Bragg gratings written in all-SiO/sub 2/ and Ge-doped core fibers with 800-nm femtosecond radiation and a phase mask

Femtosecond laser pulses at 800 nm and 120 fs were used to fabricate high-quality retroreflecting fiber Bragg gratings in standard Ge-doped telecom fiber (Corning SMF-28) and all-silica-core Fluorine doped cladding single-mode fiber using a deep-etch silica zero-order ed phase mask. Induced index modulations of 1.9/spl times/10/sup -3/ were achieved with peak power intensities of 2.9/spl times/10/sup 12/ W/cm/sup 2/ without any fiber sensitization such as hydrogen loading. The fiber gratings have annealing characteristics similar to type II damage fiber gratings and demonstrate stable operation at temperatures as high as 950/spl deg/C. The grating devices exhibit low polarization dependence. The primary mechanism of induced index change results from a structural modification to the fiber core.     

Characteristics of Bragg Gratings in All-Solid Photonic Bandgap Fiber

We report on fiber Bragg gratings in all-solid photonie bandgap fiber that was composed of a triangular array of high-index Ge-doped rods in pure silica background with fluorine-doped index-depressed layer surrounding the Ge-doped rod. Fiber Bragg gratings were photowritten with 193 nm ArF excimer laser and characterized for their response to strain, temperature, bending, and torsion. These gratings couple light from the forward core mode to not only backward core mode but also backward rod modes. This results in multiple resonance peaks in the reflection spectrum. All resonance wavelengths exhibited the same temperature and strain response with coefficient similar to that of Bragg gratings in standard single-mode fiber. The strength of the resonance peaks corresponding to the backward rod modes showed high sensitivity to bending and torsion.     

Chirped rectilinear core longitudinally-graded optical fibers

Reported here is a straight-forward and flexible method to fabricate silica optical fibers of circular cladding cross-section and rectilinear cores whose aspect ratio and refractive index profile changes with position along the fiber in a deterministic way. Specifically, a modification to the process recently developed to produce longitudinally-graded optical fibers, LGFs [Opt. Express 20 (2012) 17394–17402], was employed. Herein reported are MCVD-derived germanosilicate fibers with rectangular cores where the aspect ratio changes by nearly 200% and the average refractive index changed by about 5%. Fiber losses were measured to be about 50 dB/km. Such rectangular core fibers are useful for a variety of telecommunication and biomedical applications and the dimensional and optical chirp provides a deterministic way to control further the modal properties of the fiber.     

Interlaboratory comparison of radiation-induced attenuation inoptical fibers. II. steady-state exposures

For pt.I see ibid., vol.6, no.2, p.165-71 (1988). For pt.III see ibid., vol.8, no.6, p.977-89 (1990). The results of steady-state ⁶⁰ Co irradiations of silica core multimode fiber and silica core single-mode and Ge-doped graded index fibers are reported. These data were acquired over the interval of 1987-9. Several significant differences from the results and measurement procedures presented in pt.I must be accounted for in drawing comparisons between the two sets of reported data. Fiber wrap diameter and launched power level were observed to significantly influence the radiation-induced attenuation measured in silica core multimode and single-mode fibers, while the effect was less in Ge-doped silica core multimode fibers     

Fiber fuse phenomenon in step-index single-mode optical fibers

The unsteady-state thermal conduction process in step-index single-mode (SM) optical fiber was studied theoretically with the explicit finite-difference method. We considered a high-temperature loss-increase mechanism, which includes two factors that bring about an increase in the absorption coefficients: 1) electronic conductivity due to the thermal ionization of a Ge-doped silica core and 2) thermochemical SiO production in silica glass. The core-center temperature changed suddenly and reached over 4/spl times/10/sup 5/ K when a 1.064-/spl mu/m laser power of 2 W was input into the core layer heated at 2723 K. This rapid heating of the core initiated the "fiber fuse" phenomenon. The high-temperature core areas were enlarged and propagated toward the light source. The propagation rates of the fiber fuse, estimated at 1.064 and 1.48 /spl mu/m, were in fair agreement with the experimentally determined values. We found that the threshold power for initiating the fiber fuse increases from 0.98 to 1.26 W when the input laser wavelength is increased from 1.06 to 1.55 /spl mu/m.     

Radiation resistivity in silica optical fibers

Hydrogen treatment of optical fiber waveguides with pure silica cores and boron, fluorine codoped silica claddings was found to effectively reduce the y-ray induced loss increases in visible wavelength region. Germanium-doped core fibers free from metal impurities had good resistance against y-rays. The induced losses were shown to be dependent on the dose rate, a similar behavior to that of pure silica core fibers. Metal impurities such as phosphorus or alkalis added to germanium doped silica core were found to change the glass structure significantly, producing the precursors of a defect center related to the y-ray-induced loss and increasing sensitivity to y-irradiation     

Phase-locked antiguided multiple-core ribbon fiber

We report on the first experimental demonstration of a scalable fiber laser approach based on phase-locking multiple gain cores in an antiguided structure. A novel fabrication technology is used with soft glass components to construct the multiple core fiber used in our experiments. The waveguide region is rectangular in shape and comprised of a periodic sequence of gain and no-gain segments having nearly uniform refractive index. The rectangular waveguide is itself embedded in a lower refractive index cladding region. Experimental results confirm that our five-core Nd-doped glass prototype structure runs predominately in two spatial antiguided modes as predicted by our modeling.     

