小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞对异基因肝移植大鼠淋巴细胞增殖的抑制作用

目的观察小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(Mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)移植后,在异基因肝移植模型大鼠胸腺、脾脏及骨髓中的迁徙、定居情况及对淋巴细胞增殖的抑制作用,以探讨MSCs诱导异基因移植免疫耐受的可能性。方法体外分离、纯化并培养小鼠MSCs;将小鼠肝组织块埋入大鼠肝脏切口,建立异基因肝移植大鼠模型;经尾静脉移植DAPI标记的小鼠MSCs,通过激光共聚焦显微镜观察24 h及5 d时,MSCs在模型大鼠胸腺、脾脏及骨髓内的迁徙及定居;采用体外淋巴细胞增殖实验检测小鼠MSCs对异基因肝移植大鼠淋巴细胞增殖的抑制作用。结果MSCs移植后,24 h即散在分布于胸腺、脾脏及骨髓内,5 d时集中在血管周围;经MSCs治疗后,大鼠胸腺和脾脏淋巴细胞增殖均受到抑制,与未经治疗的模型大鼠相比,差异有显著意义。结论小鼠MSCs可迁徙至异基因肝移植大鼠免疫器官内,并具有抑制淋巴细胞增殖的作用。     

骨髓间充质干细胞在脑缺血模型大鼠脑组织中的迁徙、定居及组织修复作用

目的观察骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)移植后,在缺血性脑损伤大鼠脑组织中的迁徙、定居及组织修复作用。方法体外分离、纯化及培养MSCs。线栓法制备Wester大鼠脑缺血模型,经颈动脉移植DAPI标记的MSCs,通过激光共聚焦显微镜,分别在24h、5d及10d观察MSCs在脑组织内的迁徙及定居。采用三苯四氮唑活组织脑片染色方法,观察MSCs治疗对脑组织损伤的修复作用。结果MSCs经颈动脉移植后,在24h即出现在脑损伤区域血管内,第5天在血管周围组织内开始弥散,第10天在损伤区域可见广泛弥散。MSCs治疗20d后,脑片染色显示坏死区域减少。结论动脉移植MSCs后,MSCs首先出现在大鼠缺血性脑损伤区域血管内,然后在周围组织弥散,并可能参与损伤区血管及组织的修复。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对电离辐射诱发的小鼠胸腺瘤的抑制作用

目的观察骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)对电离辐射诱发的小鼠胸腺瘤的抑制作用。方法采用经典Kaplan法复制电离辐射诱发的小鼠胸腺瘤模型。应用全骨髓贴壁法分离培养C57BL/6小鼠MSCs,DAPI标记,经尾静脉注入荷瘤小鼠后,分别于1、5、10d处死小鼠,取胸腺组织,激光共聚焦显微镜下观察MSCs在胸腺瘤组织中的定位;第1次全身大剂量照射后6个月取胸腺组织,HE染色观察胸腺组织的病理变化,并判断成瘤情况。结果激光共聚焦显微镜下观察可见,MSCs经尾静脉输注后可迁徙至小鼠胸腺组织内;病理观察显示,胸腺组织皮髓质结构清楚,淋巴样肿瘤细胞较少,细胞形态、大小不一,偶见核分裂象;MSCs输注使辐射诱导的胸腺瘤成瘤率由57.00%±9.78%降低至37.50%±7.55%。结论已成功建立辐射诱发的小鼠胸腺瘤模型;输注的MSCs可迁徙至胸腺组织中,并降低胸腺瘤的成瘤率。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对豚鼠皮肤光老化的修复作用

目的研究骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)对皮肤光老化的修复作用,为皮肤光老化的治疗提供新途径。方法每天UV-A和UV-B紫外线灯同时照射2 h,连续照射50 d,制备豚鼠皮肤光老化模型;体外分离培养豚鼠乳鼠MSCs;经DAPI标记后,局部多点皮内注入豚鼠皮肤紫外线照射区域,激光共聚焦显微镜下分别观察注入后24 h、5 d及10 d,DAPI标记的MSCs在紫外线照射区域皮肤组织的迁徙及定居;肉眼及HE染色切片观察MSCs对豚鼠光老化皮肤的修复作用。结果DAPI标记的MSCs经紫外线照射皮肤区域局部皮内多点注射24 h后,即出现在真皮层,5 d后出现在真皮层及毛囊组织,10 d后广泛弥散在皮肤各层。肉眼及皮肤HE染色切片镜下观察均显示,治疗组豚鼠较模型组明显延缓光老化进程,且在停止照射后,治疗组光老化症状比自然恢复组有更为显著的改善。结论MSCs对皮肤光老化有明显的延缓及修复作用。     

