钛金属膜过滤油田污水的污染阻力研究

以阻力系列模型为基础,考察了钛金属膜过滤油田污水时膜结构和操作条件等因素对污染阻力的影响。结果表明:滤饼层阻力是主要阻力,膜孔堵塞阻力为第二关键阻力。膜孔径增大,滤饼层阻力降低,膜孔堵塞阻力增加,且二者均随压力增加而增大;随着膜面流速的增加,滤饼层阻力降低,膜孔堵塞阻力增大;在过滤操作的前15～20min,污染阻力增长迅速。实验所得结论将为确定最佳工艺条件和膜清洗方法提供可参考的依据。     

用于浆态床费托合成的错流过滤数学模型的研究进展

分析了浆态床费托合成错流过滤过程中滤膜污染的机理,并分别综述了三相过滤和两相过滤过程中数学模型的研究进展根据阻力不同,将模型分为堵塞阻力模型、滤饼层阻力模型和组合阻力模型.在对现有模型研究总结的基础上,通过对比和分析指出了组合阻力模型是浆态床费托合成错流过滤数学模型研究的方向.     

无机膜回收分子筛催化剂过程阻力的研究与测定

介绍了无机膜回收分子筛催化剂过程中的膜污染机理及影响因素,阐述了滤饼层的形成是膜污染的主要来源,同时对膜阻力进行了测定。得出实验所用的无机微滤膜在23℃、错流过滤速度2 m/s、操作压力为0.1 MPa的操作条件下过滤分子筛催化剂过程中所产生的总阻力Rt为3.26×1012m-1,污染所产生的阻力Rf为2.733×1012m-1,组件自身的阻力Rm为5.27×1011m-1,Rf约为Rm的5倍,是导致膜通量下降的主要原因。     

浸没式厌氧双轴旋转膜生物反应器的膜污染特性研究

试验研究了浸没式厌氧双轴旋转膜生物反应器处理啤酒废水时膜的污染特性.试验分析了膜阻力分布和膜污染速率及稳定运行时膜过滤阻力随运行时间变化的阻力模型.结果表明,膜表面滤饼层很薄,膜污染很轻,膜污染速率很小.结果表明系统由膜组件双轴旋转而形成的良好水力学条件,能有效地减小浓差极化和避免污泥颗粒在膜表面的沉积.可有效控制膜污染.     

动态膜的形成机理及其水处理性能研究

以陶瓷管为载体,对高岭土动态膜的形成及其污水处理性能进行了详细的研究.实验中采用错流过滤方式涂膜,考查了跨膜压差、涂膜液浓度、错流速度及涂制时间等对动态膜形成的影响.通过对实验数据分析可知,动态膜形成初期10～13 min,膜的形成过程可用标准过滤模型描述,在此期间颗粒堵塞载体膜管孔道,致使渗透液通量急剧减小;之后,膜的形成过程符合滤饼过滤模型,这一阶段颗粒主要在载体膜管内壁面沉积,渗透液通量缓慢下降直至基本稳定.制备的动态膜可用于处理城市污水厂二级出水,动态膜对浊度去除率基本上为100%,对COD也有一定的去除作用.     

陶瓷膜构型对错流微滤酵母悬浮液性能的影响

采用3种构型的陶瓷微滤膜元件对酵母悬浮液进行错流过滤实验,考察陶瓷膜元件的构型对于其错流过滤性能的影响。结果表明:减小陶瓷膜元件的通道直径可以提高料液在膜表面的剪切力,有助于提高过滤稳定通量和临界压力,在3 m/s膜面流速、0.1 MPa跨膜压差条件下,单管、19通道、55通道的稳定通量分别为96、128、196 L/(m2.h);在3 m/s膜面流速条件下,3种陶瓷膜元件的临界压力分别约为0.15、0.2、0.2 MPa。另外,减小通道直径还可以减小滤饼层的比阻,有利于降低过滤阻力;与提高膜面流速来增大过滤通量的方法相比,减小陶瓷膜的通道直径具有能耗较小的优点。     

