新型炭纤维/泡沫炭预制体的制备及致密化研究

由炭纤维/酚醛树脂经过发泡、固化和炭化制备出4种不同炭纤维含量(3%,7%,10%和15%)的泡沫炭作为制备炭/炭复合材料新型预制体,通过等温化学气相沉积对预制体进行致密化处理。研究了炭纤维含量对预制体微观结构、致密化过程及力学性能的影响。结果表明:炭纤维含量增加,使预制体产生更多的微裂纹,并有更多的炭纤维裸露在泡沫炭韧带外,有助于提高化学气相沉积的沉积速率。炭纤维/泡沫炭预制体炭/炭复合材料压缩强度随着预制体中炭纤维含量的增加而增加,当炭纤维体积分数为10%时,压缩强度达到峰值,为43MPa。     

结构炭/炭复合材料力学性能及微观结构研究

采用四向编织、快速化学气相渗透致密化新工艺制备了炭／炭复合材料,其弯曲强度达３２０ＭＰａ。分析研究了这种材料的力学性能特征。利用ＳＥＭ和高分辨ＴＥＭ分析了基体炭、炭纤维／基体灰界面的精细结构,发现炭纤维呈单根被基体炭包围,基体现灰呈层片状,为二维有序的乱层石墨结构;在炭纤维与基体炭之间存在着过渡相,这一过渡相厚度的约几十纳米,随着与炭纤维之间距离的增大,它们之间形成的夹角由小变大,这一过渡相即为炭     

炭纤维表面特性对炭/炭复合材料力学性能的影响

分别以含有原始上浆剂的聚丙烯腈基炭纤维及其经过高温除胶处理的炭纤维为增强体,通过沥青浸渍、炭化和高温热处理方法获得了炭/炭复合材料,对获得的复合材料中基体炭的结构和材料的力学性能进行了分析。含有原始上浆剂的炭纤维表面含有较多含氧官能团,易与基体炭形成较强结合的界面,基体炭取向受到限制,在纤维轴向呈竹节状断裂,承载过程中基体炭对炭纤维协同承载作用弱,复合材料表现出了较弱的力学性能。经过高温除胶处理的炭纤维表面几乎没有含氧官能团,易于与基体炭形成弱结合界面,基体炭取向受到的约束小,可围绕炭纤维形成"类同心圆"结构。这种状态下形成的基体炭在纤维轴向连续性较好,复合材料的力学性能较高。     

炭纳米纤维添加剂对炭/炭复合材料力学性能影响

采用等温CVI工艺制备出5种不同炭纳米纤维含量（质量分数分别为0，5％，10％，15％和20％）的炭／炭复合材料。发现添加炭纳米纤维的炭／炭复合材料具有很高的力学性能，在加入炭纳米纤维为5％时，相对于没有添加炭纳米纤维的炭／炭复合材料，弯曲强度增大了76．3％，弹性模量增大了55．5％，但添加量增大到20％时，强度和模量都逐渐降低。     

炭／炭复合材料用基体—COTAP的合成与性能研究

以廉价的国产中温煤沥青为原料,通过特定的交联催化反应,合成了一种适合于炭/炭复合材料用的基体——COTAP,并研究了不同反应条件下COTAP基体的残炭率及其与炭纤维之间的润湿性,以及由其制备的炭/炭复合材料的强度。实验结果表明,COTAP基体具有良好的综合性能,是一种很有价值的炭/炭复合材料用基体。     

炭/炭复合材料界面微观结构的研究

炭纤维增强炭基（炭／炭）复合材料中的界面结构直接影响着炭／炭材料的力学、热物理等各种性能。采用SEM、TIM等微观观察手段,就几种炭／炭复合材料界面的微观结构进行考察。对观察到的炭纤维与基体炭间的界面、同一纤维束中两根纤维间的界面,基体与其他外加物质间的界面、不同取向炭纤维间的界面、不同基体前驱体层间的界面等界面类型的细微结构进行了图示分析与讨论。     

