PROCESS CONTROL PERSPECTIVE FOR PROCESS ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGY: INTEGRATION OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICE INTO SEMICONDUCTOR AND PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES

FDA's Process Analytical Technology (PAT) initiative provides an unprecedented opportunity for chemical engineers to play significant roles in the pharmaceutical industry. In this article, the authors provide their perspectives on (1) the need for chemical engineering principles in pharmaceutical development for a thorough process understanding; (2) applications of chemical engineering principles to meet the challenges from the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries; and (3) the integration of chemical engineering practice into the semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries to achieve process understanding and the desired state of quality-by-design. A real-world case study from the semiconductor industry is presented to demonstrate how a classic chemical engineering concept, mixing homogeneity, can be implemented by inducing forced flow to ensure an excellent copper electrochemical plating process performance and to improve product quality substantially. Further, a case study of brake system design is discussed with the concept of Dr. Taguchi's robust engineering design to illustrate how quality-by-design can be achieved through appropriate experimental design, in conjunction with the discussion on the concept of quality-by-design in pharmaceuticals. Third, a case study of freeze-dried sodium ethacrynate is presented to demonstrate the vital importance of controlling the processing factors to achieve the desired product stability. Finally, the problems of the current pharmaceutical manufacturing mode, the opportunities and engineering challenges during implementation of PAT in the pharmaceutical industry, and the role of chemical engineering in implementation of PAT is discussed in detail.     

Thermophysical and thermochemical properties on-demand for chemical process and product design

The article provides a perspective of chemical process and product design on-demand, plus its implementation and impact in addressing modern challenges faced by the chemical industry. The concepts of Global Information Systems in Science and Engineering in application to the field of thermodynamics as well as Dynamic Data Evaluation for thermophysical and thermochemical properties are discussed as underlying principles for implementation of chemical process and product design on-demand.     

Chemical Engineering Education in the Next Century

This paper summarizes the work of the EFCE Working Party Education (WPE) over the last decade and attempts to identify effective educational solutions to meet the challenges caused by the rapid rate of change in technology and society world‐wide. The paper uses the results of the 1994 WPE survey of curricula in European Chemical Engineering Universities to identify a first degree level core curriculum. The problem of how to adapt the discipline to meet technological and societal changes without losing its identity is addressed. Basic sciences, chemical engineering science, integrated systems design and holistic thinking are emphasized as essential elements of the discipline. The paper discusses how Safety, Health and Environment (SHE), biotechnology, computerized models, product design, sustainability and other new subjects have been incorporated into chemical engineering curricula since the original survey. A simple model of the education process is presented to indicate how students might obtain a chemical engineering understanding and mindset. The paper explains how chemical engineering evolved from its origins in the petrochemical, heavy chemical and nuclear industries, to its current wide range of applications in industries, such as fine chemicals, food, pharmaceuticals, software, and cybernetics. It is suggested that the impact of changes arising from industry, new technology and society has driven the chemical engineering discipline to a point where it is now ripe for re‐invention. The effects of rapid industrial, technological and societal change on chemical engineering education are studied against the backdrop of a discipline on the threshold of a significant change. The paper concludes by identifying curriculum development, personal development and life‐long learning as three important factors for educating chemical engineers for a successful future.     

化学产品工程的理论和技术

随着市场竞争的加剧，以产品需求为导向开发满足最终使用性能的化学品成为化学工程研究发展的一个重要趋势。本文介绍了化学产品工程概念的产生和发展，论述了分子产品工程、配方产品工程、柔性制造过程等化学产品工程各个子领域的关键技术、应用和研究进展。     

化工产品生命周期设计的研究进展和挑战

通过分析化学工业的现状和化学工程研究的发展趋势,探讨拓宽化工系统工程的研究范畴,基于这种现状的分析,文章探讨了未来的研究应向微观和宏观两个方向扩展,即微观方面扩展到分子模拟为手段的产品设计,宏观方面扩展到适应可持续发展的过程建模。对整个化学供应链的集成进行产品全生命周期分析和评价,对深化过程系统工程的研究提供了机会和挑战。     

