二元建设用地管理体制下的城乡空间发展问题——以广州为例

在总结"城区外拓"和"城镇蔓延"的用地发展特征基础上,分析了当前建设用地管制体制的内在矛盾;以广州市为例,指出:二元建设用地管理体制下的土地利用管制已经对大城市的空间增长形成了越来越多的约束,集中表现为相关主体对集体土地建设权的争夺;这不仅增加了城市规划编制和用地管理的成本,而且将进一步扭曲大城市的城乡空间发展;在制度检讨的基础上,提出了相关政策建议。     

改革城市规划体系加强城市用地管理

针对当前普遍存在的一味争取"做大"人口规模,扩大城市用地的"圈地"问题,作者从城市规划体系本身的问题出发进行剖析,认为现行的"总体规划"编制办法和地位是产生这些问题的重要原因.因此建议"总体规划"应是战略性和结构性,不能做为行动规划和"圈地"工具.     

论违法建设的防止与规划法规的完善

基于对上海市浦东新区近年城市规划批后管理工作的调查,分析在违法建设活动总体呈下降的趋势的背景下,以超面积建设为代表的违法建设活动却呈大规模上升的趋势。然后讨论现行规划法规的不足,提出完善规划法规的思路和建议。     

土地利用规划与城乡规划差异分析及协调途径探索

以总体规划为例分析了土地利用规划和城乡规划两类规划在编制主体、编制技术标准以及规划期限等层面的差异,以及由此给两类规划实施造成的影响。结合当前规划实际工作,指出需要从法律、技术等层面强化两类规划的衔接。最后,笔者简要介绍了南京在规划管理和实践过程中创新两类规划协调衔接的具体操作方法。     

立足统筹,面向转型的用地规划技术规章——《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准(GB50137-2011)》阐释

1990年颁布施行的《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准(GBJ137-90)》是我国城乡规划领域的重要技术规范,是城市规划编制与管理不可或缺的重要技术支撑。为适应我国城乡发展宏观背景的变化,落实《城乡规划法》和国家节约集约用地的要求,住房和城乡建设部于2008年4月正式启动了对这一标准的修订,新标准2010年12月获得批准,自2012年1月1日起正式实施。基于对原标准的客观评价,本文细述新标准修订的由来、指导思想和工作过程,进而对标准中的用地分类和规划建设用地标准的主要创新做了具体介绍,并对标准修订和实施中的若干问题做了后续思考。     

The Sudden Rediscovery of Housing Supply as a Key Policy Challenge

Housing supply was suddenly rediscovered as a major challenge for English housing policy in the early 2000s, after nearly three decades of neglect. There does appear to be a problem of inadequate and unresponsive housing supply in England, by international or historical standards. Although shortcomings of the house building industry and limited public investment play a part, the most important factor explaining England's housing supply problem is the operation of the land-use planning system. Policies, procedures and incentives are all implicated. The most important impact is a long-term real rise in the price of housing, differentiated by region, which is damaging both economically and socially, although there are some compensating benefits in terms of the environment. The Barker Inquiry has proposed a radical supply agenda, which has been substantially accepted by the present government. This proposes that planning targets should be geared to affordability, with more land released and market-contingent mechanisms, more social housing and supporting infrastructure investment. There is room for debate about the magnitudes involved, the role for more proactive approaches to development and the best fiscal mechanisms and incentives. However, given the fraught political economy of housing and planning in the pressured regions, there is considerable doubt as to whether these measures will be implemented on the requisite scale.     

Urbanization and land-use planning in Adapazari (Turkey) reconsidered after the 1999 earthquake

On 17 August 1999, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.4 struck the Eastern Marmara Region of Turkey, destroying hundreds of buildings and killing thousands of people. It is not enough to analyze the damage inflicted by the earthquake solely in terms of its physical features (magnitude, epicenter or depth). Regional policies (particularly industrialization and urbanization) and unsuitable land-use planning/engineering processes also played a role. This paper presents a critical evaluation of these factors with reference to Adapazar, one of the cities that suffered heavily from these non-natural processes.     

