Efficiency of Jaya algorithm for solving the optimization-based structural damage identification problem based on a hybrid objective function

A Jaya algorithm was recently proposed for solving effectively both constrained and unconstrained optimization problems. In this article, the Jaya algorithm is further extended for solving the optimization-based damage identification problem. In the current optimization problem, the vector of design variables represents the damage extent of elements discretized by the finite element model, and a hybrid objective function is proposed by combining two different objective functions to determine the sites and extent of damage. The first one is based on the multiple damage location assurance criterion and the second one is based on modal flexibility change. The robustness and efficiency of the proposed damage detection method are verified through three specific structures. The obtained results indicate that even under relatively high noise level, the proposed method not only successfully detects and quantifies damage in engineering structures, but also shows better efficiency in terms of computational cost.     

基于模态应变能分布的压电致动器/传感器位置优化遗传算法

本文由线弹性压电结构有限元动力方程,推导了压电智能结构的振动控制方程。建立了准确模拟层合压电结构动力行为的有限元模型。基于主结构模态应变能分布提出了一种新的优化目标函数,将压电致动器/传感器位置编号作为优化变量,建立了离散变量表示的智能结构优化问题,并通过二进制编码的遗传算法（GA）求解了该最优问题。以四边固支复合层合压电智能板为数值算例,采用比例反馈控制, 研究了最优位置配置致动器/传感器智能结构目标模态的控制效果。数值结果表明基于模态应变能分布的遗传算法所得优化解具有较好的振动控制效果。     

A damage identification method for truss structures using a flexibility-based damage probability index and differential evolution algorithm

An efficient method for the multiple damage detection of truss systems using a flexibility-based damage probability index (FBDPI) and differential evolution algorithm (DEA) is proposed. In the first step, a new FBDPI is introduced to find the potentially damaged elements of truss systems. The proposed FBDPI is based on the changes of elemental strain, due to damage, computed by the flexibility matrix of the structure. The flexibility matrix of the structure is dynamically estimated using modal analysis data. In the second step, the reduced damage problem is transformed into a standard optimization problem having few damage variables. Then, the DEA is employed to solve the optimization problem for determining the actual location and severity of damaged elements. Simulation results considering measurement noise demonstrate the high efficiency of the proposed method for the damage detection of truss structures.     

结构损伤检测的人工鱼群算法

结构损伤检测实际上属于系统识别的问题,其最终目标是识别结构损伤前后物理参数的变化。可利用实测结构模态参数建立方程求解得到结构物理参数,该过程在数学上往往转化为求解约束优化问题。由此,尝试采用人工鱼群算法来求解这类大型土木工程约束优化问题,首先介绍了算法的参数定义、行为描述及算法流程,然后利用经典测试函数对算法计算性能进行测试,最后给出了结构损伤识别这类约束优化问题的目标函数并通过数值仿真验证了该算法的有效性和鲁棒性。考虑测量噪声影响并通过不同损伤工况的数值仿真,研究结果表明,人工鱼群算法能有效地检测出损伤单元所处位置和损伤程度,因而将其应用到结构损伤检测领域是可行的。     

基于人工鱼群算法的结构模型修正与损伤检测

提出结构模型修正结构损伤检测的人工鱼群算法。将结构模型修正与结构损伤检测结构动力学逆问题转化为约束优化数学问题,并尝试用人工鱼群算法求解。介绍人工鱼群算法基本原理,定义关键参数并描述觅食、聚群、追尾及随机等行为;据模型修正原理利用结构损伤前后模态特性数据定义优化问题目标函数;通过两层刚架不同损伤工况数值仿真、三层框架试验数据验证方法的有效性。结果表明,基于人工鱼群算法的结构模型修正与损伤检测方法能有效修正结构有限元模型,在不同噪声水平及各种结构损伤工况下不仅能准确定位结构损伤且能精确识别损伤程度。     

