Effect of Delayed Processing on Changes in Histamine and Other Quality Characteristics of 3 Commercially Canned Fishes

ABSTRACT: Changes in histamine and other quality characteristics were examined in 3 commercially important fishes, tuna ( Katsuwonus pelamis ), seerfish ( Scomberomorus commersonii ), and sardines ( Sardinella gibbosa ) through the canning process, at 3 different stages (raw, precooked, and canned) immediately on receipt and also after a delay of 6 h at ambient temperature (30 ± 2 °C). Tuna and seerfish remained sensorially acceptable when processed after delay, whereas sardines exhibited slight ammoniacal/putrid odor. TMA-N and TVB-N contents were low in precooked fish compared with their fresh counterparts, whereas in canned fish, both compounds increased significantly ( P < 0.05). Histamine content in the fish held for 6 h increased to 14, 17, and 8 ppm in tuna, seerfish and sardine, respectively, and never exceeded the maximum permissible limit of 50 ppm prescribed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. In precooked and canned fish, histamine was lower than in their raw counterparts and found to be within the range of 1.6 to 8.0 ppm in precooked and 1.2 to 4.3 ppm in canned fish. Holding the fishes destined for canning at 30 ± 2 °C for 6 h, therefore, was found to be safe from histamine toxicity problems.     

A Controlled Agitation Process for Improving Quality of Canned Green Beans during Agitation Thermal Processing

This work introduces the concept of a controlled agitation thermal process to reduce quality damage in liquid‐particulate products during agitation thermal processing. Reciprocating agitation thermal processing (RA‐TP) was used as the agitation thermal process. In order to reduce the impact of agitation, a new concept of “stopping agitations after sufficient development of cold‐spot temperature” was proposed. Green beans were processed in No. 2 (307×409) cans filled with liquids of various consistency (0% to 2% CMC) at various frequencies (1 to 3 Hz) of RA‐TP using a full‐factorial design and heat penetration results were collected. Corresponding operator's process time to impart a 10‐min process lethality (F_o) and agitation time (AT) were calculated using heat penetration results. Accordingly, products were processed again by stopping agitations as per 3 agitation regimes, namely; full time agitation, equilibration time agitation, and partial time agitation. Processed products were photographed and tested for visual quality, color, texture, breakage of green beans, turbidity, and percentage of insoluble solids in can liquid. Results showed that stopping agitations after sufficient development of cold‐spot temperatures is an effective way of reducing product damages caused by agitation (for example, breakage of beans and its leaching into liquid). Agitations till one‐log temperature difference gave best color, texture and visual product quality for low‐viscosity liquid‐particulate mixture and extended agitations till equilibration time was best for high‐viscosity products. Thus, it was shown that a controlled agitation thermal process is more effective in obtaining high product quality as compared to a regular agitation thermal process.     

Quality Evaluation of Pinto Beans and Green Beans Canned in Two Large Reusable Containers

ABSTRACT: As an alternative to standard metal cans, 2 large-scale, reusable containers were constructed with volumetric capacities 3.6 to 3.8 times greater and process times 1.36 to 2.05 times longer than a nr 10 can. Effects of increased process time on product quality were measured by conducting objective color and texture evaluations on green beans and pinto beans canned in both containers. Green beans and pinto beans had comparable texture profiles to beans processed conventionally in nr 10 cans. The color of green beans also was comparable; the color of pinto beans was darker, possibly due to contact with the metal container. Color and texture differences were minimal between inner and outer product layers.     

Spaghetti Stickiness: Some Factors Influencing Stickiness and Relationship to Other Cooking Quality Characteristics

Spaghetti was processed in a semi-commercial scale laboratory press from a range of raw materials, dried by a low temperature (LT) and a high temperature (HT) drying cycle, and assessed for stickiness and other important cooking quality attributes in cooking waters of varying hardness. Cooked HT spaghetti was generally less sticky, more resilient, firmer, and exhibited lower cooking loss than corresponding LT spaghetti. As cooking water hardness increased spaghetti became stickier and cooking loss increased. Stickiness was influenced by cultivar, wheat class, raw material granulation and protein content, but was not related to sprout damage. Stickiness was significantly correlated to cooking loss, cooked weight, degree of swelling, compressibility, recovery, and firmness. However, even when all these factors were included in a step-up regression less than 50% of the variance in stickiness could be predicted.     