Planning and the making of a propertied landscape

Although property is a basic ingredient of planning, its repercussions on the profession have rarely been considered. Building on the critical analysis of property, I argue that planning is giving in to the “property effect,” the unquestioned assumption that natural and built landscapes are propertied. Looking specifically at one case-study of land-use planning in Tibneen (Lebanon), I show planning interventions replicate inequalities embedded in property relations, maintain the dominance of propertied representation of the landscape, and limit possible claims over natural and built landscapes to those formulated within the framework of the ownership model. Consequently, land-use planning determines the possible futures of particular towns and regions through the institutional structures of the property regimes in place and within the historically and geographically contingent political-economies where these regimes operate.     

News from the field: ‘Town and townscape: the work and life of Thomas Sharp’

The New South Wales Environmental Planning and Assessment Act, 1979, came into effect on 1 September 1980. It was Australia's first planning legislation where the objects of the Act explicitly included a balance between economic, social and environmental outcomes. The Act also facilitated public participation at all stages of plan-making and land-use decision-making. While the Act continues to promote such aims, it has also undergone significant amendment, particularly in the last 5 years. This has seen a distinct move away from the spirit of the original objects of the Act to more centralized and less participatory decision-making. This paper examines the evolution of the Act and of the New South Wales planning system. The NSW Planning Department considers that the state's planning system is still world standard. This review concludes otherwise. Rather, the evidence strongly indicates that a review of the planning system and legislative framework is warranted in order to achieve better land management.     

对建立土地使用相容性管理规范体系的思考

对土地使用相容性的概念和分类进行了理论解析,阐述了土地使用相容性形成的原因及其在经济、环境和行为方面的绩效;在对影响土地使用相容性的五方面因素进行分析的基础上,提出了土地使用相容性规范所应遵循的四个原则:环境相容原则、行为相容原则、总量控制与结构平衡原则以及景观协调原则;最后对深圳市建立土地使用相容性规范体系提出了若干建议。     

面向规划管理的城市用地分类思考

从规划管理的角度讨论新版用地分类标准的适用性,提出其在我国土地和规划制度背景下存在的若干问题.分析了美国从功能分区的传统区划向基于形态的区划转变的过程以及英国开发控制中通过判例法界定用途属性的经验.提出建立用地分类的标准需要结合规划体系的特点;由于城市发展的不确定性应正视混合用途的出现;加强与规划管制制度和土地供应制度的衔接.     

试论城乡用地一体化规划

论述城乡用地一体化规划的必要性与现实性,结合实践经验提出城乡用地一体化规划的要点是:统一规划控制范围,打破城乡分割局面;科学规划城镇体系,引导二三产业合理集聚;城乡一体优化生态环境,走可持续发展之路;加强对乡村发展的引导,集约发展小城镇;妥善协调用地利益关系,合理处理土地产权问题。     

Analysis of Development Regulation in Chinese Regulatory Planning towards the Main Function Zoning Strategy

China is in a process of rapid urbanization. However, along with the dramatically economic growth, there constantly emerges environmental and social constraints which may be great challenges of China＇s future sustainable development. In order to optimize the developmental mode, the latest national plan, ＂The 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan （2011-2015）＂, is establishing the ＂Main Function Zoning Strategy＂, which could be considered as a new prototype of national spatial plan and may cover all Chinese territories. Based on the latest ＂Main Function Zoning Strategy＂ stipulated in ＂The 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan （2011-2015）＂, the article builds main interlinks between the spatial development strategy and urban regulatory planning. Secondly, regulation factors in Chinese regulatory planning, which may implement the task of main function zoning, have been clarified and categorized. For each regulation factor, its regulation capability is defined by applying a coding method developed by the author. Finally, according to the output of the study, the spatial regulation approaches to implementing the ＂Main Function Zoning Strategy＂ in Chinese regulatory planning are analyzed.     