约束阻尼结构的双向渐进拓扑优化

针对约束层阻尼板的拓扑优化问题,以模态损耗因子最大化为目标函数,约束阻尼材料体积分数为约束条件,建立了约束阻尼板的拓扑优化模型。基于模态应变能方法,推导了目标函数对设计变量的灵敏度。采用双向渐进优化算法(BESO)对约束阻尼材料的布局进行了拓扑优化,获得了约束阻尼材料的最优拓扑构型,并与渐进优化算法(ESO)进行了比较。研究结果表明：双向渐进优化算法相比单向渐进优化算法,获得的模态损耗因子更高,阻尼减振效果更好。     

Damage identification in plates based on the ratio of modal strain energy change and sensitivity analysis

A two-step method based on modal strain energy is presented for damage identification in thin plates. In the first step, damage is localized with the modal strain energy change ratio approach. A method is proposed to weaken the ‘Vicinity Effect’, thus reduces the false alarms in the localization of damage. In the second step, the damage extents of the suspected damaged elements are obtained iteratively with modal strain energy change sensitivity-based finite element model updating approach. Model reduction is introduced to eliminate the measurement of rotation degrees-of-freedom in the mode shapes. Two numerical examples are studied to demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method. Both single damage and multiple damage cases are studied and good identification results are obtained. The effect of measurement noise on the identification results is investigated.     

Flexibility-based structural damage identification using Gauss–Newton method

Structural damage will change the dynamic characteristics, including natural frequencies, modal shapes, damping ratios and modal flexibility matrix of the structure. Modal flexibility matrix is a function of natural frequencies and mode shapes and can be used for structural damage detection and health monitoring. In this paper, experimental modal flexibility matrix is obtained from the first few lower measured natural frequencies and incomplete modal shapes. The optimization problem is then constructed by minimizing Frobenius norm of the change of flexibility matrix. Gauss–Newton method is used to solve the optimization problem, where the sensitivity of flexibility matrix with respect to structural parameters is calculated iteratively by only using the first few lower modes. The optimal solution corresponds to structural parameters which can be used to identify damage sites and extent. Numerical results show that flexibility-based method can be successfully applied to identify the damage elements and is robust to measurement noise.     

基于应变模态分析的桁架结构损伤检测

选用桁架结构作为研究对象,应用应变模态分析方法对桁架结构的损伤进行检测。由位移模态振型推导应变模态进而用应变模态差值作为桁架结构损伤检测指标,提出了一种基于3σ准则的损伤阈值。通过应变模态差值与损伤阈值的对比来判别损伤有无并对损伤进行定位,用损伤前后应变差值的突变大小来初步确定桁架结构的损伤程度。对一具体桁架结构的单处和多处不同程度损伤工况,结合有限元软件进行了数值模拟。实际桁架的损伤检测实验验证了该方法的有效性。     

Optimal design and analysis of mechanical draft cooling tower using improved Jaya algorithm

A cooling tower is an imperative component of industrial plants. The minimization of energy related expenses is critical for conservation of resources and energy savings. Hence, the present study explores the use of an improved Jaya algorithm called self-adaptive Jaya algorithm for optimal design of cooling tower from economic facets. In this work, six different examples are considered in the design optimization of mechanical draft cooling tower. Various researchers have attempted the same mathematical models by using different methods like Merkel method, Poppe method and artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. The results achieved by using the proposed self-adaptive Jaya algorithm are compared with the results achieved by using the Merkel method, Poppe method, ABC algorithm and basic Jaya algorithm. The proposed self-adaptive Jaya algorithm determines the population size automatically and the user need not tune the population size. The proposed self-adaptive Jaya algorithm is proved better as compared to the other optimization methods with respect to achieving the optimal value of the objective function at less computational effort.     

基于柔度投影法和遗传算法的结构损伤识别方法研究

结构的健康监测对于结构的安全运营和维持结构的性能非常重要。近年来，基于动态测试技术的结构损伤识别方法引起了工程界的广泛关注。损伤识别属于结构工程中的反问题。损伤识别需要解决三类问题：第一，判断结构有无损伤；第二，确定结构的损伤位置；第三，确定结构的损伤程度。将柔度投影法和遗传算法相结合，提出了一种结构损伤定位和定量评估的两阶段法。第一阶段，用柔度投影法进行损伤定位。柔度投影法能够仅用结构的低阶振动测试数据进行准确定位。第二阶段，将确定结构的损伤程度问题表达成优化问题，用遗传算法进行求解。文中给出了一种用于遗传搜索的新的目标函数形式。最后，用一平面桁架桥模型进行了数值模拟，验证了所提出的方法的有效性。此外，为了使所提出的方法更加成熟，文中进行了深入探讨，给出了一些结论，有益于今后的进一步研究。     

