Steel research in Europe – today and tomorrow

The exchange of technological information is an important pre-requisite for effective joint research. The joint research model has proven itself in Germany. The European steel research network with 13 executive committees, 4 circles of experts assured the highly efficient steel research within the European Community The German Technology Road Map &?Steel research … and the future is light&” and the &?European Technology Road Map to Determine the Research Priorities of the European Steel Industry&” clearly define the focal points of future steel research. The assurance of ECSC research funds even beyond 2002 look promising. Maintaining the network for European steel research remains an important goal keeping European steel research in the future at the same level. Phasing-in to the 5^th European frame work programme is absolutely a must despite the much more complicated organisational rules of the 5^th EU frame work programme.     

Combined application of modern techniques for microarea-analysis on metallic coated steel sheet

Steel sheet today ranks among the highly developed products of Europe's steel industry. Given the increasing consumption and expand-ing range of applications of the coated steel sheet materials, it is becoming more and more important to know the surface properties. This applies both to the surface of uncoated steel sheet and to that of the metallic zinc and zinc alloy coatings. Current objectives of the steel makers are, in particular, knowledge of the chemical composition of the surface throughout the route of production, as well as targeted production control to achieve a defined composition. A producer or end user correlates the surface composition with technological, processing and service properties, and is hence interested in compiling and complying with defined supply specifications. Against this background, the modern analysis techniques used for the chemical characterisation of steel sheet surfaces take on a key function for product development and quality control. Currently, a multitude of possible analysis techniques like EPMA, GDOES, SNMS, AES and ESCA are available for the chemical characterisation of surfaces. Within the framework of a European research project (ECSC - European coal and steel community), the suitabil-ity of such modern analysis techniques for the needs of the steel sheet producers, customers and users has been studied and adapted to the requirements involved. The following article – divided into four parts- will give a report about some analytical applications and the actual state of the art regarding microarea and surface analysis of steel sheet surfaces.     

硅钢的研究现状及发展趋势

硅钢是军事工业和电子电力行业不可或缺的重要软磁合金。因生产工艺复杂、制造技术严格,硅钢质量成为一个国家钢铁产业发展水平的标志。分别从无取向硅钢和取向硅钢两个方面进一步概括了硅钢的理论研究、取向硅钢抑制剂的研究改进及新品种的开发,综述了硅钢先进生产工艺在国内外主要生产厂家的应用现状。在此基础上,指出了目前硅钢研究和生产存在的问题, 并对其今后的研究方向作简单展望。     

References values for forced spirometry. Group of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey

The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) prediction equations exemplify a significant effort carried out approximately 15 yrs ago to provide uniform standards for lung function testing, but this set of equations has not been properly validated as yet. The present study evaluates the ECSC reference values and four other sets of prediction equations, using spirometric data collected in 12,900 nonasthmatic subjects (43% lifetime nonsmokers and 36% active smokers) aged 20-44 yrs from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS). Standardized spirometric measurements were obtained using a common protocol in 34 centres in 14 countries. For each prediction equation, the prediction deviations (i.e. observed minus predicted value) for forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were examined for the whole study population and for each centre. For the age range included, the errors about the ECSC equations showed the most prominent underestimation of both predicted FVC (+355 and +360 mL on average in males and females, respectively) and predicted FEV1 (+211 and +200 mL, respectively) among the five studies examined. As expected, FVC and FEV1 in active smokers from the ECRHS were significantly lower than in lifetime nonsmokers (each p<0.01). We conclude that the present European recommendations on lung function reference values should be reconsidered, but further data for nonsymptomatic subjects above the age of 44 yrs are needed.     

