染料与有机颜料有什么区别?

染料主要应用于纤维的染色,如棉、毛、丝、麻.人造纤维、合成纤维及纸张、皮革等,也可用于塑料、油脂、皂烛、铝制品、墨水、铅笔、彩色照相材料以及食品工业等。所谓染料,是指某一种有色的化合物能使纤维等被染物染成各种鲜艳和坚牢的颜色。染料绝大部分是有机化合物,一般可溶于水或某些溶剂,一些可借助于化学药品成为可溶性,有些以细小的分     

酸性染料与阳离子染料的相互作用--电导率法和紫外可见光谱法的研究

酸性／阳离于染料对酸性染料可染纤维与阳离于染料可染纤维混纺交织制品一浴法染色时易出现因阴阳离于相互作用而引起的沉淀现象，有关这种相互作用的理论研究对实际生产合理选用染料和助剂具有重要的意义。电子率法和紫外可见光光语法的研究结果表明，酸性和阳离于染料基本上按理论摩尔比发生库仑力作用，并形成复合物，酸性染料与隔离型阳离于染料相互作用强烈，酸性染料的硫水越强，与阳离于染料相互作用的程度就越大。     

新刊导读

染料及有机颜料活性染料及其染色的近年进展(一)/宋心远等//印染.2002,281(2).-45～49.系统评述了近年来活性染料的发展,包括发色体、活性基,特别是双活性基染料的生态染色性能与结构的关系,例如染料的发色强度、耐氯、耐汗和耐日光牢度,染料的直接性、反应性与深染性的关系;重点分析了染料的拼混和后加工与染料的颜色、深染性、洗涤性及牢度等关系,指出合理拼混染料是一种切实可行的技术,不仅对染料生产,而且对染料应用具有重要的经济价值。本文后半部分重点评述了染色技术的发展,包括亲和力与低盐染色、匀染性与受控染色、深染性与深色品种染色、坚牢性与坚牢品种染色的关系;最后重点介绍了新纤维、非纤维素纤维及多组分纤维纺织品的染色。文中还介绍了笔者近年来某些相关研究成果。活性染料一直是最重要的一类染料,应该不断研究、改进和开发。     

染料、有机颜料的应用问与答：直接混纺染料的若干应用技术（六）

直接染料有普通、耐晒、铜盐、交联、重氮和混纺（D-型）等多种类型,但出于环保原因,许多染料不能应用于纺织品上,惟直接混纺染料（D-型）目前应用广泛。它既可直接用于蛋白质纤维和纤维素纤维的染色。又可与分散染料、酸性染料等阴离子型染料混合,用于多种纤维混纺交织物的染色,且各项服用性能较好。许多同行问津直接染料有无三原色。     

国内发展特深色系列活性染料

众所周知，纤维素纤维染色传统上使用硫化染料、还原染料、直接染料和冰染染料，但它们各自存在一定缺点或弊端。例如，硫化染料不仅色谱有限，品种少，还存在严重脆布、脆纱问题，尤其是硫化黑，还原染料应用工艺比较复杂（先还原，再氧化），且价格较昂；直接染料不少品种是用致癌性中间体合成的，在1994年德国公布的禁用118个染料中，直接染料占77个，冰染染料应用较烦琐，印染厂自行重氮化、偶合，在纤维上生成染料，且色谱有限，红色品种居多。自1956年活性染料问世以来，立即引起国内多方关注，不断改进应用性能，提高上色率和固色率，扩大在染色上的应用，并有不少能染成深浓色泽的活性染料投放市场，为活性染料的发展开拓了更加广阔的前景。     

合成纤维应用的染料Ⅷ聚酯纤维应用的偶氮分散染料

一、绪言在所有人造或合成纤维中,聚酯纤维无论是纯纺或混纺,对于染料要求有特殊的性能,至少是耐晒和耐热定型要坚牢。十二、三年以来,适用于其他人造或合成纤维的染料,只能部分地满足聚酯纤维的要求,由于这个理由,最近几年提出了制造特别适于这类纤维染色的新型染料品种。     