污泥龄对HMBR中LB-EPS及膜污染的影响

采用复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)处理生活污水进行中试,研究了污泥龄(SRT)对松散附着性胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)及膜污染的影响。结果表明,SRT对LB-EPS、ζ电位以及活性污泥的絮凝与沉淀性能均有重要影响。在4种SRT(10、20、30、60 d)中,当SRT为20 d时的LB-EPS含量最低、ζ电位最高、活性污泥的絮凝与沉淀性能最好。滤饼层污泥主要来源于活性污泥,活性污泥性能的改善会提高滤饼层过滤性能,降低膜过滤阻力。当SRT为20 d时的滤饼层比阻最低,膜过滤总阻力最小。     

非均粒悬浮液的陶瓷膜错流深滤速度研究

根据使用陶瓷膜中存在的问题,并以非对称陶瓷膜结构特点为基础,提出了以陶瓷膜支撑层（深层）与膜层共同作为过滤介质的一种新的陶瓷膜错流深层过滤方式。用非均粒径高岭土悬浮液,经过自行设计的实验流程和错流过滤器,进行了陶瓷膜错流深层过滤等实验。对取得的实验数据进行分析对比,得到了在相同操作条件下新方式比传统错流膜过滤的过滤阻力...     

长期运行条件下膜-生物反应器的膜污染特性

膜污染是影响膜-生物反应器长期稳定运行的关键因素。本文采用一体式膜．生物反应器处理生活污水,对长期运行条件下膜污染的发展及清洗特性进行了试验研究。结果表明：随着运行时间的延长,活性污泥颗粒在膜面沉积和膜孔堵塞的机率增加,使膜过滤阻力不断升高,导致膜污染达到“临界膜污染”水平,此时在线清洗(包括加大曝气强度和化学清洗)对膜污染的消除并不理想。膜污染阻力分析发现,污泥颗粒在膜表面的大量沉积是造成膜污染的主要因素。     

紫外/氯氧化预处理对超滤膜污染的控制研究

以紫外/氯氧化为预处理工艺，研究了该工艺预处理腐殖酸与高藻水对后续膜污染的影响。结果表明，紫外/氯氧化预处理对两种不同类型污染物引起的膜污染有显著不同的影响。预氧化后，腐殖酸引起的超滤膜污染得到有效控制，在次氯酸钠投加量为0.5 mmol/L时，可逆膜污染阻力降低了81.3%。高藻水经过紫外/氯预氧化后，膜污染反而加重，在次氯酸钠投加量为1 mmol/L时，不可逆污染阻力增大7.65倍。紫外/氯预氧化能够使进水溶液中腐殖酸发生矿化，使进水DOC显著降低；高藻水经预氧化后，溶液中大分子有机物转化为小分子有机物，使滤液DOC显著升高。扫描电镜结果表明，预氧化后腐殖酸在膜表面形成的滤饼层显著减少；尽管预氧化后藻细胞发生破裂，但破裂的藻细胞仍然会在膜表面形成滤饼层。模型拟合结果表明，紫外/氯氧化预处理能够缓解腐殖酸引起的膜污染主要是由于滤饼层过滤与膜孔堵塞的控制；而高藻水经紫外/氯氧化预处理后，滤饼层过滤与膜孔堵塞仍然占主导地位。     

Sugar Purification from Enzymatic Rice Straw Hydrolysis Products using Cross-Flow Diafiltration