Research Fund for Coal and Steel RFCS: a European success story

Abstract

In 2002 the European Union (EU) established the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS) to exploit the interest of the capital that was left after termination of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). The first period of existence of the RFCS has been analysed by a team of experts from the coal and steel sector and their findings collected in a Monitoring and Assessment Report. This report describes the way the RFCS is managed by the European Commission in terms of setting up of priorities for annual calls, evaluating the project proposals and ranking them for funding. Also the way the Technical Groups monitor the progress of the projects is analysed. The report contains suggestions for further improvement. In the Assessment part the M&A Report describes 198 projects that have been finished in the first period of RFCS existence. Benefits achieved by the beneficiaries are collected and where possible expressed in financial terms. A method is introduced to calculate the potential benefit of the RFCS projects when the outcome would have been applied not only at the beneficiaries’ company but at all processes, products and industrial installations in the coal and steel sector of the EU. This information is of direct interest to researchers, technology and R&D directors and company Executive Board members as it illustrates the multiplier achieved from investment in collaborative R&D in the coal and steel sector in the EU.     

低合金钢在中国的发展现状与趋势

 在过去的几十年里,品种结构调整一直是中国钢铁工业的重要任务。伴随中国钢铁产量的快速增长,在高强度低合金钢（HSLA）技术领域取得了一系列研究成果,并在实际品种开发中获得了成功的应用,如细晶/超细晶粒钢技术、微合金钢的析出相控制技术等。“十二五”期间国内外装备制造业的发展为中国钢铁工业产品结构调整带来了机遇和挑战。通过使用性能更优、用量更少的HSLA钢,可大量节约钢材消耗,减轻对资源、能源、环境的压力。毫无疑问,积极推进HSLA钢的应用是实现中国钢铁工业可持续发展的必由之路。     

欧洲钢铁工业的发展与展望

欧洲铜铁工业历史悠久,在世界钢铁发展过程中影响重大。回顾了欧洲钢铁工业的发展过程,介绍了近期欧洲钢铁行业的兼并重组概况,并展望未来欧洲钢铁工业的发展趋势。     

The problems of present-day enterology

The European Union has a formal interest in public health under the Article 129 of the Maastricht Treaty. Hitherto, the main contribution of the European Union action in public health has been limited to research, health information and education concerning, in particular major diseases and drug dependence. Unfortunately the European architects did not clearly conceive a plan for the establishment of a common health policy despite the fact that the European health policies are fragmented and are often the indirect results of economic policies. Indeed, the domain of public health is essentially governed by the principle of national sovereignty, onto which the principle of subsidiarity has been grafted. Whereas Article 129 of the Maastricht Treaty applies especially to preventive health policies, the concomitant affirmation of the principle of subsidiarity in this field tends to suspend any establishment of a European health policy. In the same way, the lack of compulsory provisions relating to Community actions, expressed as recommendations, raises the question whether the European Union is willing to move to a European health policy.     

Physical properties of mould powders for slab casting

Abstract

The application of mould powder for certain steel grades is mainly based on experience. In an ECSC project, an inventory was made addressing the physical properties that are the basis of this experience. It is concluded that, for each steel grade, common physical properties (e.g. viscosity, melting temperature) can be identified. There is, however, a large variation in the values of physical properties used. It is therefore not possible to find any relationship between slag properties and casting conditions, given the steel grade to be cast. Wider ranges in physical properties are possible and realistic to enable casting of a steel type at a particular speed.     

The State-of-Art and Development Trends of HSLA Steels in China

During the last decade,the adjustment of product segments always is a very important task of iron industry,and upgrading of steel products has been impelled actively by Chinese iron and steel industry.With rapidly increasing of iron & steel production,a series of research achievements have been made in the technology area of high strengthtoughness steel,and also have been applied successfully in the actual production,e.g.the technology of fine grain and ultra-fine grain steels,the technology for the control of microalloying precipitates.Further,It is an important strategic goal of "Twelfth Five-year Plan" for Chinese iron and steel industry that the adjustment of steel product segments and meeting the requirements for upgrading of domestic and oversea equipment manufactory industry.Adopting HSLA steel with better performance,instead of plain steel,could save steel consumption largely,and also release pressures from resource,energy and environment.Without doubt,it is the only way to realize the sustained development of Chinese iron and steel industry by popularizing the application of HSLA steels vigorously.     

