大型旋转曲面表面涂层仿形加工方法

针对航天领域中某大型易变形薄壁工件旋转曲面表面的涂层仿形加工问题,提出一种高效的实时加工方法。将距离传感器安装于刀具前方一定角度处,加工时,传感器先检测金属曲面外形数据,以测量的离散数据点计算刀具进给轨迹进而控制刀具进给,从而实现高效率的涂层加工,解决易变形薄壁工件表面涂层的仿形加工难题。在实时加工点到达测量点的时间段内,系统完成数据采集、数据处理和刀具轨迹计算。为提高运算实时性,提出对NURBS曲线进行近似拟合的轨迹快速生成方法,以拟合误差为依据将轨迹分成NURBS曲线段和折线段,在误差大的拟合点以直线段连接。最后,通过加工实验证明该加工方法高效、实用。     

不规则曲面半精加工刀具轨迹优化算法

在采用高速铣削机床对材料进行粗加工和半精加工时,针对三坐标数控加工,提出了一种用于自由曲面恒定进给的刀具轨迹优化算法,该算法可用于不同曲率条件下的自由曲面加工。通过对轨迹进行优化,将刀具的中心位置偏置一个角度,从而得到符合实际要求的设计曲面。最后设计了不同的加工路线进行切削试验对比,结果表明,优化算法在实际加工中稳定可靠,完全满足加工精度要求。     

自由曲面数控加工刀具轨迹生成的约束条件分析

在提出自由曲面数控加工过程和刀具轨迹的规划原则情况下,分析无干涉控制、恒表面速度进给、伺服能力控制和相邻加工曲线影响等轨迹控制的约束条件,实时对轨迹的生成进行系统优化控制。通过系统分析刀具轨迹生成的约束条件,为刀具轨迹优化控制提供决策,对提高自由曲面的切削质量和加工效率具有重要意义。     

参数预估的空间曲线插补器设计

针对复杂曲面笔式加工时刀具路径为无具体方程表达式的特点,给出一种可保持刀触点切削速率恒定的空间曲线插补算法。该算法根据导动曲线和刀触点轨迹的加工状态近似模型,通过简化导动曲线参数的计算,间接得到投影在曲面上的曲线插补点。该算法的提出扩充了CNC系统的轨迹控制功能,提高了复杂曲面的加工效率。仿真结果证明该算法可行且有效。     

圆锥刀五轴侧铣加工刀具路径整体优化原理与方法

三维曲面加工制造是通过刀具刃口的运动扫掠面逼近设计曲面来实现的.针对单行侧铣加工,定义用于评价设计曲面与加工曲面之间偏差的点-刀具包络面有向距离函数.基于刀具包络面的双参数球族包络表示,提出无须构造包络面而直接计算该有向距离的方法,并推导出其关于刀轴轨迹面形状控制参数的一阶梯度表达式,以定量刻画刀具路径的改变对加工曲面法向误差的影响.在此基础上构造基于导数信息的刀具包络面向设计曲面的离散点云的最佳一致逼近算法,并应用序列线性规划算法来求解该约束优化问题,实现圆锥刀五轴侧铣加工刀具路径的整体优化,应用于叶轮叶片加工的实例表明该方法能够显著提高加工精度.有关理论和方法同样也适用于一般回转刀具的侧铣加工规划.     

基于刀具实际廓形的数控加工刀具轨迹计算

刀具轨迹生成是自由曲面零件数控加工中最重要同时也是研究最为广泛深入的内容,在自由曲面的多坐标数控加工中,刀具轨迹的优劣直接影响其加工精度和加工效率。传统的刀具轨迹计算方法是利用实际刀具的理想廓形进行的,提出利用刀具的实际廓形进行复杂曲面加工,是通过检测旋转刀具加工工件时的实际廓形,利用实际廓形对已知曲面进行刀具轨迹计算。这种计算方法能有效的提高加工精度,并可以检测新生产出来的刀具是否符合标准。该方法适用于加工刀具为旋转运动的数控加工轨迹计算。     

等残留高度算法应用于自由曲面五轴刀路规划研究

针对五轴零件加工过程中自由曲面生成的刀具路径代码冗余,加工效率较低和加工表面质量不高等问题,对自由曲面加工中的常用刀具路径算法进行了分类,提出了等残留高度相关算法模型。计算了等残留高度点及在自由曲面的投影点,并对角度值β进行了迭代计算,对自由曲面加工中的五轴刀轴倾角λq值进行了推导计算;以螺旋桨叶片复杂自由曲面模型为刀路加工载体,生成了五轴刀路轨迹,与Mastercam软件的高速动态铣削(旋转五轴)模块功能生成五轴一般刀路进行了对比分析。研究结果表明:等残留高度算法能缩短五轴自由曲面的刀路长度,提高加工效率及零件表面质量。     