The sugars produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw are separated using cross-flow diafiltration in this study. The effects of membrane type, membrane pore size, cross-flow velocity and transmembrane pressure on the filtration flux, sugar rejection, and sugar mass flux transported to the filtrate are discussed. The filtration flux increases with increasing cross-flow velocity or transmembrane pressure. When the membrane made of mixed cellulose ester (MCE) is used, over 70% filtration resistances are caused by the membrane fouling; while the resistance due to virgin membrane is dominant when regenerated cellulose (RC) membranes are used. A force balance model is applied to relate the filtration flux and filtration resistance to operating conditions. The calculated data of filtration flux based on this model agree fairly well with experimental data. In addition, a theoretical model is used to explain the sugar transmission through the cake and membrane pores. The sugar rejection coefficient decreases with increasing cross-flow velocity because of the effect of cake reduction. This effect is more significant when the MCE membrane is used. Comparing the sugar mass flux transported into the filtrate, it is more effective for sugar purification by using 10 kD RC membrane and under higher transmembrane pressures.     

聚乙烯醇(PVA)对模拟胞外聚合物(EPS)在错流超滤中膜污染的影响

研究了在模拟胞外聚合物(EPS)溶液中添加聚乙烯醇(PVA)对错流超滤膜过滤过程的影响. 对有无添加PVA的模拟EPS溶液分别用错流平板膜进行超滤实验,用Hermia修正模型对实验数据进行拟合,分析验证膜污染机理. 结果表明,无论是否添加PVA,模拟溶液的通量-时间实验数据对滤饼堵塞模型的拟合度都最高,为0.891~0.994;添加PVA的模拟EPS溶液形成的吸附阻力和膜污染阻力均比无添加的溶液高约0.5倍,滤饼比阻比无添加的溶液高约4倍,分别为2.29′1014和9.57′1014 m-1;模拟EPS溶液添加PVA后,通量对操作压力的敏感度增加,对膜面流速的敏感度却降低.     

Treatment of Oily Wastewaters Using the Microfiltration Process: Effect of Operating Parameters and Membrane Fouling Study

This work focuses on the treatment of oily wastewater using the cross-flow microfiltration (MF) process to determine the effect of different operating parameters such as transmembrane pressure (TMP) and cross-flow velocity on the separation performance and to study the mechanism of membrane fouling during microfiltration of oil in water emulsions. In this regard, the permeation flux and oil rejection of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane in a flat-frame MF module for separation of 3000 ppm oil/water emulsions were measured. The results indicated that the permeate flux increased by an enhancement in both TMP and cross-flow velocity, while the oil rejection decreased. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the individual effect of TMP and cross-flow velocity is more important than the interactional effect of these operating parameters on the permeate flux and oil rejection. The results of fouling modeling revealed that the membrane fouling mechanism was affected by the applied TMP. The cake filtration model dominates the fouling mechanism at lower operating pressures. The fouling mechanism was changed from the cake formation to intermediate pore blocking and then to standard pore blocking as the TMP varied from 1 to 3 bar. Finally, a five-step procedure was used for cleaning the oil/water fouled membranes.     

颗粒粒径和膜孔径对陶瓷膜微滤微米级颗粒悬浮液的影响

通过测定颗粒悬浮液通过陶瓷微滤膜时的参透通量及污染阻力,确定了陶瓷膜处理微米级颗粒悬浮液时,颗粒粒径和膜孔径对微滤过程的影响和膜污染机理,获得了微米级颗粒悬浮液微滤过程中膜孔径的选择方法。     

超细TiO_2粉体洗涤过程中膜污染和再生方法研究

针对陶瓷膜洗涤超细TiO2粉体中Cl-的过程,确定了适合的跨膜压差和膜表面流速,并采用阻力系列模型分析膜污染机理,确定有效的膜再生方法。此过程渗透通量随跨膜压差和膜表面流速的增长而增长,但是增长幅度减缓。合适的跨膜压差和膜表面流速分别为0.10—0.15 MPa和2.0 m/s;主要的膜污染来自粉体在膜表面的沉积;单一的化学和物理清洗方法无法达到理想的清洗效果,采用纯水浸泡、超声波清洗和质量分数0.5%的HCl清洗可使纯水通量恢复至新膜的72%以上,且多次的清洗效果稳定。     