骨髓间充质干细胞在脊髓损伤模型大鼠体内的转化

目的观察静脉移植骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)在脊髓损伤模型大鼠体内向神经样细胞转化的情况。方法体外扩增培养MSCs,流式细胞仪检测表面标志CD34和CD44的表达;采用击打法制备大鼠脊髓损伤模型;Brdu标记的MSCs经尾静脉移植入脊髓损伤模型大鼠体内,输注后21d,取脊髓组织进行免疫组化染色,检测神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)的表达。结果体外扩增的MSCs经流式细胞仪检测不表达CD34,表达CD44;激光共聚焦显微镜下观察可见,移植Brdu标记的MSCs组在大鼠损伤的脊髓组织中可同时表达Brdu和NSE。结论移植的MSCs可迁移到损伤的脊髓组织,并可转化为神经样细胞。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对大鼠胰腺损伤组织的修复作用

目的观察骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)对大鼠胰腺损伤组织的修复作用。方法应用贴壁法分离、纯化、扩增大鼠MSCs,经流式细胞仪检测其细胞周期及表面标志后,用DAPI标记,经尾静脉注入胰腺损伤模型大鼠体内,15d后,在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察MSCs在大鼠胰腺组织的定位,组织病理切片观察胰腺损伤组织的病理改变,PCR检测胰腺损伤区组织的Sry基因。结果体外纯化、扩增、富集的MSCs经流式细胞仪检测,86.67%的细胞处于G0/G1期,细胞表面CD34呈阴性表达,CD44呈阳性表达。DAPI标记的MSCs移植治疗15d后,激光共聚焦显微镜下可见,MSCs在损伤的胰腺组织中多见,在正常胰腺组织中偶见;组织病理切片可见损伤的胰腺组织结构开始恢复,胰岛再建;PCR结果显示,治疗组胰腺组织可扩增出Sry基因。结论MSCs对大鼠胰腺损伤组织可能具有修复作用。     

人脐血干细胞在局灶性脑缺血大鼠体内的迁移与分化

目的观察人脐血干细胞(human umbilical cord blood stem cells,HUCBSCs)在局灶性脑缺血大鼠体内的迁移与分化,探讨HUCBSCs移植对缺血性脑损伤大鼠神经功能恢复可能的作用机制。方法采用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)再灌注模型,将造模成功的20只大鼠随机分为2组:移植组15只,造模成功后24 h,经尾静脉移植1 ml(2×106个)DAPI/CM-Dil荧光染料标记的HUCBSCs;模型组5只,造模成功后24 h,经尾静脉移植等量生理盐水。分别于移植前及移植后3、7、15 d进行神经功能缺损评分(neurological severity score,NSS),并取脑组织,制备冰冻切片,HE染色观察脑组织形态,荧光显微镜观察HUCBSCs在脑组织中的迁移和分布,免疫荧光法检测脑组织中巢蛋白(Nestin)和神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron specific enolase,NSE)的表达。结果移植组大鼠HUCBSCs移植后7 d起,其改良的NSS(m NSS)显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。移植后15 d,大鼠脑组织病理改变明显减轻。移植后3 d起,可见病灶及其周围部位有阳性细胞存在,随着时间的推移,脑缺血病灶部位的阳性细胞增多;移植后7 d,迁移至病灶部位的细胞数增加;移植后15 d,迁移至病灶部位的细胞数量达观察期内的高峰,各时间点阳性细胞数差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。移植后15 d,大鼠脑组织中CM-Di I/NSE-FITC和CM-Di I/Nestin-FITC双阳性细胞率分别为85.2%和81.6%。结论 HUCBSCs经静脉移植后,能在大鼠体内存活,并向损伤部位迁移,具有向神经元细胞方向分化的潜能,对脑缺血大鼠的神经功能恢复具有促进作用。     