黔江肾豆营养品质研究

以黔江肾豆为对象进行理化分析研究并运用Englyst法对其碳水化合物消化速度做进一步测定。结果表明：肾豆籽粒中蛋白质含量达(23.08±0.97)%、淀粉含量为(43.44±0.69)%、脂肪含量为(2.72±0.09)%、粗纤维含量为(3.90±0.04)%、灰分含量为(3.19±0.06)%、还原糖及非还原糖含量分别为(1.38±0.03)%、(0.29±0.05)%,钾镁含量高、而钠含量低,其中蛋白质评价必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为0.87,氨基酸比值系数(RC)为0.91,是一种低脂高蛋白高矿物元素含量的优质食物资源。肾豆富含慢速消化淀粉,含量达(41.46±0.64)% (以干基淀粉计),加热糊化对其含量有降低作用。     

Effect of Heat Processing on Hemagglutinin Activity in Red Kidney Beans

The effect of temperature in destroying the hemagglutinin (lectin) activity in red kidney beans has been determined. Heating presoaked beans at 100°C for 15 min or at 80°C for 2 hr, or pressure cooking (15 psi) foi 45 min without presoaking, decreased the hemagglutinin activity to below detectable levels. At 65°C, no significant decrease was observed even after 12 hr heat treatment. Commercially canned beans have lectin levels similar to beans pressure cooked for 30 min.     

挤压花生蛋白品质特性的加工因素研究

基于Box-Behnken响应面模型,研究花生蛋白挤压过程中挤压参数（机筒温度、螺杆转速、物料水分）对产品品质（膨胀率、吸水性指数、氮溶解指数、硬度）的影响,并根据标准型原理分析单因素对产品品质的贡献率。结果表明,随着机筒温度、螺杆转速、物料水分的上升,产品膨胀率不断增加;机筒温度和螺杆转速对产品的吸水性指数影响显著;高温、高湿、高剪切力使产品的氮溶解指数和硬度处于较低的水平。利用转化为标准型的回归方程计算出机筒温度对膨胀率的贡献率为59.3%,螺杆转速对硬度贡献率为54.5%。物料水分对吸水性指数和氮溶解指数具有决定性的作用。通过调整挤压操作参数,可以一定范围内控制挤压蛋白产品品质。     

芹菜猪肉丸品质特性影响因素的研究

蔬菜类肉丸品质特性的研究并不多见。以芹菜猪肉丸为研究对象,结合感官评定和质构特性的分析,通过单因素试验研究了淀粉添加量、卡拉胶添加量、芹菜汁添加量对肉丸品质特性的影响。结果表明,加工芹菜猪肉丸较好品质的条件是:淀粉添加量15%、卡拉胶添加量1.5%、芹菜汁添加量55%。     

Effects of Vacuum Hydration on the Incidence of Splits in Canned Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Dry red kidney beans were canned using two different pretreatments: soaking for 12 hr at 20°C, and vacuum hydration for 5 min followed by soaking for 2 hr at temperatures from 45-59.1°C. Samples were then packed, processed to commercial sterility, and tested for percentage of split beans after processing. Vacuum hydration pretreatments greatly decreased the incidence and severity of splitting in the canned product and accelerated water uptake while retaining the same moisture content after soaking as the conventional soak treatment. Vacuum-hydrated beans gained less moisture during retorting than conventionally treated samples.     

Effect of Frozen Storage and Other Processing Factors on the Quality of Surimi

A split plot design was applied to study the effect of frozen storage on the quality attributes of surimi. Gel strength of surimi products was shown to be significantly (P<0.01) affected by storage and its three-way or lower order interactions with leaching, grinding, setting and heating processes. Whiteness of the fish sausages was significantly (P<0.01) affected by storage and its interactions with leaching, grinding and heating processes. Significant interactions of storage with other process variables implies that the conventional single-variable-at-a-time strategy is inadequate to optimize the surimi processing system. Storage conditions should be included in optimization.     