Effect of cake layer structure on colloidal fouling in reverse osmosis membranes

A series of reverse osmosis (RO) membrane filtration experiments was performed systematically in order to investigate the effects of various hydrodynamic and physicochemical operational parameters on a cake layer formation in colloidal and particulate suspensions. Bench-scale fouling experiments with a thin-film composite RO membrane were performed at various combinations of trans-membrane pressure (TMP), cross-flow velocity (CFV), particle size, pH, and ionic strength. In this study, silica particles with two different mean diameters of 0.1 and 3.0 μm were used as model colloids. Membrane filtration experiments with colloidal suspensions under various hydrodynamic operating conditions resulted that more significant permeate flux decline was observed as TMP increased and CFV decreased, which was attributed to the higher accumulative mass of particles on the membrane surface. Results of fouling experiments under various physicochemical operating conditions demonstrated that the rate of flux decline decreased significantly with an increase of the ionic strength as well as particle size, while the flux decline rate did not vary when solution pH changed. The experimentally measured cake layer thickness increased with a decrease in particle size and solution ionic strength. Furthermore, the model estimation of cake layer thickness by using a cake filtration theory based on the hydraulic resistance of membrane and cake layer was performed under various ionic strength conditions. The primary model parameters including accumulated mass and specific cake resistance were calculated from the cake layer resistance. This result indicated that the formation of cake layer could be closely related with solution water chemistry. The model estimated cake layer thickness values were in good agreement with the experimentally measured values.     

Fenton试剂协同预涂动态膜处理乳化油废水

为减低预涂动态膜处理乳化油废水过程中的在线膜污染阻力,对Fenton试剂协同高岭土预涂动态膜处理乳化油废水特性进行了研究,考察了Fe2+/H2O2配比、溶液pH值及操作温度对减缓膜污染程度的影响。研究结果表明：投加Fenton试剂可明显地降低在线膜污染阻力,有效去除溶液及动态膜表面的污染物,CH2O2/CFeSO4最佳配比为1,其稳态膜通量是未投加Fenton试剂的3倍以上;Fenton试剂在酸性条件下减缓膜污染的效果较好,其中pH值为3时的稳态膜通量最高;最佳工艺操作温度为312 K,温度过高时尽管初始膜通量非常高,但稳态膜通量较低;原料液中油浓度越高,Fenton试剂对在线膜污染阻力的削减程度越小,投加和未投加Fenton试剂时达到稳态时的截留率相差在1%以内。     

絮凝-超滤耦合技术在生活污水处理中的应用研究

采用絮凝与超滤耦合技术处理生活污水，考察了压差、膜面流速和温度对不同体系稳定通量的影响;并在此基础上，探讨耦合条件对COD的去除效果，分析膜的污染机理，提出有效的膜清洗方法.研究表明：在膜分离过程中引入絮凝处理，能显著提高处理效果;不可逆污染阻力Rf在总阻力中占主要地位;FeCl3＋壳聚糖＋超滤这一耦合工艺在3m/s流速和0.2MPa下操作可得到较好的稳定通量和COD去除率.     

Modeling of fouling layer deposition in cross-flow microfiltration during tomato juice clarification

The effect of parameters, such as transmembrane pressure and axial flow rate, on membrane fouling during tomato juice clarification were studied by cross-flow microfiltration using flat sheet polyvinylidenefluoride membranes. The effect of fouling on permeate flux was modeled using a classical constant pressure dead-end filtration equation and its modified form for cross-flow filtration. The main physico-chemical properties of tomato juice were evaluated. The clarified juice was very similar to the feed except for insoluble solids and lycopene, which were concentrated in the retentate. Cake formation was identified as the main reason for flux decline. At different axial flow rates, the fouling mechanism evolves from cake filtration to an intermediate pore blocking mechanism with increasing pressure.