降水和人类活动对乌江上游径流变化的影响分析

径流量变化与气候和人类活动密切相关,其相互作用使得流域水循环发生变化,对气候变化和人类活动进行定量分析,可为流域调控水资源效率、协调农业发展等提供参考。以乌江上游为例,基于鸭池河水文站和流域内及周边共12个气象站,根据1960-2013年长时间序列实测径流与气象资料,利用Mann-Kendall法、累积距平法判断流域降水量和径流量的突变时间,用Morlet小波法对径流量进行周期变化分析,重点分析乌江上游流域降水与人类活动对径流量变化的贡献率。结果表明:1960-2013年间,径流量与降水量无显著增加趋势;径流量和降水量在此期间存在1986和2002年两个突变点,且突变特征和阶段特征同步;径流量与降水量的共振周期为18～19 a及19～20 a,流域径流量对降水量变化具有一定滞后作用,滞后时间为1～2 a;以1960-1986年为基准期,1987-2002年降水和人类活动对径流的贡献率分别为50.93%和49.70%,2003-2013年降水和人类活动对径流的贡献率分别为49.30%和50.70%。降水对径流变化的影响程度在降低,而人类活动对径流变化的作用在增大,因此,未来流域水资源管理应重视良性人类活动的构建与调控。     

气候变化和人类活动对开都河上游径流量的影响评价

开都河是新疆焉耆盆地内的重要河流,对维持焉耆盆地水土生态平衡具有极其重要的作用。近年来,开都河流域的水资源问题已经引发了较为严重的生态环境问题。根据流域内1960—2011年水文气象数据,采用小波分析法、累积距平法、累积量斜率变化率法,对开都河上游径流量和气候变化特征及趋势进行了分析,并定量评估了气候变化和人类活动对径流量变化的影响。结果表明:年降水量、蒸散发量和径流量总体均呈增加趋势;径流量的增加变幅为1.93亿m3/(10 a),具有16 a和28 a的准周期变化,且在1995年前后发生了突变;气候变化对开都河上游径流增加的贡献率达100%,人类活动对径流基本无扰动。     

北洛河流域径流变化特征分析

整理统计北洛河流域1961年～2015年降水和径流数据,采用Mann-Kendall非参数检验方法和双累积曲线法,计算确定流域径流量突变时间节点、基准期年、气候变化和人类活动对径流量变化的贡献率,分析探讨北洛河流域径流变化特征及归因。结果表明,流域年降水量和最大年径流量的最大值出现年份均为1964年,径流量突变点为1970年、1998年,基准期年为1961年～1969年。人类活动是导致北洛河流域径流减少的主要因素,气候变化为次要因素,1961年～2015年间人类活动对径流量的影响程度是气候变化的6倍。近年来人类活动加大了对径流变化的影响,在2003年～2015年间人类活动对径流变化的贡献率高达96.53%。研究结果可为区域水资源开发利用提供依据。     

抚河流域水文要素演变特征与驱动因素分析

气候变化和人类活动导致流域水循环过程发生改变,对水文过程的变化进行检测与归因,能够为流域水资源开发利用、防洪减灾等提供技术支撑。以抚河流域为研究区,利用非参数检验、回归分析等方法,分析了1955—2008年流域降水、径流等水文要素的演变特征与突变节点,定量分析了气候变化和人类活动对径流影响的贡献率。结果表明:近60 a来,抚河流域年均降水量呈弱增加趋势,年径流量呈弱减少趋势;1967年之前,人类活动扰动较小,年径流量相对比较稳定;1968—2002年间,年径流量呈弱上升趋势,该阶段人类活动对径流量的改变占主导作用,贡献率为78.6%;2002年以后,径流量呈减小趋势,该阶段气候变化对径流量的改变占主导作用,贡献率为76%。     

气候变化和人类活动对汉江上游径流变化影响的定量研究

以汉江上游为例,基于弹性系数法和水文模拟法定量估算气候变化和人类活动对流域径流的影响,探讨了变化环境下流域径流对气候变化和人类活动的响应特征。研究结果表明:1961年-2013年汉江上游流域径流呈明显下降趋势,并在1985年前后发生了突变;降水及潜在蒸散发在同时期内也逐渐降低,但变化趋势不显著。气候变化对径流变化的贡献率为42.8%~43.5%,人类活动对径流变化的贡献率为56.5%~57.2%,相比人类活动对汉江上游径流的影响稍大,且其对径流变化的影响呈现增长的趋势。     

基于SWAT模型对气候变化与人类活动影响下径流变化的量化分析

近年来在气候变化和人类活动共同影响下,海河流域径流出现了较为严重的减少趋势。为厘清气候变化和人类活动对不同类型流域径流变化的影响,分别以海河流域中受人类活动影响较为显著的漳河上游流域和受人类活动不显著的滦河上游流域作为研究对象,基于近60年的实测径流资料,验证了SWAT模型在海河典型流域的适用性;构建了基于SWAT模型的径流变化归因分析模型,分析了两种不同类型流域径流变化特点和两种影响因素的各自贡献率,进而系统分析并对比了不同驱动因素下两流域径流变化的差异特征。结果表明:近60年来两流域的径流均呈现下降的趋势,漳河上游以人类活动为主导因素,其贡献率为65%;滦河上游则以气候变化为主导因素,其贡献率为89%。相较于滦河上游流域,受人类活动影响显著的漳河上游流域流量值分布更为离散、下降更为明显,且对平水年和枯水年的影响更为显著。     