新型交链染色体系的研究

本文介绍了由上海染料化工二厂新近研制的DFRF直接可交链染料和上海纺织研究院、上海纺织助剂厂研制的DFRF-1反应性交链固色剂配套而成的DFRF交链染色体系经生产实践证明,这一体系对纤维素纤维及其混纺制品的染色达到经济,快速,工艺稳定,湿牢度优异的新染色途径,特别对混纺制品的染色效益显著。文章就DFRF染料和DFRF-1固色剂性能及染色体系的应用作了讨论。     

新纤维染色技术进展

系统介绍了目前出现的一些新型型合成纤维(海岛型超细纤维、PLA、PTT和聚氨酯纤维)、新型天然和再生纤维(竹纤维、Lyocell、Carbace11、大豆蛋白和蚕蛹蛋白纤维)，以及转基因纤维(蜘蛛丝)的结构和染色性能。新纤维的发展，要求染色技术有相应的发展超细纤维比表面积大，染色起始温度低，匀染性和色牢度较差，对染料的各项应用性能要求较高，新型天然和再生纤维染色的主要染料为活性、酸性和直接染料，并需要相应的助剂和与之相适应的染色工艺，多种纤维混纺、交织复合制成纺织品是发展趋势，而这类纺织品的染色和所使用的染料将成为研究开发的热点。     

直接混纺橙DGL试制成功

我国从60年代以来，一直采用二浴二步法染混纺织物的工艺，即使用分散染料染涤纶纤维，用直接、还原、活性染料染棉纤维。这样不但染色时间长，设备利用率低，而且能量消耗大，成本高，为适应组织纤维品种的不断出现，国内外染料科研人员大力研究新的染色工艺和与之相适应的染料结构。最近，上海染料化工厂完成7“八五”科技攻关项目——一直接混纺橙DGL的试制。直接混纺授DGL不含有任何禁用中间体，可以代替印染厂目前仍在使用的禁用染料，适应了纺织纤维的新品种的需求，其染色深度、性能均达到涤／棉、涤／粘等混纺织物一泪一步法的染…     

现今溶蒽素染料的价值及其实际应用

一、制造隐色酯化还原染料的原由追溯到进入本世纪前后,染料研究的很大一部分注意力是着眼于如何解决靛类和蒽醌类还原染料隐色化合物的稳定问题。其实,这不是纯粹的科学方面问题,因为也有许多实际应用上必须解决的问题。在纤维素纤维纱线和织物的所谓“坚牢染色”中,所染的许多淡淡色,关键往往是匀染问题。浸轧染色的斑点色花,是令人头痛的事。我们可以从较早一代染色者苦恼的主要困难因素——分散度低(按现     

Synthesis of acid dyes containing polyetheramine moieties and their low‐temperature dyeing properties on wool fiber

To realize the low‐temperature dyeing of wool fibers, the use of auxiliaries and wool modification are common methods. Low‐temperature auxiliaries may cause water‐pollution problems, and wool modification is a costly and uncontrollable process. In this study, new acid dyes, named D1–D3, containing polyetheramine groups were synthesized and applied to wool fiber by conventional and low‐temperature exhaust dyeing procedures. The results indicate that the new acid dyes could interact with wool‐fiber‐like auxiliaries and render a high exhaustion rate to the wool fiber at a dyeing temperature of 80 °C. In comparison with Acid Blue 25, the D1–D3 dyes showed an increased dyeing rate, especially under a dyeing temperature of 80 °C. Despite the bigger relative molecular masses of D1–D3, the exhaustion rates of D1–D3 were still higher, and the times of half‐dyeing were shorter than that of Acid Blue 25. The color differences between the wool fabrics dyed with the four dyes at 80 and 98 °C, respectively, were compared. We found that the color differences of D1–D3 between 80 and 98 °C were smaller than that of Acid Blue 25. The interactions between the dyes and wool fiber were analyzed and manifested by the measurement of the ζ potential of the dyes and wool fiber. The leveling and transfer properties of the D1–D3 dyes were also investigated, and the color differences of the wool fabrics dyed with Acid Blue 25, D1, and D2 were very low at all measured pH values and temperatures. The fastnesses of D1–D3 on wool fabric were almost the same as that of Acid Blue 25. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 45793.     