Efficient light coupling from semiconductor lasers into tapered hemispherical-end fibers

The light from a semiconductor laser is coupled efficiently into a tapered hemispherical-end optical fiber obtained by drawing in an arc discharge. The maximum coupling efficiency of 83 percent is achieved for the graded index fiber having a 60-µm core diameter. Permissible transverse displacement for a 1-dB decrease of coupling is about 19 µm.     

Evaluation of high-temperature absorption coefficients of optical fibers

The large absorption coefficient /spl alpha/ of single-mode optical fiber at high temperatures is closely related to the generation of the fiber fuse phenomenon. We propose a high-temperature loss-increase mechanism, which includes three factors that bring about an increase in the /spl alpha/ values: 1) point-defect (Ge E' center) formation; 2) electronic conductivity due to the thermal ionization of a Ge-doped silica core; and 3) thermochemical SiO production in the silica glass. Ge E'-center formation and electronic conductivity in the Ge-doped silica core are dominant factors at temperatures near the critical temperature of 1323 K. However, these factors cannot explain the large /spl alpha/ values observed at high temperatures above 2273 K. By contrast, SiO gas and/or solid, which are thermochemically produced in the silica glass, exhibit large /spl alpha/ values of the order of 10/sup 4/ m/sup -1/ at 2293 K. The /spl alpha/ value estimated at 0.5 /spl mu/m is close to the experimental value reported in the fiber fuse experiments.     

A Highly Sensitive Fiber-Optic Refractive Index Sensor Based on an Edge-Written Long-Period Fiber Grating

A novel long-period fiber grating (LPFG) is edge-written without any destructive damage on the fiber based on the thermal shock and rapid cooling effects of the high-frequency CO₂ laser pulses exposure method in this letter. The refractive index disturbance induced by high-frequency CO₂ laser pulses mainly occurs in the edge region of the fiber cladding rather than in the fiber core. An edge-written LPFG with a resonant peak of ~18 dB is obtained using a standard telecommunication fiber. The experimental results show that such a novel LPFG structure has much higher refractive index sensitivity over conventional LPFGs side-written, which can be used as a refractive index sensor, or a tunable filter and modulator by controlling the refractive index sensitive film which is coated on the cladding of such an LPFG.     

Silica-clad neodymium-doped lanthanum phosphate fibers and fiber lasers

We have fabricated a neodymium-doped phosphate glass fiber with a silica cladding and used it to form a fiber laser. Phosphate and silicate glasses have considerably different glass transition temperatures and softening points making it hard to draw a fiber from these two glasses. A bulk phosphate glass of composition (Nd/sub 2/O/sub 3/)/sub 0.011/(La/sub 2/O/sub 3/)/sub 0.259/(P/sub 2/O/sub 5/)/sub 0.725/(Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/)/sub 0.005/ was prepared and the resultant material was transparent, free from bubbles and visibly homogeneous. The bulk phosphate glass was drawn to a fiber while being jacketed with silica and the resultant structure was of good optical quality, free from air bubbles and major defects. The attenuation at a wavelength of 1.06 /spl mu/m was 0.05 dB/cm and the refractive index of the core and cladding at the pump wavelength of 488 nm was 1.56 and 1.46, respectively. The fibers were mechanically strong enough to allow for ease of handling and could be spliced to conventional silica fiber. The fibers were used to demonstrate lasing at the /sup 4/F/sub 3/2/-/sup 4/I/sub 11/2/ (1.06 /spl mu/m) transition. Our work demonstrates the potential to form silica clad optical fibers with phosphate cores doped with very high levels of rare-earth ions (27-mol % rare-earth oxide).     

熊猫型单偏振光纤

熊猫型(PANDA)单偏振光纤(SPSM)主要用来制作光纤起偏器、光纤陀螺、光纤激光器和光纤传感器,较以往出现的其他种类的光纤起偏器具有明显的优势。我所采用打孔组装工艺来制作,通过在纤芯两侧对称置入应力施加单元引起高双折射,以及利用光纤芯区附近X和Y轴向折射率的不对称设计的方法,有效的改变了X和Y两个轴向的有效折射率,使得导模LP01中的两个简并模HE11X和HE11Y分别截止于不同的波长,通过将工作波长（1300 nm）设计选择在它们之间,使其中一个偏振模式HE11X导通,而另一个偏振模式HE11Y处于     

相位掩模法红外飞秒激光刻写光纤光栅技术

掺Tm3+光纤激光器在工业、医疗、科技及军事领域具有重要应用前景.光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)是构成光纤激光器的重要元件.但掺Tm3+光纤不具备光敏性,利用紫外脉冲激光很难在其中刻写FBG,即使采用增敏技术提高其光敏性,获得的FBG的折射率调制量也很小,尚不能满足应用要求,阻碍了掺Tm3+光纤激光器全光纤化的发展.以相位掩...     