炭／炭复合材料界面海微观结构的研究

炭纤维增强炭基（炭／炭）复合材料中的界面结构直接影响着炭／炭材料的力学、热物理等各种性能。采用ＳＥＭ、ＴＥＭ等微观观察手段,新几种炭／炭复合材料界面的微观结构进行考察。对观察到炭纤维与基体炭间的界面、同一纤维束中两根纤维间的界面,基体与其他外加物质间的界面、不同取向炭纤维间界面、不同基体前驱体层间的界面等界面类型的细微结构进行了图示分析与讨论。     

炭纤维增强层状热解炭/碳化硅基复合材料的制备及性能研究

以普通炭毡为预制体,在炭纤维表面经多次反复沉积热解炭(PyC)和碳化硅(SiC)层,最终制备出炭纤维增强层状PyCSiC炭/陶复合材料。对复合材料微观结构、物相组成及断裂行为进行分析,结果表明:靠近炭纤维周围的层状PyC-SiC复合材料厚度均匀、致密,层状结构清晰,远离炭纤维处层状结构难以分辨;结合三点弯曲载荷-位移曲线及SEM断口形貌可以判断复合材料断裂方式为阶梯型断裂,裂纹在层间界面发生了明显的偏转,炭纤维增强层状PyC-SiC复合材料的韧性得到明显提高。     

炭纤维/炭复合材料

日本东京工大木村修七教授应中国科学院沈阳金属研究所的邀请,于1987年9月2～4日来华进行学术讲座,共三讲: 一、复合材料; 二、工程陶瓷的研究动向; 三、炭纤维/炭复合材料。讲稿已由沈阳金属所整译成文,我刊在本期将《炭纤维/炭复合材料》发表,以供炭素工作者学习参考。     

炭/炭复合材料的热物理性能

综述了炭／炭复合材料的热物理性能及其影响因素。炭／炭复合材料热导率的大小由炭纤维的类型、取向、体积分数以及基体的结构类型决定，热处理工艺也对它有很大的影响。炭／炭复合材料的热导率随温度升高一般先升高后降低。炭／炭复合材料在低温时具有负热膨胀系数，影响其这一性能的因素除了坯体结构和基体     

碳纳米管-聚酰胺纤维改性邻甲酚醛环氧树脂

多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs) 经酸化处理后与聚酰胺66（PA66)共纺制备MWCNTs-PA66纳米纤维膜后与邻甲酚醛环氧树脂（o-CFER）进行复合固化,制备了o-CFER/MWCNTs-PA66复合材料,并对其微观结构、力学性能和热性能进行了研究。结果表明,酸化MWCNTs表面引入了含氧基团,使PA66纤维膜的直径增大;o-CFER/MWCNTs-PA66复合材料的冲击强度、拉伸强度随MWCNTs含量的增加先增大后降低;当MWCNTs含量为0.5 %（质量分数,以PA66质量为基准）时,冲击强度和拉伸强度均达到最大值分别为0.29 kJ/m2和1.96 MPa,冲击强度较o-CFER树脂提高了23.2 %,较o-CFER/PA66复合材料提高了16.3 %,拉伸强度较纯o-CFER树脂提高了74 %;MWCNTs-PA66复合纤维膜能够提高o-CFER的耐热性。     

Microstructure and interlaminar shear property of carbon fiber-SiC nanowire/pyrolytic carbon composites with SiC nanowires growing at different positions