Neutral dyeing of wool and wool/polyester blend fabrics using sulphatoethylsulphone reactive‐disperse dyes

Two models of temporarily anionic sulphatoethylsulphone reactive disperse dyes were applied to wool, polyester and wool/polyester blend fabrics at different dyeing pH. Maximum exhaustion values and colour yield were observed at pH 7. The results showed that reactive disperse dyes containing bis‐sulphatoethylsulphone reactive groups were more convenient for neutral dyeing of wool and wool/polyester blend fabrics if compared with a dye containing a mono‐sulphatoethylsulphone group. Excellent to very good wet fastness properties on all dyed fabrics were achieved.     

锦纶织物原位矿化染色新技术

应用Erionyl系列弱酸性染料,分别采用传统工艺和原位矿化工艺对锦纶织物进行染色加工。对比了采用不同染色工艺的耗水量、排放残液的化学需氧量(CODC)r、染品色牢度及各项物理性能指标,结果表明:与传统工艺相比,采用原位矿化工艺对锦纶织物进行染色加工,染色节水率高达80%;排放染色废水中CODCr显著降低;不同工艺的染色织物颜色深度和各项色牢度基本一致;采用原位矿化工艺染色的织物断裂强力及断裂伸长率略优于传统工艺。     

Dyeing natural fibres in supercritical carbon dioxide using a nonionic surfactant reverse micellar system

A reverse micellar system in supercritical carbon dioxide has been developed as a dyeing medium. Water-soluble dyes such as reactive dyes and acid dyes could be sufficiently solubilised in the interior of a specially constituted reverse micelle. Protein fabrics, silk and wool, were satisfactorily dyed even in deep shades with conventional acid dyes without any special pretreatment. Cotton cellulose fabric was also dyed with conventional reactive dyes when the electrostatic force of repulsion between dye and cotton was eliminated. Compared to previously proposed supercritical dyeing methods, dyeing of fabrics with this system could be performed at low temperatures and pressures in a short time.     

Dyeing fine denier polypropylene fibers with phenylazo- β -naphthol-containing sulfonamide disperse dyes

A series of phenylazo-β-naphthol-containing sulfonamide disperse dyes were prepared from C.I. Acid Orange 7 by successive reactions of chlorination and amination, and their chemical structures were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, and mass spectrometry. The dyes were applied to coloring of knitted fabrics from fine denier polypropylene fibers by exhaust dyeing and their optimal dyeing conditions, such as dyebath pH, dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and dye concentration were investigated in detail. Then, dye exhaustion, color strength, and color fastnesses of the dyes on the fibers were assessed and summarized. In view of dye exhaustion and color strength of the sulfonamide dyes on fine denier PP fabrics, 90°C was selected as the best dyeing temperature at dye concentration below or equal to 3.0% owf. For achieving higher color strength, 130°C was the better choice when the dye concentration was above 3.0% owf. The sulfonamide dyes, especially secondary sulfonamide dyes, exhibited superior dye exhaustion and color fastnesses to washing, sublimation, and rubbing on fine denier PP fabrics in comparison to C.I. Solvent Yellow 14 bearing the same chromophore but without sulfonamide group.     

Application of rare earth as mordant for the dyeing of ramie fabrics with natural dyes

Selecting appropriate metallic compounds as mordants is essential for dyeing with natural dyes. This paper presents the application of rare earth compounds as mordant for the dyeing of ramie fabrics with four kinds of natural dyes. The influences of pre-mordanting, simultaneous mordanting, and post-mordanting on the dyeing effect were explored. The post-mordanting was proved to give rise to the highest dye uptake. The effects of dyeing conditions including dyeing temperature and time, dyeing bath pH and the concentration of rare earth on the dye uptake were investigated systematically. The fabrics dyed with natural dyes in presence of rare earth as mordant exhibited high color shade stability in the baths with pH varying from being acidic to neutral and alkaline. Employing rare earth as mordant apparently raised the color fastness to washing, rubbing and light of the ramie fabrics dyed with the natural extracts. In comparison with the commonly used metallic salts, using rare earth chlorides as mordants can greatly reduce the ionic concentration employed in natural dyeing. This study proved that rare earth would be a kind or promising environmentally friendly mordant in natural dyeing.     