高磁感取向硅钢生产技术与工艺的研发进展及趋势

 采用节能、环保、经济型的生产技术与工艺来制造高磁感取向硅钢目前已成为世界各大取向硅钢生产厂的研发热点。总结了国内外各大钢铁企业与研究机构采用低温板坯加热技术生产高磁感取向硅钢的开发及应用情况,概括了传统流程实现低温板坯加热技术的方法。介绍了薄板坯连铸连轧与双辊薄带连铸等短流程工艺生产高磁感取向硅钢的研发现状。在此基础上,探讨了高磁感取向硅钢生产技术与工艺的发展趋势及方向。     

Diagnosis-related groups: a comparative analysis of hospital activity in different countries

Comparative study of hospital activities in the Novgorod district and nine countries of the European Community, carried out within the framework of the International Project CAMISE (Case Mix and Severity) of the European Community on the basis of the classification system for diagnosis-related groups, showed a lower Case Mix Index, a longer hospital stay for all major disease, and a lower surgical activity in the hospitals of the Novgorod district in comparison with other European countries. The detected differences are largely due to specific features in the organization of hospital service in Russia (no special hospitals for acute and chronic patients, no nursing homes) and insufficiently intensive therapeutic and diagnostic process.     

日本轧钢技术10年进步概况和展望

简要介绍了日本钢铁业近10年来在轧钢技术领域的研发成果及其应用情况,希望为我国钢铁业的广大科研和生产人员提供一些借鉴。     

稀土在钢中应用和研究动向

综述了目前我国稀土在钢中加入方法和稀土添加剂的应用;稀土在钢中的机理研究;稀土处理钢的连铸结晶器保护渣的研制、稀土铝合金镀液热浸镀钢材表面抗高温氧化性能的研究。这些课题大都转入工业试制或生产,机理研究亦有所突破。     

钢铁行业技术创新和发展方向

 创新驱动钢铁行业转型发展、调整结构、实现钢铁行业绿色制造势在必行。从钢铁行业的重要前沿技术（产品）和钢铁行业的重要关键共性技术（产品）介绍了钢铁行业技术创新和发展方向。内容包括：复杂难选铁矿石预富集-悬浮焙烧-磁选技术;低碳炼铁技术;炼钢二次资源高效利用技术;先进钢铁全流程一体化组织控制;改进型热带无头轧制短流程工艺、装备及产品;薄带铸轧短流程工艺、装备与产品;无酸洗涂镀制备热轧涂层板技术;新一代钢包喷射冶金工艺;高品质连铸坯生产工艺与装备;热轧钢材组织性能控制;极限规格板材先进热处理装备及工艺技术;薄板坯半无头轧制＋无酸洗涂镀制备热轧AHSS;高精度冷轧板形控制技术与装备技术;先进连续退火与涂镀技术;真空制坯轧制复合板技术;旨在大规模定制的钢材智慧制造系统等。旨在实现钢铁工业的绿色制造,促进中国新型工业化进程。     

Recycling of scrap for high quality steel products

In an ECSC project several aspects of tramp element control in steel were studied by a group of steel producers and research institutes in the European Union. Upgrading of incinerator scrap and shredded automobile and consumer durable scrap was realised through size and density separation and by pre‐dismantling and sorting of goods before shredding. Removal of tin from tinplate by pre‐treatment with reactive gases was investigated. A dezincing process was developed by dissolution of the zinc‐alloy layer in caustic soda followed by electrochemical deposition of zinc. Results of laboratory scale trials showed that generation of high mass transfer between the phases metalslag‐gas as well as vacuum distillation of the solute elements influencing the evaporation rate can remove copper and zinc from steel melts. A mass balance for the distribution of zinc and lead between metal, slag and dust during scrap melting in an EAF was established. Additional sponge iron charging is a very efficient measure to lower zinc and lead content due to the CO boiling effect during melting.     