两类参数曲面的高精度刀具轨迹规划

在曲面加工参数线法的基础上,提出引入误差补偿值的参数曲面高精度刀具轨迹规划算法(HPTPPAC)。通过引入误差补偿值,HPTPPAC在满足插补运算实时性要求的前提下,使插补点的参数值计算精度得到极大提高,有利于降低进给速度波动,实现高速切削。在使用平底刀五座标加工的条件下,证明HPTPPAC算法对两类曲面的适用性。实例表明HPTPPAC可以提高曲面的加工精度。     

基于精度控制的刀具轨迹自适应拟合算法

为解决传统数控系统在进行曲线曲面离散连续微小线段刀具轨迹加工中频繁加减速、加工速度缓慢、加工质量不高等问题,提出了一种基于精度控制的刀具轨迹自适应NURBS曲线拟合算法,该算法通过提取连续微小线段刀具轨迹的主要特征点,进行基于精度控制的自适应添加特征点的迭代拟合。仿真测试结果表明,该算法可以在保证拟合精度的条件下有效提高计算效率,压缩数据量。     

自由曲面数控加工刀具轨迹映射算法

对自由曲面的数控加工,寻求最优的刀具轨迹生成方法至关重要。本文基于开源3D库Open CASCADE(OCC)和编程开发环境Microsoft Visual Studio 2010(VS2010),应用B样条表达的自由曲面,采用“投影法”思想,研究“重用已有相似刀具路径”方法,提出了处理自由曲面的NC刀具轨迹映射算法。为了验证算法的有效性和可行性,实验建立5类自由曲面,启动设计的轨迹映射算法,输出曲面的NC加工轨迹质量可以满足设计要求,实现了刀具轨迹的重用。     

Five-axis tool path generation for 3D curves created by projection on B-spline surfaces

This paper presents a new tool-path-generating methodology for five-axis machining of 3D curves that are projected from 2D planes onto free-form part surfaces. In our approach, the scanning for mapping is planned directly on parameter domain. The DXF pattern was scaled to parametric dimension and transferred to parametric domain, and thus, all entity coordinates were transferred from X,Y to (u,v). By using a B-spline surface equation algorithm, the projected curves were obtained on a free-form surface for tool path generation. 2D pattern models were delineated with the DXF format; 3D free-form surfaces were delineated with the STEP-AP214 format and the “B_Spline_surface_with_knots” entity was used to define the free-form B-spline surface geometry. Windows® based software written in Borland® Delphi has been developed according to the presented algorithm. Cutter contact (CC) data and surface normals for CC points were obtained with this software. The obtained CC data and surface normal data were transferred to cutter location (CL) data and the tool path verification is obtained by simulation successfully.     

基于加权双向递推模型的自由曲面反向工程方法

提出了一种基于加权双向递推模型的自由曲面反向工程方法。根据这一方法，可由已采集到的自由曲面上一定数量的任意分布型值点来反向工程出自由曲面。加权双向递推模型的基本思想是，型值点影响并决定着其控制区域内的曲面形状，这种影响的大小与到型值点的距离及权指数相关。给出了将区域划分为ｍ×ｎ的矩形网格下沿ｘ、ｙ方向的加权递推模型。讨论了该方法中网格划分和权指数对反向工程曲面形状及精度的影响。     

Prediction of surface quality considering the influence of the curvature radius for polishing of a free-form surface based on local shapes

When machining a free-form surface automatically and digitally, especially in the case of sophisticated surface shapes, it is very difficult to control the surface quality, and thus sophisticated surfaces are usually polished using manual labor. Over the past few years, there has been little attention to the calculation of material removal depth models and construction of theoretical roughness models considering the influence of the curvature radius. Bonnet polishing can be automatically adapted to polish complex free-form surfaces. This paper explores key problems related to forecasting surface quality with respect to bonnet polishing of free-form surfaces. First, for the convex and planar sub-regions, this paper deduces the relationship expressing the maximum pressure distribution and the curvature radius, and presents a computational expression for material removal depth, taking into consideration the influence of the curvature radius. An expression is also deduced for the dwell time relationship between the adjacent processing points according to the experimental results pertaining to the material removal depth. From this, a theoretical roughness model is constructed that relates the bonnet curvature radius and the workpiece curvature radius. The validity of the experiments is summarized in the conclusion. The research findings provide a basic theory for the prediction of surface quality that can be automatically adapted to a free-form surface shape in bonnet polishing.     