气候变化和人类活动对玛纳斯河流域径流及干旱的影响

基于1956—2020年玛纳斯河流域逐月降水和径流资料,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验法、双累积曲线法和标准化径流指数(standardized runoff index, SRI)揭示了流域径流量的年际变化趋势,定量描述了气候变化和人类活动对流域径流变化的贡献比例,同时探究了气候变化和人类活动影响下流域季节尺度的干旱变化特征。结果表明：(1)玛纳斯河流域年径流量呈上升趋势,并在1995年发生了显著性突变;(2)气候变化是导致玛纳斯河流域径流量增加的主要因素,气候变化和人类活动对流域径流量增加的贡献率分别为56.73%、43.37%;(3)从季节尺度上看,相较于受气候变化的影响,人类活动降低了流域干旱事件发生的频率,改善了流域冬季的干旱状况,但同时春季农田灌溉需要消耗大量的水资源,使得流域春季呈现出干旱化趋势。     

渭河上游径流变化特征及归因研究

分析渭河上游降水量、径流量的变化趋势和径流量的突变点,定量计算气候变化和人类活动对径流量变化的贡献,揭示渭河上游径流变化原因,为渭河流域水资源管理及开发利用提供依据。基于1961-2015年降水和径流数据,采用线性回归、Mann-Kendall检验和双累积曲线等方法分析渭河上游降水和径流演变规律。结果表明:渭河上游降水及径流的年际变化趋势均呈下降趋势,径流突变点为1970、1987、1990和1993年,根据突变点确定渭河上游径流基准期为1961-1969年;通过双累积曲线法的定量分析结果表明:人类活动是渭河上游径流减少的主要影响因素。总体上,近年来人类活动对径流的影响呈现增加趋势,2010-2015年间人类活动对径流影响的贡献率高达98. 32%。气候变化对径流变化有一定影响,尤其是,1990-1999年间气候变化对径流量影响占到22.52%。统计资料表明:在这段时间内,渭河流域发生多次极端干旱事件,导致渭河上游降水量骤减,使得气候变化对渭河上游径流变化的贡献增加。     

基于新安江模型的老挝南俄河流域径流变化贡献率分析

为分析20世纪60年代以来气候变化和人类活动对老挝南俄河流域径流变化的贡献率,基于流域内地面站点实测降水数据,对广泛应用于湄公河流域的APHRODITE和MSWEP两种卫星降水产品日降水数据进行了偏差校正,采用经校正的基准期卫星日降水和白冠洪、欣赫普两站点实测日径流资料构建了新安江模型,模拟还原了流域水库影响期的天然日径流过程,定量分析了气候变化和人类活动对径流变化的贡献率。结果表明：南俄河流域年径流总体呈下降趋势;白冠洪站两个水库影响期气候变化对径流变化的贡献率分别为-429%和-399%,欣赫普站水库影响期气候变化对径流变化的贡献率为-380%,而对应的人类活动贡献率分别为529%、499%和480%,人类活动是流域径流变化的主要原因;以水库运行为主的人类活动对径流年内分配影响显著,丰水期人类活动影响量的绝对值超过气候变化影响量绝对值的2倍。     

基于分位数回归的赣江章水流域径流特征研究

以赣江章水流域为研究区,基于流域卡口站坝上水文站1953—2018年实测径流、降雨资料,采用分位数回归和Mann-Kendall检验等分析方法从年、季、月等不同时间尺度分析了径流时间变化的特征,并利用累积量斜率变化率比较法揭示了气候变化与人类活动对流域年径流量的影响程度。结果表明：(1)流域多年径流在传统趋势检验时无显著变化趋势,但在0.2低分位显著上升;(2)径流年内分配不均,春、夏径流量占年径流总量的70.04%,传统趋势检验时仅冬季径流显著上升,分位数回归时夏、秋两季小径流也呈显著上升趋势;(3)月径流呈“丰减枯增”的变化特征;(4)月降雨、径流序列在分布尾端响应关系不明显,以1953—1972年为基准期,1973—2002年期间气候变化和人类活动对章水流域径流量变化的贡献率分别为22.58%和77.42%,2003—2018年期间的贡献率分别为63.38%和36.62%,人类活动是章水流域年径流量变化的主导因素。研究结果可为流域水资源年内、年际调度及合理、高效开发利用提供科学依据。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Spatio‐temporal variation of gross CO2 and CH4 diffusive emissions from Australian reservoirs and natural aquatic ecosystems,and estimation of net reservoir emissions

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) diffusive emissions were measured during two field surveys in Queensland and Tasmania, Australia, using the floating chamber method. Bubbling and degassing emissions in 2010 were estimated in Koombooloomba Dam reservoir using only inverted funnels and gas concentrations, respectively. A total of 14 reservoirs and 16 rivers and lakes were sampled from 2006 to 2010. Spatial variation was substantial within each water body, as well as between them. The main drivers of diffusive emission variation were physiographic region and climate, with a clear demarcation being observed between diffusive emissions from tropical Queensland and temperate Tasmania, and between the humid West Coast Range (Tasmania) and dry Central Plateau (Tasmania). Higher CO₂ and CH₄ diffusive emissions were observed during the dry season, when long water residence times would promote organic matter degradation. Estimated total gross emissions, including diffusive, bubbling and degassing emissions, for Koombooloomba Dam reservoir were about 1.5 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq km² per year, or 24 × 10⁶ t CO₂eq per year. This corresponds to a plant emission factor of 3.18 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1. Using an estimate of terrestrial emissions derived from literature data for the Tully River catchment area, rough estimated net emissions from the catchment area are about 44 kt CO₂eq per year, or 5.83 kg CO₂eq MWh^?1, which is in the lower range of the studied reservoirs.