Features and control methods of the galvanneal furnace

The recent rapid developments in the automobile industry have demanded the extensive use of galvannealed(GA)steel sheets.In particular,the development of lightweight automobiles is putting increasingly higher requirements on the strength of GA steel sheets.The galvanneal furnace,which is used for processing galvannealed steel sheets,is typically composed of the induction heating section,holding section and fog cooling section.This paper described the structural characteristics of each component of the galvanneal furnace,and analyzed temperature control methods of the galvanneal furnace that are important for the successful production of high-strength GA steel sheets for automotive applications.     

冷连轧机组吨钢电耗综合控制技术

 随着钢铁市场竞争的日益激烈与行业整体利润率的下滑,如何在不影响产品质量的前提下节能减耗已经成为现场技术攻关的焦点。为满足冷轧生产的需求,提高产品的竞争力,充分考虑到冷连轧机组的设备与工艺特点,在建立了一套吨钢电耗计算模型并分析了吨钢电耗影响因素的基础上,从轧制规程、乳化液流量、轧制速度的综合优化设定入手,以降低吨钢电耗为目标,同时考虑到机组最大轧制压力、最大轧制功率、打滑与热滑伤的防治、乳化液最大流量、乳化液综合成本、产能效益等因素的约束,提出了一套冷连轧过程吨钢效益综合控制技术,并将其推广应用到生产实践,在吨钢乳化液消耗没有增加、产能没有下降的前提下,吨钢电耗平均下降了7.53%,为机组创造了较大的经济效益,具有进一步推广应用价值。     

“十三五”中国炼钢关键技术进步及思考

 “十三五”时期,中国炼钢技术快速发展,在机理创新、关键工艺技术和装备研发、高品质钢高效生产、智能化控制、低碳绿色发展等方面都取得了长足的进步。中国粗钢产量持续增加,达到了世界产量的56.49%,在发展的同时逐步实现炼钢结构优化,高品质钢的高效绿色生产为中国经济高速发展提供很好的支持作用。通过回顾和分析“十三五”期间中国炼钢共性关键技术取得的科技成果,对“十三五”期间炼钢科技进步进行了总结。代表性关键技术成果总结为两个方面,即“高品质钢炼钢-连铸关键技术开发与应用”和“洁净钢高效、低碳绿色炼钢-连铸技术研发”。“高品质钢炼钢-连铸关键技术开发与应用”技术主要的发展表现在高品质不锈钢脱氧及夹杂物控制技术,薄板坯连铸连轧生产电工钢技术,重载车轴钢冶金技术,高速和重载铁路钢轨用钢炼钢技术,特殊高合金钢品种冶炼及连铸关键技术;“洁净钢高效、低碳绿色炼钢-连铸技术研发”的主要发展体现在大型转炉高效、绿色冶炼关键技术,绿色电炉高效冶炼技术,高品质特殊钢绿色高效电渣重熔关键技术,高品质钢高效连铸技术。同时,炼钢-连铸智能化控制技术的应用取得了进展。实现关键钢铁材料的自主保障和前沿技术的突破是“十四五”钢铁行业实现创新发展的重要任务,结合“十四五”时期发展需求及定位,今后炼钢技术的重点发展方向包括洁净钢炼钢-连铸高效、协同生产技术创新和应用;炼钢-连铸智能控制技术的集成和应用;低碳绿色生产技术创新应用;近终形连铸连轧技术。     

高强钢先进成型技术和本构模型研究现状与发展趋势

高强钢是汽车车身轻量化的首选材料,但其成型问题一直是限制其推广应用的重要因素。对高强钢的先进成型技术,如液压成型、激光拼焊、热冲压成型等的原理、特点及最新研究进展进行了论述。同时,对先进高强钢的本构模型进行了阐述,以期对改进高强钢成型性能提供依据。