反思与展望:浅议非城市建设用地规划

从认识、技术和管理三个层面对非城市建设用地规划进行反思,分析了非城市建设用地规划存在的不足,强调以统筹发展观为认识基点,从被动应对到主动策划,从宏观引导到规划控制,从技术导向到政策导向,探索新时期更为有效的非城市建设用地规划编制与实施模式。     

Changing Residential Land Use Regulations to Address High Housing Prices

Problem, research strategy, and findings: In the past 3 decades, a series of presidential administrations—and the APA—have recommended that cities update their zoning codes to enable more affordable and market-rate housing development. I identify 5 main categories of policy recommendations they have suggested and then assess Los Angeles’s (CA) zoning changes in these categories between 2000 and 2016. I answer 2 questions: First, what zoning changes did Los Angeles adopt to address housing affordability? Second, how were these changes initiated, and what were their scope and geographic extent? I find that Los Angeles made modest progress in the 5 policy categories. The city left its large-lot, single-family zoning mostly untouched, but it rezoned roughly 1,200 acres citywide to allow at least 50 housing units per acre, reduced parking requirements in some areas, made it easier to build accessory dwelling units, and adopted new incentives for affordable housing. Several policy changes resulted from new state laws, and Los Angeles voters approved new incentives for affordable housing near transit. Homeowner influence likely prevented the municipality from engaging in larger zoning reforms. I do not study the effects of Los Angeles’s regulatory changes on housing production and prices, but such research is an important next step. I also do not assess new regulations that counteracted the impact of the 5 categories of policy recommendations.

Takeaway for practice: This research suggests 2 lessons: 1) Planners should encourage state governments to preempt local zoning when it reduces affordable housing options and there is limited local political will for change, and 2) planners should identify feasible and effective zoning changes that would increase affordable housing given local considerations.     

就地产过热问题谈国家干预在土地利用规划中的现实意义

市场机制和国家干预是当代中国城市土地利用规划不可或缺的两个方面,文章围绕房地产及住宅问题探讨国家干预在土地利用规划中的作用和意义。     

Issues in environmental impact assessment in victoria: What has scoresby taught us?

The recent environmental assessment of major freeway and public transport proposals for the Scoresby Transport Corridor in Melbourne has highlighted deficiencies in processes and methodologies. The paper discusses strategic environmental assessment procedures and argues that its early application has the potential to overcome some of the difficulties identified and detailed here.     

Soft contractualism? Facilitating institutional change in planning and development relations in Scotland

Devolution in the United Kingdom has involved the creation of different quasi-autonomous political administrations. As part of an attempt to encourage institutional learning, there has been a turn to concordats to facilitate cooperation on matters of shared concern, to communicate appropriately and in a timely way, to work in a helpful and open manner and to treat information in confidence. In parallel, the reform of statutory land-use planning systems in the devolved United Kingdom has involved debates around the need for a cultural change to implement a relatively more positive model of planning and development amongst the diversity of stakeholders which have similarly invoked new forms of public diplomacy. The Edinburgh Planning Concordat sets out in some detail the agreed step-by-step actions to be effected and the respective responsibilities of the local authority and developers at the different stages in the land-use planning process. Such anticipated cooperation and coordination in the land-use planning and property development community could suggest a stronger basis for decision making and the articulation of the public interest. Locating the discussion against the backdrop of devolution and planning reform in Scotland, and within theories of new contractualism, this article examines the rise of ‘soft’ forms of public diplomacy as a means to facilitate cultural change and planning reform.     

土地集约利用的城市空间发展模式

在当今中国快速城市化进程中,在资源短缺条件下,建构紧凑集约的城市空间发展模式具有重要的意义.首先分析了世界各国对于城市紧凑发展的相关理论和制度方法,得出了国际经验对当今中国城市发展模式的启示;其次,对城市空间发展的土地利用与开发强度进行了探讨,总结出不同的开发模式:最后,基于土地利用模式与土地集约程度,对城市空间发展模式进行了探讨,提出了控制型界内高密度开发模式、引导型界外混合开发模式以及限制型绿带低密开发模式.