Process Design in World 3.0 – Challenges and Strategies to Master the Raw Material Change

The evolution of global energy supply chains leads to a raw material change in the chemical industry. Despite this change, the value‐added chains of the chemical industry have to keep up their output of diverse high‐quality products desired by the customers. C1 chemistry in combination with suitable conversion technologies yielding olefins and aromatics will play a key role in mastering this challenge. New chemical value‐added chains have to be developed and assessed, resulting in an increasing importance of conceptual process design. All this will take place in what Ghemawat has called the World 3.0, a globally linked but regionally diverse world. This diversity creates further challenges for process design in the chemical industries. A systematic concept to address these challenges is given here, including strategies for optimization and decision support.     

化学工业多尺度融合的智能制造模式——互联化工

化工过程通过物质和能量的可控转化和传递来实现化工产品制备，具有多相性、非线性、非平衡、多尺度和多时空域等特性，化工行业智能制造发展的关键是实现多尺度条件下的互联协同与过程高效。一方面，化工过程多尺度互联机制的认识和调控是化工过程系统的安全可靠运行的关键；另一方面，实现化工过程多尺度下的互联、融合与协同是化工产业绿色发展的路径。鉴于此，本文提出了化学工业面向多尺度融合的智能制造模式——互联化工，给出了“互联化工”的概念、目标、特点和架构，并讨论了互联化工的相关关键技术，包括化学工业多层级的信息物理系统、云制造，以及全生命周期的安全管理技术、耦合互锁机制下的动态安全监控与决策模型、基于区块链的互联化工数据安全技术。     

Control of Particle Size and Porosity in Continuous Fluidized-Bed Layering Granulation Processes

Particle formulation processes such as continuous fluidized-bed layering granulation (FBLG) are widely applied in chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Particle size and particle porosity are important product properties in FBLG. In this paper, a new concept is presented for the simultaneous control of both properties. The new concept allows stable process operation, automatic adjustment of the desired product properties, and rejection of unforseen disturbances.     

化工设计过程中的有效能分析

随着能源问题的日益突出,合理地进行节能减排成为了工程设计的重要任务。本文对化工设计过程中的有效能分析进行了归纳,通过在化工设计过程中引入和加强有效能概念,有助于设计人员树立起正确的能源开发和利用理念,并使其系统理解和掌握设计工作中科学的节能途径和方法。     

分子化学工程学——一门新兴的学科

分子化学工程学是利用分子科学、分子工程的成就和研究方法、手段来探求化学工程中的规律,逐步形成的一门新兴的工程技术类学科。它利用超高速电子计算机技术,从分子·原子尺度进行材料的分子设计和合成及工艺设计。以更有效地指导工业生产和发展化学工程学。     

A PROTOTYPE GRID FRAMEWORK FOR THE CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

This article presents a GRID framework for distributed computations in the chemical process industries. We advocate a generic agent-based GRID environment in which chemical processes can be represented, simulated, and optimized as a set of autonomous, collaborative software agents. The framework features numerous advantages in terms of scalability, software reuse, security, and distributed resource discovery and utilization. It is a novel example of how advanced distributed techniques and paradigms can be elegantly applied in the area of chemical engineering to support distributed computations and discovery functions in chemical process engineering. A prototype implementation of the proposed framework for chemical process design is presented to illustrate the concepts.     

A PROTOTYPE GRID FRAMEWORK FOR THE CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES

This article presents a GRID framework for distributed computations in the chemical process industries. We advocate a generic agent-based GRID environment in which chemical processes can be represented, simulated, and optimized as a set of autonomous, collaborative software agents. The framework features numerous advantages in terms of scalability, software reuse, security, and distributed resource discovery and utilization. It is a novel example of how advanced distributed techniques and paradigms can be elegantly applied in the area of chemical engineering to support distributed computations and discovery functions in chemical process engineering. A prototype implementation of the proposed framework for chemical process design is presented to illustrate the concepts.     