Structural optimization of rotating tapered laminated thick composite plates with ply drop-offs

In this study, structural optimization of rotating tapered thick laminated composite plates with ply drop-offs has been investigated numerically. The governing differential equations of motion of the tapered composite plate have been presented including the energy associated with the inertia force, coriolis force, displacement dependent centrifugal force and initial stress resultants due to steady state rotation. Four noded quadrilateral finite element has been formulated based on the first order shear deformation theory. Finite element analysis results are validated with experimental results for natural frequencies of the tapered plate with various configurations. Various cases of optimization problems are formulated with different objective functions in terms of maximization of natural frequencies and damping factors (individually and combined) and solved using genetic algorithm in order to obtain optimal ply sequence and ply orientation. It is shown that the optimization problem with maximization of fundamental modal damping factor without rotating condition yields the optimal layout as 90° for all the layers in the plate. It is also observed that maximization of the fundamental modal damping factor yields identical optimal orientation for uniform and all the configurations of a tapered composite plate.     

基于不完备实测模态数据的结构损伤识别方法研究

在传统的基于模型修正的损伤识别中,由于实测模态信息有限而待识别参数过多,往往导致损伤识别方程出现较大误差,从而限制了该方法在复杂结构中的应用。为解决这一问题,对结构的自由度进行了分解,将损伤结构中模态振型的未测量部分表达为已测量到的模态振型、模态频率以及结构其它参数的函数。将损伤视为结构单元刚度的减小,利用完好结构的计算模态数据以及损伤结构扩充后的实测模态数据,建立了结构的损伤识别方程。运用信赖域优化算法对具有双重约束条件的目标函数进行最小化,识别出了结构各单元的刚度损伤参数。通过两个损伤识别数值仿真算例及实验验证,结果表明,在测点数量有限及测试噪声等不利因素影响下,所提方法只需运用少量的实测模态信息,即可实现结构损伤位置及程度的准确识别,同时算法具有较好的鲁棒性。     

Structural optimization with an automatic mode identification method for tracking the local vibration mode

Traditional optimization methods, which take a specific order of modal frequency as the design constraint, could fail to obtain the desired solution because of modal substitution. An improved optimization model with continuous sizing variables is established to solve this problem, in which the minimum weight and a given local modal frequency are considered as the objective and the constraint. To capture accurately the expected mode of vibration, a local mode identification technique is proposed based on the strain energy ratio between the local area and the whole structure. With that scheme, an optimization system is developed, in which the local mode can be effectively identified and the constraint can be updated with it in the iteration process. Two numerical examples, of a reinforced plate and a satellite structure, are applied to illustrate the effectiveness and efficacy of the proposed method.     

火箭蒙皮上梁结构的损伤识别方法研究

针对火箭蒙皮上梁结构损伤识别问题,首先利用基于模态应变能的损伤识别指标,对火箭蒙皮上梁结构进行损伤位置识别,再利用基于广义柔度矩阵的损伤敏感函数并结合遗传算法,对火箭蒙皮上梁结构进行损伤程度大小的计算。该损伤识别方法以结构损伤导致模态参数变化为依据,通过对比损伤前后模态应变能变化构建损伤识别指标。在数值仿真中,对T型梁进行了方法验证,发现该方法能够准确识别损伤位置和大小。最后根据火箭蒙皮上T型梁结构特点,设计试验并研究了方法的可行性,发现在T型梁结构上,该方法能够有效地识别损伤位置和大小,误差均在5%以下。     