Parameter optimization in graded-index dispersion-shifted single-mode fibers

The characteristics of graded-index single-mode nonsegmented-core fibers with a single cladding region, in which the wavelength of zero dispersion is shifted to 1.55 μm, are studied analytically. It is found that for a given relative index difference above a certain value, there are two core sizes at which this zero dispersion shifting is realized. The larger core has certain advantages and has been invariably used in practice. For fibers in which the core is Ge-doped and the index of refraction has a triangular or a parabolic profile, we calculate the rate of change of dispersion with wavelength, the sensitivity of the zero dispersion wavelength to small changes in the core radius and in the refractive index difference, and the outer radius of the cladding needed to limit microbending losses in the cabled fiber. There is a doping level at which the wavelength of zero dispersion is not sensitive to the exact level of doping. The factors involved in choosing a doping level are expounded.     

Sensitivity of two core fiber coupling to light-induced defects

Permanent changes in the refractive index of a germania-doped silica core fiber nonlinear directional coupler exposed to 620-nm wavelength high-intensity 100-fs pulses are discussed. The index change, on the order of 10^-5, is estimated from the detuning aspects of the coupler. Both the constraints and beneficial aspects of these defects for nonlinear optical devices are discussed     

Realization of Long-Period Corrugated Grating in Silica-on-Silicon-Based Channel Waveguide

Long-period corrugated grating in silica-on-silicon-based channel waveguide is realized by making periodic corrugation on top of a relatively high-indexed (contrast ap.8%) Ge-doped silica waveguide, which is sandwiched between undoped silica undercladding and boro-phospho-silicate-glass overcladding layers. Resonance wavelength of the 15-mm-long grating is found at ~1581 nm, having negligible polarization dependency at room temperature, with a grating strength of ~11 dB and 3-dB bandwidth of 7 nm. The temperature characteristic of the grating is also investigated, which is found to be similar to that of the long-period fiber grating. This device has significant potential for various integrated-optic communication and sensing applications.     

海底光缆用色散均衡光纤

介绍了一种带正色散的单模光纤,用来均衡常用于海底光缆中的非零色散位移光纤的负色散。这种光纤类似于常规单模光纤（Ｇ．６５２光纤）,但具有较低的衰减和较小的宏弯损耗。由于这种光纤应用常规的掺锗纤芯和纯ＳｉＯ２包层,与目前常用的纯ＳｉＯ２纤芯和掺氟包层的色散均衡光纤相比,在成本上具有较大的优越性。     

基于液相掺杂的低损耗近等厚芯层掺稀土光纤

过高的纤芯损耗和纤芯折射率非均匀性严重制约了掺稀土光纤在高功率光纤激光器中的应用,提出一种基于液相掺杂的低损耗近等厚芯层掺稀土光纤的工艺方法.结合改良的化学气相沉积(MCVD)溶液掺杂法制备了含有多层疏松层的掺稀土光纤预制棒,理论分析了光纤预制棒缩棒前、后芯层差的变化原理,采用流量递减沉积工艺降低了缩棒后不同芯层之间的...     

Type IIA Grating Inscription in a Highly Nonlinear Microstructured Optical Fiber

The fabrication of Type IIA Bragg reflectors in a highly Ge-doped microstructured optical fiber using 193-nm 10-ns laser radiation is reported. Refractive index evolution curves for both average and modulated index changes are presented, for all the guided modes. Average refractive index changes of the order of $10 ^{-3}$ were obtained, under exposures of 215 mJ/cm$^{2}$ energy density per pulse. The refractive index evolution curves denote that the two guiding modes do not exhibit the same index engineering behavior due to different overlap with the induced perturbations. The above finding was also confirmed during the thermal annealing performed, where the spectral notches corresponding to these two modes, exhibit a substantially different erasing trend.      

基于单模异芯光纤结构的液位传感器

提出了一种新颖的光纤液位传感器。在普通单模光纤(SMF)中间熔接一段细芯单模光纤(TCSMF),构成共轴光纤马赫曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)。液位的变化引起包层模与芯模的相位差发生改变,从而导致干涉仪的透射光谱发生改变。对传感器的工作原理和测量灵敏度及精度进行了理论分析,实验结果显示透射光谱中特征峰波长漂移量跟液位变化量呈较好的线性关系,且灵敏度随待测液体折射率的增大而增高,与理论分析结果相一致。测量得到纯水和饱和氯化钠溶液的测量灵敏度分别为0.160 nm/mm和0.228 nm/mm。该传感器采用全光纤结构,制备简单、测量精度高,可适用于折射率低于光纤包层折射率液体的高精度液位测量。