Variation of Vitamin Concentration and Retention in Canned Snap Beans from Three Processing Plants During Two Years

A statistical evaluation of vitamin status during canning was obtained from samplings of raw, blanched and canned snap beans. With the exception of folic acid retention, it was not possible to distinguish the separate plants. This leads to the expectation that the season averages of vitamins from processing plants obtaining material from the same area would be similar. Retention percentages were lower for thiamin, folic acid and B₆ than for ascorbic, which was lower than for carotene. Raw material was a source of variation. Average concentrations in drained canned beans, dry weight basis were: ascorbic acid, 116 mg/100g; carotene, 22 μg/g; thiamin, 3.4 μg; B₆, 5.3 μg/g; and folic acid, 7.3 μg/g.     

Processing to Improve Quality of Dehydrated Precooked Pinto Beans

The firmness of precooked and rehydrated beans after soaking in water at 30°C/2 hr and 82°C/1 hr was lower than that after soaking at 82°C/1 hr or 22°C/12 hr. The 22°C/12 hr soaking yielded the lowest butterflying (8.0%). Steam precooking at 100°C/1 hr produced less splitting, lighter color, and firmer texture than pressure precooking. High initial humidity dehydration reduced splitting. Beans after soaking at 30°C/2 hr and 82°C/1 hr, precooking at 100°C/1 hr, and dehydrating at 65°C/6 hr with initial 95% relative humidity were better regarding firmness, butterflying (11.6%), and moisture content (10.4%).     

Nutritive Quality of Long-Distance Shipped Green Beans for Processing

Vitamin A and C contents of bulk raw snap beans for canning from distant sources (up to 12 hr) were measured and compared to that from local sources. Statistically significant differences were found between vitamin contents of beans arriving from some locations for some seasons, but equally large season-to-season variations were also found. Much of this variation could be attributed to cultural conditions. Differences found were relatively minor, particularly in view of the large losses which are known to occur during processing. Our observations indicate that retention of these two vitamins following long distance shipping is at least as great as retention of other quality factors.     

不同品种板栗罐头加工的特性

通过正交设计研究对16种板栗罐头进行护色条件的优化。试验发现板栗罐头的适宜护色液组成为:添加0.3%的柠檬酸、0.2%的抗坏血酸、0.1%的乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)、0.1%的NaCl;适宜护色温度为40℃。另外,通过模糊数学法对16个不同品种的板栗罐头进行综合评价,筛选出了最适宜加工成板栗罐头的优良品种。燕光、燕晶、早丰、达1-3和燕奎更适合作为板栗罐头的原材料。     

Utilization of Cheese Whey Permeate in Canned Beans and Plums

Navy and kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were hydrated in water, then canned in brines designated as control, whey permeate (WP), and hydrolyzed lactose whey permeate (HP). Hunter Lab Color Difference and Kramer Shear texture analyses indicated general darkening and increased firmness in permeate treated beans. Total solids and ash increased significantly in the treated samples. There was a significantly lower preference for beans treated with permeate fractions than for control beans. Plums were canned in a control sucrose syrup (20° Brix) and in syrups with 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% replacement of sucrose with HP, or crystalline glucose-galactose (GG) mixture. HP plums were generally darker in color and similar in texture to the control samples. Sensory tests showed that general acceptability of HP plums was similar to control samples.     

糖醇替代对芸豆蜜豆品质特性的影响

为开发无糖芸豆蜜豆,选用赤藓糖醇、麦芽糖醇、木糖醇、山梨糖醇完全替代糖渍液中的蔗糖,通过分析不同糖醇对芸豆蜜豆色度、质构、含水量、水分活度、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量、消化特性及感官品质的影响以确定最佳蔗糖替代物。结果表明,4种糖醇在保持GABA含量的基础上(P>0.05),提高了芸豆蜜豆的亮度,显著降低芸豆蜜豆的硬度、咀嚼度、水分活度及估计血糖生成指数(eGI)(P<0.05)。麦芽糖醇芸豆蜜豆的eGI最低,显著降低了30.25%(P<0.05)。4种糖醇及蔗糖芸豆蜜豆综合感官评分分别为72.60、79.50、80.60、72.70、80.70,其中麦芽糖醇、木糖醇芸豆蜜豆与蔗糖组最为接近(P>0.05)。综合考虑,麦芽糖醇是替代蔗糖开发无糖芸豆蜜豆的最佳选择。     