Two-Stage Multi-damage Detection Method Based on Energy Balance Equation

In order to solve structural multi-damage identification problem, a two-stage damage detection method based on energy balance equation and evidence fusion is presented. First, a Frequency Change Identification (FCI) method and Modal Strain Energy Dissipation Ratio (MSEDR) method are utilized to preliminarily identify structural damage locations, and then a Fusion Damage Localization (FDL) method based on evidence theory is proposed to precisely detect damage locations. The FDL method mainly utilizes evidence theory to combine both the FCI localization information and the MSEDR localization information. Thus, more precise damage localization information can be acquired. After the damaged locations are determined, an Energy Balance Equation (EBE) index is presented to identify structural damage extent. Considering that strain energy dissipation should be equal to the change of modal strain energy, a quartic EBE equation is deduced, and structural damage extent can be obtained through the solution of the equation. An average quantification index is also proposed to improve identification precision. The simulation results demonstrate that the FDL method can perfectly detect structural damage locations, and the EBE index and average index can identify structural damage extent.     

一种基于模型修正的结构损伤识别方法

基于模型修正技术提出一种结构损伤识别方法。首先通过建立带约束边界非线性最小二乘目标函数，极小化结构实测模态与分析模态之间误差，将损伤识别问题转化为优化问题。其次采用信赖域方法求解该优化问题使优化过程具有更强的鲁棒性和可靠性。然后提出一种目标函数向量扩充方法并进行了参数优化研究。最后通过一栓接框架损伤试验研究，验证了该识别方法应用于结构损伤识别的可行性和有效性。     

An energy based damage model for thin laminated composites

The present paper outlines an unconventional energy based composite damage model capable of modelling woven and unidirectional composite materials. The damage model has been implemented into the LLNL-DYNA3D and LS-DYNA3D finite element codes for shell elements (plane stress), relevant to tensile, compressive and shear damage failure modes. The damage model uses five damage variables assigned to tensile, compressive and shear damage at a laminae level. The evolution of damage in each mode is controlled via a series of damage-strain equations, thus allowing the total energy dissipated for each damage mode to be controlled during a dynamic or impact event.The materials under investigation were a uni-directional (UD) carbon-epoxy and a woven carbon epoxy composite. Recent experimental test results from the CEC HICAS project have also been used to verify the behaviour of the model at elevated strain rates. Experimental data for the 0° and 90° tensile response indicates effectively rate independent, while matrix dominated modes, such as the shear response is highly rate dependent.The 0° and 90° tensile response and the tensile shear response have been modelled at a coupon level, including relevant strain rate effects, with the proposed damage model. Results show very good agreement with the available coupon experimental data. Suggestions are also presented for additional non-standard experimental tests to derive the material model parameters.A follow on paper describes the results of a series of simulations using the proposed material model on a number of experimental plate impact tests performed on the CEC HICAS project.     

基于振动测试的海洋平台结构无损检测

针对海洋平台等复杂大型土木工程结构物，研究基于振动测试的无损检测方法，提出了一套利用结构单元模态应变能特性的新损伤诊断方法。该方法是将结构单元的模态应变能分解为拉压模态应变能和弯曲模态应变能，并定义了两个损伤诊断指标，即拉压模态应变能变化率(CMSECR)和弯曲模态应变能变化率(FMSECR)。模态应变能是通过结构不完备模态振型和结构刚度矩阵计算出的，因此，可以通过振动测试得到结构单元的两个损伤指标诊断结构的损伤。为了验证本文所提出损伤诊断方法的正确性，利用海洋平台有限元模型数值模拟了三个典型的损伤工况。根据损伤诊断结果，本文所提方法能够得到较满意的诊断精度，具有一定的实际应用价值。     

基于加速度二次协方差矩阵参数变化比法的环境振动下结构损伤识别

在白噪声环境激励下,结构加速度响应的自相关/互相关函数构成一个新的二次协方差（CoC）矩阵,组成这一协方差矩阵的元素经证明是结构模态参数（频率、振型、阻尼）的函数;与提取模态参数的一般损伤识别方法相比,二次协方差矩阵包含结构振动的更多和更高阶模态信息。本文利用结构损伤前和损伤后的二次协方差（CoC）矩阵参数的变化比,对只基于振动输出的、环境振动下的结构进行损伤识别。对一个七层框架结构模型进行了数值模拟,首先对不同噪声程度、不同损伤位置和程度的损伤结构进行损伤定位,再结合模型修正法,对结构损伤程度进行识别,展示了该方法的有效性。