网格曲面上的样条曲线阵列

提出一种流形网格曲面上曲线阵列复制方法,达到曲线重用与再设计的目的。网格曲面上的曲线用测地B样条表示,使对曲线的操作可以转换为对曲线控制顶点的操作;引入离散指数映射理论将给定的源曲线控制顶点映射到切空间,获得它们的法坐标,按照曲线阵列前后控制顶点法坐标保持不变的原则,建立曲线阵列前后控制顶点的对应关系,实现曲线的有规律多重复制。法坐标很好地保持了控制顶点之间的测地距离和相对位置关系,因而也保证了曲线阵列重用过程中的形状保持性。将曲线阵列时的位置与形状分开处理,使曲线生成仅与其所在的局部区域有关而与曲面的整体大小无关,既便于保证曲线的形状保持性,也减少了计算量。试验结果表明,所介绍方法健壮、有效,能满足曲面上曲线的交互设计要求。     

基于三角剖分的曲面变形

介绍一种三维空间中基于散乱数据点三角剖分的自由变形技术。运用Voronoi图和Delaunay三角剖分,将待变形曲面上的点(作用点)用控制顶点线性表示出来,移动控制顶点使作用点发生位移,从而使曲面的形状发生局部的改变。这种方法改进了诸如自由变形(FFD)、直接自由变形(DFFD)和扩展自由变形(EFFD)等传统曲面变形技术在局部变形上的应用。     

基于自适应采样的曲面加工误差 在机测量方法

基于模具在机测量的自适应采样结果,提出一种新的获取自由曲面加工误差的方法。该方法首先基于自适应采样获取加工曲面上少量测点的坐标数据,利用NURBS曲面重构来拟合加工曲面;然后基于广义牛顿法计算重构的实际曲面和理论曲面的法向距离,获得自由曲面的加工误差,并对实验加工的模具模型曲面的轮廓度误差进行分析。实验结果表明,基于自适应采样的加工曲面重构方法能够在机测量且有效地获得自由曲面加工误差。     

NURBS curve and surface fitting for reverse engineering

Reverse engineering is an approach for constructing a computer-aided design (CAD) model from a physical part through dimensional measurement and surface modelling. This paper presents alternatives for reverse engineering of free-form parts using Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) surfaces. A two-step linear approach is employed for fitting NURBS curves and surfaces using the measured points. During the first step, the weights of the control points are identified from a homogeneous system using symmetric eigenvalue decomposition. The control points are further processed in a way similar to B-spline curve and surface fitting. Some examples are presented to illustrate both the steps of reverse engineering and the process of NURBS curve and surface fitting.     

Accurate evaluation of free-form surface profile error based on quasi particle swarm optimization algorithm and surface subdivision

Although significant progress has been made in precision machining of free-form surfaces recently, inspection of such surfaces remains a difficult problem. In order to solve the problem that no specific standards for the verification of free-form surface profile are available, the profile parameters of free-form surface are proposed by referring to ISO standards regarding form tolerances and considering its complexity and non-rotational symmetry. Non-uniform rational basis spline(NURBS) for describing free-form surface is formulated. Crucial issues in surface inspection and profile error verification are localization between the design coordinate system(DCS) and measurement coordinate system(MCS) for searching the closest points on the design model corresponding to measured points. A quasi particle swarm optimization(QPSO) is proposed to search the transformation parameters to implement localization between DCS and MCS. Surface subdivide method which does the searching in a recursively reduced range of the parameters u and v of the NURBS design model is developed to find the closest points. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods, the design model is generated by NURBS and the measurement data of simulation example are generated by transforming the design model to arbitrary position and orientation, and the parts are machined based on the design model and are measured on CMM. The profile errors of simulation example and actual parts are calculated by the proposed method. The results verify that the evaluation precision of freeform surface profile error by the proposed method is higher 10%-22% than that by CMM software. The proposed method deals with the hard problem that it has a lower precision in profile error evaluation of free-form surface.     

采样点分布对基于面形斜率径向基模型的自由曲面拟合精度的影响

鉴于自由曲面模型的面形拟合精度在自由曲面表征以及面形初始结构选取等研究中的重要性,本文针对基于面形斜率的高斯径向基表征模型,研究了不同的采样点分布类型对该模型面形拟合精度的影响。采用不同采样点分布拟合离轴二次曲面和带凸起的抛物面,结果表明采用均匀随机分布的采样点有利于实现高精度的面形拟合,且达到一定的拟合精度后,采样点的数目对拟合精度的影响有限。以离轴三反系统为设计实例,对比了由不同采样方式生成初始面形后系统的像质优化结果。结果显示,采用均匀随机型采样方式得到的初始面形进行系统优化,最终全视场平均调制传递函数(MTF)可以达到0.72以上,远高于由边缘集中采样方式生成初始面形后系统像质的优化结果,从而印证了理论研究结果。     

自由曲面测量若干关键问题的研究

结合国内外研究现状 ,对自由曲面测量中曲面CAD模型已知时测点的自适应分布、测量路径优化、自由曲面形状误差评定和 CAD模型未知时的测量规划和测点数据处理等几个关键问题的实现方法进行了分析研究 ,并对测点的自适应分布做了仿真研究 ,证明了其有效性