Dyeing fine denier polypropylene fibers with phenylazo-β-naphthol-containing sulfonamide disperse dyes

A series of phenylazo-β-naphthol-containing sulfonamide disperse dyes were prepared from C.I. Acid Orange 7 by successive reactions of chlorination and amination, and their chemical structures were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, and mass spectrometry. The dyes were applied to coloring of knitted fabrics from fine denier polypropylene fibers by exhaust dyeing and their optimal dyeing conditions, such as dyebath pH, dyeing temperature, dyeing time, and dye concentration were investigated in detail. Then, dye exhaustion, color strength, and color fastnesses of the dyes on the fibers were assessed and summarized. In view of dye exhaustion and color strength of the sulfonamide dyes on fine denier PP fabrics, 90°C was selected as the best dyeing temperature at dye concentration below or equal to 3.0% owf. For achieving higher color strength, 130°C was the better choice when the dye concentration was above 3.0% owf. The sulfonamide dyes, especially secondary sulfonamide dyes, exhibited superior dye exhaustion and color fastnesses to washing, sublimation, and rubbing on fine denier PP fabrics in comparison to C.I. Solvent Yellow 14 bearing the same chromophore but without sulfonamide group.     

Reactive dyeing of silk using commercial acid dyes based on a three‐component Mannich‐type reaction

Acid dyes are employed for commercially dyeing silk, which results in ionic bonds between the silk fibroin and the dye. This generally leads to low wet fastness properties for dyed silk fabrics. In this work, three commercial acid dyes with aromatic primary amine structures were selected to dye silk using a Mannich‐type reaction, resulting in improved wet fastness of dyed silk by forming covalent bonds between silk fibroin and dye. The Mannich‐type reactive dyeing was applied to silk fabrics at both 30 and 90°C in trials. Dyeing at 90°C can shorten the dyeing time compared with dyeing at 30°C, even although dye exhaustion and relative fixation at 90°C were a little lower. The dyeing process was optimised when the dyeing temperature was 90°C, dyebath pH 4, dye‐to‐formaldehyde ratio 1:30 and holding dyeing time 60 minutes. The results showed that the dye exhaustion on silk fabrics for the three aromatic primary amine‐containing acid dyes exceeded 94% and their relative fixation was over 80%. Their washing and rubbing fastness reached grade 4 or higher. Hence, the colour fastness properties of dyed silk fabrics using the Mannich‐type reactive dyeing method is superior to the conventional acid dyeing method using the same aromatic primary amine‐containing acid dyes. The Mannich‐type reactive dyeing for silk fabrics at 90°C can be developed into a novel and rapid reactive dyeing method, promising an effective dyeing process with excellent colour fastness.     

非反应型阳离子助剂在一浴法无盐轧蒸染色工艺中的应用

使用自制的非反应型阳离子助剂对棉织物进行预处理,分别选用活性黄K-RN、活性艳红K-2BP、活性艳蓝KN-R进行一浴法无盐轧蒸染色试验.确定了阳离子助剂处理棉织物的最佳方式和使用的最佳浓度,并与常规有盐染色进行性能对比.结果表明,采用一浴法无盐轧蒸染色对染样的固色率、色光和牢度未产生影响.阳离子助剂的使用能够替代电解质的加入,染料利用率提高25％～40％.棉纤维阳离子化能够在相对较低的温度下进行,提高了该工艺的适用范围,最终达到节能减排的目的.     

Application of chitosan/nonionic surfactant mixture in reactive dyes for dyeing wool fabrics

The feasibility of wool fabrics pretreated with a chitosan/nonionic surfactant mixture and dyed with reactive dyes was studied. The results showed that the presence of the chitosan/surfactant improved the application to wool, which greatly enhanced the color strength when dyed at 50°C but little change was observed when dyed at 80°C. The higher the concentration of chitosan/surfactant added, the greater was the color strength of the dyed wool fabrics. The amounts found to be optimum for dyeing were 0.5% chitosan and 1.0% surfactant. The washing fastness of the dyed wool fabrics was in the range of grades 4–5, the dry rubbing fastness was in the range of grades 4–5, and the wet rubbing fastness was in the range of grades 3–4. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2859–2864, 2001