肝细胞移植治疗肝硬化的疗效

目的建立SD大鼠药物性肝硬化模型,探讨原代肝细胞移植治疗大鼠肝硬化的疗效。方法经四氯化碳(Carbon tetrachloride,CCL4)诱导大鼠肝硬化模型,将40只模型大鼠分为2组,每组20只,Ⅰ组经脾尾注射约2×107个肝细胞,Ⅱ组经脾尾注射0.4 ml Hank’s液。观察每组大鼠的存活情况及肝功能变化;HE染色观察脾脏病理变化;免疫荧光观察植入的肝细胞在大鼠脾内合成白蛋白(Serum albumin level,ALB)的功能。结果经CCL4诱导10周后,大鼠肝脏经HE染色发现假小叶形成,表明成功建立了肝硬化模型;移植术后8周,Ⅰ组大鼠存活率(75%)显著高于Ⅱ组(35%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);Ⅰ组大鼠的血清ALB水平较Ⅱ组明显升高(P<0.05),血氨(Serum ammonia level,AMM)水平较Ⅱ组明显降低(P<0.05);Ⅰ组大鼠移植术后1、8周,大量肝细胞在脾脏红髓中定植下来;Ⅰ组大鼠移植术后5周,植入的肝细胞在大鼠脾内具有合成白蛋白的功能。结论 CCL4能稳定诱导肝硬化动物模型;同种异体肝细胞移植能提高肝硬化大鼠的生存率,并改善肝性脑病和低蛋白血症。     

间充质干细胞对急性肝衰竭的治疗及移植途径的优化

目的探讨脐带间充质干细胞(human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells,hUCMSCs)对急性肝衰竭大鼠的治疗作用及移植途径的优化。方法将48只SD大鼠随机分为4组:空白对照组、模型对照组以及移植治疗A、B组,每组12只,模型对照组和移植治疗组大鼠均经腹腔注射50%CCl4橄榄油溶液,造模后24 h,模型对照组经尾静脉注射1 ml生理盐水,空白对照组和移植治疗A组均经尾静脉注射1 ml hUCMSCs悬液,移植治疗B组经肝叶注射0.3 ml hUCMSCs悬液。移植治疗后多时间点收集血清,采用全自动生物化学分析仪检测白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBil)和丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)含量;移植治疗后1和2周,采用Real-time PCR法检测各组大鼠肝组织中人CK8、CK18和AFP基因水平;移植治疗后3 d、1和2周,采用免疫组化SP法检测各组大鼠肝组织中人CK18蛋白的表达。结果移植治疗后24、48 h,移植治疗组与模型对照组相比,ALB、TBil和ALT含量差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);移植治疗后1和2周,与模型对照组相比,移植治疗A和B组CK8、CK18和AFP基因水平均明显升高(P均<0.01),随造模时间的延长,基因水平也逐渐升高;移植治疗后3 d,大鼠肝脏组织中可检测到人CK18蛋白的表达,hUCMSCs在大鼠肝组织中诱导分化后,从汇管区向肝小叶中央迁移扩散;移植治疗A和B组的肝功能指标、移植细胞分化程度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论hUCMSCs能促进急性肝衰竭大鼠肝脏的修复,同时自身能分化为具有肝细胞功能的类肝样细胞,经尾静脉注射移植与经肝叶注射移植疗效相似,前者更易于应用和推广。     

骨髓间充质干细胞对胰腺损伤模型大鼠血清生化指标的影响

目的观察大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)对胰腺损伤模型大鼠血清生化指标的影响。方法胰腺结扎建立大鼠胰腺损伤模型;体外分离纯化及培养大鼠的MSCs,流式细胞术检测细胞周期及细胞表面标志,经尾静脉回输治疗胰腺损伤,逐日观察,并于回输后24h、48h、7d和15d,分别采血,分离血清,检测血淀粉酶与脂肪酶含量。结果分离纯化的MSCs细胞周期中,86.67%处于G0/G1期,表达MSCs表面标志CD44,不表达造血干细胞表面标志CD34。治疗组在回输MSCs15d后,肉眼可见坏死的胰腺组织外观基本恢复正常,24h、48h和7d,血清淀粉酶含量均低于模型组,且差异有统计学意义,在15d时接近于模型组,差异无统计学意义;在24h、48h、7d和15d时,治疗组血清中脂肪酶含量均低于模型组,且差异有统计学意义;24h、48h、7d和15d,治疗组血清中血淀粉酶和脂肪酶含量仍高于正常对照组,且差异有统计学意义。结论骨髓间充质干细胞对胰腺组织损伤的模型大鼠具有治疗作用。     