In order to improve the interlaminar shearing strength of carbon fiber/pyrolytic carbon (Cf/PyC) composites, SiC nanowires (SiCNWs) growing at different positions were introduced into carbon fiber/pyrolytic carbon composites to generate carbon fiber-SiC nanowire/pyrolytic carbon (Cf-SiCNWs/PyC) composites. Cf-SiCNWs/PyC composites were prepared by sol-gel and isothermal chemical vapor infiltration (ICVI) method. The morphology, microstructure and compositions of composites were investigated by SEM, TEM, XRD and XPS. The interlaminar shearing strength was tested and the effect of SiCNWs growth positions on the interlaminar shearing strength was investigated. The results showed that SiCNWs were consisted of perfect single crystalline structure of β-SiC with diameter of 160–200 nm. The SiCNWs could grow at four kinds of positions to combine with carbon fibers to form multi-scaled reinforcements (micro-scaled carbon fibers and nanoscaled SiCNWs). The interlaminar shear strength of Cf-SiCNWs/PyC composites were increased by 78% compared with Cf/PyC composites without SiCNWs. The improvement of interlaminar shear strength was attributed to bridging and pull-out of multi-scaled reinforcements composed of carbon fibers and SiCNWs as well as the enhancement of fiber/matrix interface bonding generated by SiCNWs growing at different positions.     

混杂比对交织芳纶碳纤维复合材料力学性能的影响

为了分析混杂比对层内混杂复合材料力学性能的影响,利用交织方式制备芳纶碳纤维混杂增强体织物,并通过交织物纬纱系统中芳纶与碳纤维的纱线配置比例调整碳纤维在增强体结构中的混杂比。采用真空辅助成型技术制备层内混杂结构的芳纶碳纤维混杂（ACFH）复合材料,并对复合材料的拉伸性能、弯曲性能和冲击性能进行测试。结果表明,增强体纬向系统中芳纶与碳纤维的不均质性对ACFC复合材料经方向上的拉伸强度起消极作用;混杂比的增加对ACFC复合材料的纬向拉伸破坏和弯曲损伤具有抑制作用;纬向上,ACFC复合材料的拉伸强度最高提高了近6倍,弯曲强度最小增加了4.04倍;芳纶与碳纤维混杂协同作用有利于ACFC复合材料的抗冲击性能改善,且混杂比存在最佳值。     

短切碳纤维对聚苯腈/碳纤维复合材料性能的影响

利用碳纤维（CF）增强聚苯腈（PN）树脂制备一系列PN/CF复合材料,利用万能试验机和动态热机械分析仪（DMA）,研究短CF含量、长度与偶联剂种类对PN树脂力学性能的影响。结果表明,采用苯基三乙氧基硅烷作为偶联剂时力学性能和热稳定性达到最佳水平,相较于未经偶联剂改性PN/CF复合材料的储能模量提高了22.2%,热失重5%温度（Td5%）提高了33.1%;随着CF掺杂量的增加,材料力学性能呈现先增大后减小趋势,在0.3%（质量分数,下同）时获得了最优异力学性能,相较于PN树脂,其弯曲强度提高了38.4%,弯曲模量提升了97.7%;CF长度为6 mm时材料的弯曲强度和储能模量优于CF长度为3 mm时的材料。     

炭黑在沥青基短切碳纤维补强天然橡胶中的作用

研究炭黑及沥青基短切碳纤维表面臭氧改性对碳纤维填充天然橡胶(NR)硫化胶物理性能的影响。结果表明:臭氧改性后,碳纤维的涂覆层基本去除且表面粗糙度明显增加;碳纤维/NR复合材料拉伸断面中碳纤维表面光滑且与NR发生明显脱粘,复合材料物理性能较低;填充30份炭黑N330后,碳纤维/NR复合材料物理性能显著提高,炭黑/短纤维/NR复合材料和炭黑/臭氧改性碳纤维/NR复合材料的拉伸强度分别达到18.6和26.9 MPa,较碳纤维单独填充时分别提高了431%和627%;碳纤维与炭黑具有类似的微观结构,炭黑在碳纤维补强NR时起到桥梁作用,从而大大增强了两者间的界面强度。     

Tailoring Carbon Fiber/Carbon Nanotubes Interface to Optimize Mechanical Properties of Cf‐CNTs/SiC Composites