云南干腌火腿加工工艺及其品质影响因素研究进展

云南干腌火腿是一种重要的传统发酵肉制品,以猪后腿为原料,经腌制、风干、发酵等加工而成。云南干腌火腿主要有宣威火腿、撒坝火腿、三川火腿、老窝火腿、诺邓火腿及鹤庆火腿等,本文对云南干腌火腿加工工艺及干腌火腿品质影响因素进行综述,从原料肉、腌制条件、色泽及风味等几方面做了详细讨论,旨在为干腌火腿品质改进提供一定的理论参考。     

中国菜籽饼粕品质特征及其影响因素研究

在全国17个油菜主产县区采集菜籽粕样品112份、菜籽饼样品111份、35份主要加工环节的样品以及10个品种纯种双低菜籽、34份混杂商品菜籽。对上述样品主要营养成分、抗营养/毒性成分的化学分析结果显示:国产菜籽粕、菜籽饼中性洗涤纤维含量分别为34.45%±8.44%、30.66%±3.11%,国产菜籽粕硫苷含量为(79.1±44.99)μmol/g。中性洗涤纤维、硫苷含量高、变异大是国产菜籽饼粕区别于加拿大卡诺拉粕的主要品质特征。纯种双低菜籽硫苷含量为(35.2±6.52)μmol/g,商品菜籽硫苷含量为(78.5±21.76)μmol/g,混杂是引起菜籽饼粕硫苷含量偏高、变异增大的主要原因。低温冷榨饼、预压浸出粕、螺旋热榨饼和液压热榨饼的中性洗涤纤维含量分别为(32.0±2.31)%、(34.6±3.40)%、(47.2±3.43)%、(51.5±7.48)%,相互间差异都达到极显著水平(P<0.01),中性洗涤纤维含量的增加主要发生在焙炒、压榨、脱溶等热处理环节,过热处理是导致当前国产菜籽饼粕品质降低的关键。中性洗涤纤维可作为饼粕热加工质量的适宜控制指标。     

肉类软罐头产品质量的影响因素及控制措施

介绍了影响肉类软罐头产品质量的主要因素,对主要工艺环节容易发生的问题作了分析,并指出了解决的办法.     

Processing of Sugar-Coated Red Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris): Fate of Oligosaccharides and Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and Evaluation of Sensory Quality

ABSTRACT:  The present study was undertaken to expand the uses of red kidney beans beyond traditional products such as sugar-coated beans—a popular snack food in many Asian countries. Beans were soaked for 12 h (initial temperature 77 °C, end temperature 24 ± 1 °C) and then cooked in boiling water (approximately 99.3 °C) for 14 min. Finally, the cooked beans were sugar-coated by dipping in 20%, 35%, or 50% sugar syrup (w/w) for 45 min at 70 °C and excess syrup was drained at the end of the process. Beans were analyzed for oligosaccharides (raffinose and stachyose) and lectins, as phytohemagglutinating (PHA) activity, at predetermined intervals during processing. A 105-member consumer panel evaluated bean quality for texture, color, sweetness, flavor, and overall acceptability. Most of the weight (81.1% of total) was gained during the 1st h of soaking. There was a significant reduction in raffinose (80.8%) and stachyose (83.4%) after 12 h of soaking. Cooking, which further reduced raffinose for a combined total of 95.8%, had no effect on stachyose. The lectins decreased by about 90% in cooked beans, with over half of inactivation occurring during soaking. On a hedonic scale of 1 to 9 (1 = dislike extremely, 9 = like extremely), all 3 bean samples scored above 5 for all the sensory attributes tested. Beans coated with 50% sugar syrup were rated best overall, with a score of 6.1. Frequency distribution of overall acceptability scores showed that 59% to 70% of the panelists rated different bean samples at a score of 6 or higher.