Fresh and Cryopreserved Human Umbilical-Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Attenuate Injury and Enhance Resolution and Repair following Ventilation-Induced Lung Injury

Background: Ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) frequently worsens acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) severity. Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) offer considerable therapeutic promise, but the key impediments of clinical translation stem from limitations due to cell source and availability, and concerns regarding the loss of efficacy following cryopreservation. These experiments compared the efficacy of umbilical-cord-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs), a readily available and homogenous tissue source, to the previously more widely utilised bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs). We assessed their capacity to limit inflammation, resolve injury and enhance repair in relevant lung mechanical stretch models, and the impact of cryopreservation on therapeutic efficacy. Methods: In series 1, confluent alveolar epithelial layers were subjected to cyclic mechanical stretch (22% equibiaxial strain) and wound injury, and the potential of the secretome from BM- and UC-derived MSCs to attenuate epithelial inflammation and cell death, and enhance wound repair was determined. In series 2, anesthetized rats underwent VILI, and later received, in a randomised manner, 1 × 10⁷ MSCs/kg intravenously, that were: (i) fresh BM-MSCs, (ii) fresh UC-MSCs or (iii) cryopreserved UC-MSCs. Control animals received a vehicle (PBS). The extent of the resolution of inflammation and injury, and repair was measured at 24 h. Results: Conditioned medium from BM-MSCs and UC-MSCs comparably decreased stretch-induced pulmonary epithelial inflammation and cell death. BM-MSCs and UC-MSCs comparably enhanced wound resolution. In animals subjected to VILI, both fresh BM-MSCs and UC-MSCs enhanced injury resolution and repair, while cryopreserved UC-MSCs comparably retained their efficacy. Conclusions: Cryopreserved UC-MSCs can reduce stretch-induced inflammation and cell death, enhance wound resolution, and enhance injury resolution and repair following VILI. Cryopreserved UC-MSCs represent a more abundant, cost-efficient, less variable and equally efficacious source of therapeutic MSC product.     

激活素A及其ⅡA型受体在ConA诱导小鼠急性肝损伤时的表达及其作用

目的探讨激活素A(ActivinA)及其ⅡA型受体(ActRⅡA)在刀豆蛋白A(ConA)诱导小鼠急性肝损伤时的表达及其作用。方法尾静脉注射ConA诱导小鼠急性肝损伤,测定血清转氨酶水平判断肝脏组织损伤程度,实时定量RT-PCR检测ActivinA及ActRⅡAmRNA转录水平;应用抗ActivinA和ActRⅡA抗体进行阻断试验,测定血清转氨酶水平,HE染色观察肝组织病理学变化。结果ConA诱导的急性肝损伤模型小鼠血清转氨酶水平明显升高,ActivinA及ActRⅡAmRNA转录水平也明显高于对照组;体内应用抗ActivinA和ActRⅡA抗体阻断ActivinA和ActRⅡA的作用,均可不同程度减轻肝损伤。结论ActivinA是介导ConA诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的重要致病因子,阻断ActivinA的表达或其作用途径,可能成为治疗肝损伤疾病的有效靶点。     

Regenerative Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells’ (MSCs) Secretome for Liver Fibrosis Therapies

Chronic liver injuries lead to liver fibrosis and then to end-stage liver cirrhosis. Liver transplantation is often needed as a course of treatment for patients in critical conditions, but limitations associated with transplantation prompted the continuous search for alternative therapeutic strategies. Cell therapy with stem cells has emerged as an attractive option in order to stimulate tissue regeneration and liver repair. Transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could trans-differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells and, moreover, show anti-fibrotic and immunomodulatory effects. However, cell transplantation may lead to some uncontrolled side effects, risks associated with tumorigenesis, and cell rejection. MSCs’ secretome includes a large number of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs), through which they exert their therapeutic role. This could represent a cell-free strategy, which is safer and more effective than MSC transplantation. In this review, we focus on cell therapies based on MSCs and how the MSCs’ secretome impacts the mechanisms associated with liver diseases. Moreover, we discuss the important therapeutic role of EVs and how their properties could be further used in liver regeneration.