 23392型湿度计和外推电离室、FJ—356型振动电容静电计、数字电压表、温度计、气压计等组成。实验测定了所用静电计的内部反馈电容、外推电离室不同极间距离时的电容,从而确定了外推电离室的有效收集面积为7.106×10~(-4)m~2。实验测量了外推电离室窗对于天然铀、~(147)Pm和(~(90)Sr ~(90)Y)β辐射的散射和阻止的修正。实验测出或计算出其他修正,实验测出直径为90mm、厚为10mm的天然铀块表面组织吸收剂量率为2.289mGy/h,总不确定度为1.7％。实验测出~(147)Pm和(~(90)Sr ~(90)Y)β参考辐射的组织吸收剂量率,总不确定度分别为3.0％和1.7％。     

Experimental Study for Absorbed dose to Water of Heavy Ion Beam via Ionization Method

The absorbed-dose to water of heavy ion beam is a fundamental quantity for heavy ion therapy. It is necessary to perform the relevant work with in-direct measurement prior to the study of the reproduction for the absorbed-dose to water of heavy ion beam. The absorbed-dose to water of a carbon ion beam, whose incident energy was 400 MeV/u and spread-out Bragg peak was 6 cm, was studied with conventional ionization method. The correction factors of polarity and ion recombination for the ionization chambers were evaluated with the incident heavy ion beam. The uncertainty components for the measurement of the absorbed-dose to water of heavy ion beam are significantly larger than that of the 60Co γ radiation, in terms of the corrections for the polarity and ion recombination of the ionization chambers. The absorbed-dose to water of heavy ion beam deduced from different ionization chambers is consistent within the acceptance of uncertainty. Based on the measurement with ionization chambers, it is crucial to conduct more intensive research activities of radiation dosimetry including the absolute measurement with calorimetric facility, with the purpose of further optimizing the uncertainty in the measurement for the absorbed-dose to water of heavy ion beam.     

采用电离室测定重离子束的Bragg峰位

从探索定点定位诱变要求出发，提出了重离子束Ｂｒａｇｇ峰可作为一个有用手段，阐述了测量重离子束Ｂｒａｇｇ峰的原理和实验装置，采用一对电离室测定初始能量为５０ＭｅＶ／ｕ左右＾１４Ｎ＾７＋离子束在物质密度归一到小麦材料后的Ｂｒａｇｇ峰位。最终得到峰位深度约为４．８５ｎｍ，离子束的最大射程为５．５ｍｍ左右。     

Annular gas ionization detector for low energy heavy ion backscattering spectrometry

A gas ionization chamber for use in backscattering spectrometry has been built. It has the shape of a hollow cylinder and can be placed in-line with the incident ion beam. The entrance window for detected particles is composed of a circular array of silicon nitride membranes. A low noise preamplifier with cooled FET is used for charge amplification. The detector resolution has been measured for a variety of ions in the mass range from He to Si and for energies between 0.5 and 8 MeV. The energy resolution of the ionization chamber surpasses the one of a state-of-the-art silicon charged particle detector for all ions heavier than Li. For Si ions the improvement in resolution is more than a factor of 2. The device does not suffer from any radiation damage. For He particles around 1 MeV the resolution is between 13 and 16 keV (FWHM). Therefore the new detector is not only well suited for heavy ion backscattering spectrometry but can also be applied for standard He RBS, allowing the use of a single detector for all types of projectiles in a wide energy range.     

一种用于Hp(3)测量的电离室性能评价

人眼晶体易受辐照损伤,为直接测量人眼晶体的个人剂量当量Hp(3),通过自研的一种人体头颅模型,在眼球部位嵌入球形电离室,开展辐射环境中Hp(3)的准确性评价。首先在GB/T 12162.1标准中规定的S-Cs辐射质条件下对该仪器进行校准,再利用该校准因子在不同能量和入射角条件下测量,获得相应的能量和入射角修正因子k(E,α),同时对其本底电流和极化效应进行测量,最后探讨该电离室测量值准确性的影响因素。结果表明,Hp(3)电离室的校准因子NH=1.19 μSv/pC;在未进行能量和入射角修正情况下,测得其在33 keV~1.25 MeV能量范围内响应相对误差为-0.9%~12.6%,-60°~60°入射角范围内的响应相对误差为-7.9%~0%。通过不确定度评定,得到其校准因子的相对扩展不确定度为5.6%（k=2）;能量和入射角已知、未知时,Hp(3)测量值的相对扩展不确定度分别为9.4%（k=2）和18%（k=2）。对于能量和入射角未知情况下的辐射场,在不确定度范围内可直接利用该电离室测量得到辐射场的Hp(3)。本研究可为眼晶体个人剂量当量的准确测量提供参考。     