C_f/SiC composites were fabricated using fiber coatings including CNTs and matrix infiltration using the polymer impregnation and pyrolysis process. Interface between fiber and CNTs (CF/CNTs) was tailored to optimize mechanical properties of hybrid composites. The tailored interphases, such as Pyrocarbon (PyC) and PyC/SiC, protect fibers from degradation during the growth of CNTs successfully. Hybrid composites with well‐tailored CF/CNTs interface displayed significantly increased mechanical strength (352 ± 21 MPa) compared with that (34 ± 3 MPa) of composites reinforced with CNTs, which grown on carbon fibers directly. The interfacial bonding strength of hybrid composites was improved and optimized by tailoring the CF/CNTs interface. Interfacial failure modes were studied, and a firm interface bonding at the joint where CNTs grown was observed.     

Mechanical,Thermal and Electrical Resisitivity Properties of Thermoplastic Composites Filled with Carbon Fibers and Carbon Particles

Composites consisting of carbon fibers (CF) and carbon particles (CP) in polypropylene (PP) matrix were melt-compounded. Composites were analyzed for their mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. Results indicate that the addition of these fillers improved the mechanical properties of the composites. Thermal conductivity was enhanced as the concentration of fillers was increased. Carbon fibers render the composites electrically conductive so we observed a percolation threshold near 10 wt.% of CF for PP/CF (PP and CF composite) and near 25 wt.% of CP for PP/CP (PP and carbon particle composite). All the results indicated that carbon fibers are more effective in improving the properties as compare to the carbon particles.     

短切碳纤维含量对Csf/SiC复合材料力学性能的影响

以Si作为主要烧结助剂,采用热压烧结法制备了短切碳纤维-碳化硅(short carbon fiber reinforced SiC composite,Csf/SiC)复合材料.采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、硬度仪以及力学性能试验机等,研究了Csf含量对所制备材料的结构、组成、形貌及复合材料的弯曲强度、Vickers硬度和断裂韧性的影响.结果表明:采用热压法能制备出致密且Csf分布均匀的Csf/SiC复合材料.Csf/SiC复合材料的弯曲强度随Csf含量增加先增大后减小,含15%(体积分数,下同)Csf的Csf/SiC样品强度最高,达到466MPa,并且Csf含量小于30%的Csf/SiC样品强度高于无纤维SiC材料.材料的Vickers硬度随Csf含量增加而降低.Csf/SiC样品的断裂韧性随Csf含量增加而逐渐增大,Csf含量为53%时,达到最大为5.5MPa·m1/2,与无纤维SiC样品相比,增加近2倍.     

Carbon fiber reinforced melamine‐formaldehyde

New composites based on carbon fiber (cf) and melamine‐formaldehyde (MF) are presented. Composites were manufactured by pressing stacked planar random veils (webs) or unidirectionally (UD) arranged fibers, and MF impregnated thin cellulose sheets. Non‐vented pressing for 60 s was used. Also, planar random, UD and bidirectional fiber composites with or without alumina trihydrate (ATH) were manufactured by conventional compression molding using much longer times (up to 20 min). Tensile strength of about 500 MPa and stiffness of 60 GPa was obtained for the UD composite containing 23 vol% fiber, and no ATH. Practically the same strength was measured for the bidirectional composite containing 46 vol% fiber and no ATH. Tensile strength and modulus of 130 MPa and 28 GPa, respectively, was obtained for the random fiber composite containing 16 vol% fiber. Measurements showed that replacement of ATH with cellulose in a composite containing 6 vol% carbon fibers increased the strength (2.5 times) without any penalty on stiffness, and increased strain at break. Cf‐MF interfacial strength is low. This was estimated for clean fibers by means of transverse tensile testing and in‐situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and for fibers with an epoxy compatible coating by using the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) test. The cf/MF/cellulose composite performed well up to 200°C. Within this temperature range it retained 80% of its stiffness compared to about 60% in the case of a representative epoxy with a higher content of carbon fibers.