Trends in chemical engineering education: Process, product and sustainable chemical engineering challenges

Teaching chemical engineering has always been faced with a dilemma: either keep in touch with industry needs or incorporate new scientific concepts into the curriculum. In this paper, a short historical analysis of the evolution of chemical engineering teaching is presented and the recent trends of the two previous facets (industry and science) are briefly reviewed. The process vs product engineering concept is proposed as one of the means to achieve a better alignment between the curriculum and industry needs. A chemical engineering teaching framework, based in part on a product and a process oriented component, which has been in place in our department 5 years ago, is described and discussed. The concept of sustainable chemistry, including process and product considerations, which can be seen as the next frontier in chemical engineering education, is finally analysed from the education point of view.     

How implementation of Quality by Design and advances in Biochemical Engineering are enabling efficient bioprocess development and manufacture

In recent years, Quality by Design (QbD) has gained significant prominence in the pharmaceutical industry as an efficient way of designing and controlling processes used to make therapeutic products. At its heart, QbD seeks to identify an operating envelope within which production consistently satisfies a target product quality profile and thereby achieves the desired level of safety and efficacy. Such an approach is assisted by a range of Biochemical Engineering techniques which increase process and product understanding. This perspective describes how the principles of Quality by Design and developments in the field of Biochemical Engineering are providing the pharmaceutical sector with a toolbox of methods that enable efficient bioprocess development and manufacture. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

制药工程与制药工艺相结合的教学理念——制药反应工程课程的教学案例

制药反应工程课程的教学坚持了制药工程与制药工艺相结合的教学理念。本文通过反应器在制药工业上的应用举例,以及制药工业反应器的开发、选型及设计,详细阐述了这一教学理念。     

绿色化工是实现化工行业可持续发展的必然趋势

绿色化工就是用先进的化工技术和方法来减少或消除那些对人类健康，社区安全，生态环境有害的各种特质的一种技术手段。它是人类和化工行业可发展的客观要求，是控制化工污染的最有效手段。是化工行业可持续发展的必然选择。为此开展绿色化工的技术途径与思路应该是：采用分子设计技术和产品生命周期全过程绿色化控制的策略来设计化工新产品，改革传统化工产品体系，利用可再生效涛生物化工方法寻求无污染的新产品或替代品，从源头上控制化工污染的发生。同时还应该开展绿色化工的教育、宣传、信息交流和人才培养工作，对新建项目进行全过程环境影响评价，鼓励化工企业推进绿色化生产。     

绿色化学工程工艺应用于化学工程的要点探讨

随着社会的进步和发展,人们的生活水平得到了很大程度的提高。资源能源问题和环境保护问题日益成为人们关注的焦点,绿色环保逐渐成为人们的追求。化学工程因为其自身的特殊性,导致其在实施的过程中,不可避免的出现一些资源浪费和环境污染问题。为了减少污染与资源浪费,达到无共害生产,现将绿色节能环保与化学工程相融合形成了绿色化学工程工艺的理念。     

生物制药工程专业微生物学教学改革与实践

江南大学制药工程学科的建设以国家级重点学科发酵工程为支撑,主要致力于利用生物学手段研究解决药物设计和生产问题,开展微生物、基因重组和天然产物提取物制药工程等方面的研究。针对以上特点,本文将进行具有生物制药工艺特色的制药工程专业微生物学的理论与实践教学改革,以达到当今社会对培养既掌握基本知识又掌握实践技能专门技术人才的目的,为落实培养新一代"卓越工程师"奠定基础。     

A future perspective on the role of industrial biotechnology for chemicals production

The development of recombinant DNA technology, the need for renewable raw materials and a green, sustainable profile for future chemical processes have been major drivers in the implementation of industrial biotechnology. The use of industrial biotechnology for the production of chemicals is well established in the pharmaceutical industry but is moving down the value chain toward bulk chemicals. Chemical engineers will have an essential role in the development of new processes where the need is for new design methods for effective implementation, just as much as new technology. Most interesting is that the design of these processes relies on an integrated approach of biocatalyst and process engineering.