Experimental determination of the absorbed dose to water in a scanned proton beam using a water calorimeter and an ionization chamber

The absorbed dose to water is the reference physical quantity for the energy absorbed in tissue when exposed to beams of ionizing radiation in radiotherapy. The SI unit of absorbed dose to water is the gray (Gy = 1 J/kg). Ionization chambers are used as the dosimeters of choice in the clinical environment because they show a high reproducibility and are easy to use. However, ionization chambers have to be calibrated in order to convert the measured electrical charge into absorbed dose to water. In addition, protocols require these conversion factors to be SI traceable to a primary standard of absorbed dose to water. We present experimental results where the ionization chamber used for the dosimetry for the scanned proton beam facility at PSI is compared with the direct determination of absorbed dose to water from the METAS primary standard water calorimeter. The agreement of 3.2% of the dose values measured by the two techniques are within their respective statistical uncertainties.     

Gate/Geant4-based Monte Carlo simulation for calculation of dose distribution of 400 MeV/u carbon ion beam and fragments in water

The applications of carbon ion beam in tumor therapy have attracted more attention in recent years.Monte Carlo simulation is an important approach to obtain accurate radiotherapy parameters. In this work, a400 Me V/u carbon ion beam incident on water phantom was simulated with Gate/Geant4 tools. In methods, the authors set up a carbon ion beam source according to the experiment parameters of Haettner, defined the geometries and materials, set up the physics processes, and designed the means of information collection. In results,the authors obtained the longitudinal dose distribution, the lateral dose distribution, and the relative uncertainty of dose. The dose contributions of all kinds of fragments were calculated detailedly and compared with the Francis results. This work is helpful for people's understanding of the dose distributions produced by carbon ion beam and fragments in water. The simulation method is also significative for radiotherapy treatment planning of carbon ion beam, and it is easy to extend. For obtaining a special result, we may change the particle energy, particle type,target material, target geometry, physics process, detector,etc.     

利用EGS4计算固体电离室的吸收剂量与光子注量的转换因子

利用蒙特卡罗程序EGS4,针对几种特定的γ光子谱,计算了特定形状的LiF固体电离室中空腔辐射敏感元件LiFTLD的吸收剂量-光子注量转换因子;计算结果表明,该转换因子的不确定度主要取决于谱的不确定度;通过对单能光子源的蒙特卡罗计算结果与解析公式计算结果的比较,证明该方法是可靠的,是目前解决此类问题的有效而可行的途径。     

HPXe ionization chambers for γ spectrometry at room temperature

High pressure xenon (HPXe) ionization chambers exhibit many characteristics which make them particularly suitable for industrial γ spectrometry at room or higher temperature. The use of a gas as detection medium allows one to reach very large effective volumes and makes these chambers relatively insensitive to radiation damage. Further, the high atomic number of xenon (Z=54) enhances the total absorption of incident photons and provides, combined to high pressure, a good enough detection efficiency with respect to solid state detectors. Furthermore, such ionization chambers with Frisch grid appear to be very stable over wide periods (e.g. a research prototype has been used aboard MIR orbital station for several years) and temperature range (up to 180°), without maintenance.The characteristics of different prototypes are presented. Their detection efficiency and energy resolution are studied as a function of incident γ ray energy. New developments in electronics and signal processing are also investigated to improve their performances.     

高气压组织等效电离室用于混合辐射场测量的实验研究

介绍了基于复合理论的组织等效电离室的设计原理,利用该原理设计的区域中子、γ剂量当量仪可使用1个探头间接测量周围剂量当量、吸收剂量和品质因子。利用加速器和标准辐射场对该装置进行测试,测试结果表明,该装置对于中子和γ辐射场,尤其是对于高能γ、热能至几十MeV的中子具有较好的能量响应和较高的灵敏度,在剂量率高于几十μSv/h时,测量不确定度可控制在±50%以内。该系统可为存在中子、γ辐射场的场所提供必要的测量手段和监控技术。     

CaSO_4:Dy-Teflon元件测量~(60)Coγ射线吸收剂量分布的适用性

本文讨论了用CaSO_4:Dy-Teflon元件对狗模吸收剂量分布的测量,并与用电离室的测量结果进行比较,表明此元件能较精确地测量体模的吸收剂量分布。