A100钢的热变形行为及加工图

目的 研究A100钢的热变形行为,确定热加工范围并优化工艺参数.方法 使用Gleeble-3800热模拟实验机,对A100钢进行应变为0.6,变形温度为1073～1473 K,应变速率为0.01～10 s–1的等温热压缩实验.利用A100钢的热压缩实验数据,建立在不同变形温度、不同应变速率下的真应力-真应变曲线.建立A100钢基于唯象的本构模型与基于物理的本构模型以及基于Murty失稳准则的热加工图.结果 当应变速率一定,温度升高或一定,应变速率下降时,A100钢的流变应力会减小,流变应力曲线上主要表现为动态再结晶的软化机制.结论 构建的基于唯象的本构方程可以对A100钢在应变为0.6时的流变应力进行较好的预测,基于物理的本构方程可以反映出A100钢的物理特性,通过构建的基于Murty失稳准则的加工图可以得到A100钢的加工范围是温度为1173～1223 K,应变速率为0.01～0.1 s–1和温度为1323～1373 K,应变速率为0.05～0.15 s–1时.     

F35MnVN非调质钢高温本构模型对比研究

采用Gleeble-3800热模拟实验机对F35MnVN非调质钢在温度范围为950～1 200℃,应变速率范围为0.01～5 s-1进行等温、等应变速率压缩变形.依据所获得的流动应力曲线,拟合获得中间参数表达式,分别获得动态回复-动态再结晶型和Arrhenius方程型两种本构模型.分别统计计算两种模型的预测值与实验值之间的相关系数和相对误差,表明Arrhenius方程型本构模型具有更高的精度,且该模型形式简单,更适合用于F35MnVN钢热锻造过程的数值模拟.     

基于应变补偿和PSO-BP神经网络Ti-2.7Cu合金本构关系

采用Gleeble-3500型热模拟试验机对Ti-2.7Cu合金进行等温恒应变速率压缩实验,研究其在变形温度740～890℃,应变速率0.001～10s~(-1)范围内的热变形行为;并在Arrhenius型双曲正弦函数方程基础上引入应变量构建了基于应变补偿的本构模型,同时构建了基于PSO-BP神经网络的本构关系模型。结果表明:合金的流变应力对变形温度和应变速率较为敏感,变形温度升高和应变速率减小都会使流变应力降低;在高温和低应变速率条件下,流变曲线大多呈现稳态流动特征。经过误差计算得出,基于应变补偿的本构模型,预测值偏差在15%以内的数据点占85.28%;采用PSO-BP神经网络建立的本构模型,预测值偏差在15%以内的数据点占96.67%,PSO-BP神经网络模型具有更高的精度,能准确预测Ti-2.7Cu合金的高温流变应力。     

基于人工神经网络智能算法的9310钢本构模型优化

目的 研究9310钢在变形温度为800～1 200℃、应变速率为0.01～50 s^-1和高度压下量为70%条件下的热变形行为,建立预测效果相对较好的9310钢本构模型。方法 使用Gleeble-3800热模拟机对9310钢进行等温恒应变速率热压缩实验,基于热压缩实验数据,分析了应变速率对9310钢流动软化效应的影响,建立了考虑应变补偿的Arrhenius本构模型与支持向量回归(SVR)本构模型,并进行了模型精度分析,之后引入人工神经网络(ANN)智能算法优化了Arrhenius本构模型。结果 与变形温度相比,应变速率对9310钢流动软化效应的影响更为显著。相较于支持向量回归(SVR)本构模型,考虑应变补偿的Arrhenius本构模型精度更高,其相关系数R为0.993 4,平均相对误差(AARE)和均方误差(MSE)分别为0.055 6和89.362,它在预测高应变速率(1、10、50 s^-1)流动应力时出现了较大偏差,经ANN智能算法优化后,相关系数R提高至0.999 1,AARE和MSE分别降至0.019 9和9.998,且绝对误差在±10...     

AlFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金热变形行为及热加工图

目的 确定AlFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金的热加工工艺参数,为该合金热挤压工艺的制定及优化提供有效依据.方法 采用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机,在变形温度为900～1150℃,应变速率为0.001～1 s-1,真应变量为0.6的条件下对AlFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金进行热压缩实验.基于Arrhennius模型对热压缩实验数据进行拟合,建立AlFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金的Arrhennius本构方程,并绘制AlFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金在不同真应变下的热加工图.结果 AlFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金的流变应力值与应变速率呈正相关,与变形温度呈负相关;Arrhennius热变形本构方程的平均相对误差为3.97％;该合金热加工图中的流变失稳区分别为900～1120℃/0.1～1 s-1和1120～1150℃/0.2～1 s-1;热加工安全区为1075～1150℃/0.001～0.01 s-1;最佳热加工工艺参数为:1090～1125℃/0.001～0.002 s-1.结论 AlFeCoNiMo0.2高熵合金的热变形过程为加工硬化和动态再结晶为主的动态软化,建立的Arrhennius本构方程可较好地描述该合金的热变形行为,绘制的热加工图可为该合金热挤压工艺的制定及优化提供有效指导.     

基于改进Johnson-Cook模型的Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr 合金高温流变行为研究

以Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金为研究对象,分别在变形温度范围为250～400℃、应变速率范围为0.001～1 s-1的变形条件下,利用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机,进行恒温等应变速率的热拉伸实验,研究该合金的高温流变行为.综合考虑温度、应变速率和应变在高温变形过程中的影响,建立了Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金改进的Johnson-Cook本构模型.实验结果表明:Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金的流变应力与变形温度、应变速率和应变呈非线性关系,应变速率的升高和变形温度的降低均会导致合金的流变应力明显升高.改进Johnson-Cook本构模型的预测数据与实验数据的平均相对误差(Δ)为4.5％,相关度(R)为0.994,所建立的本构模型能够准确地描述Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr合金的高温流变行为.     

高强钢TRB高温下热流变特性

为了准确仿真高强钢板热冲压成形过程,获得高强钢高温下的材料本构关系模型,利用Gleeble3500热模拟试验机在不同温度和应变速率下对不同厚度的高强钢B1500HS钢板进行了单向拉伸试验,获得各种工艺条件下的应力-应变曲线,并基于变形抗力数学模型,引入板材厚度参数,通过最小二乘法进行数据拟合获得高强钢TRB高温下的材料本构关系.利用试验结果对本构关系模型进行的拟合验证表明,拟合程度较好,说明建立的材料本构关系能很好地描述高强钢TRB在高温下的应力-应变关系.     

AZ31镁合金高温本构方程

分析并建立了具有动态再结晶型金属的本构方程模型,用Gleeble-1500D热/力模拟仪对AZ31镁合金进行圆柱体单向热压缩试验,并根据实验结果分析计算了本构方程模型中的各参数,获得了完整的AZ31镁合金高温本构方程.用本构方程计算了实验条件下的流变应力,计算值与实验值能较好地吻合,误差在8%以内.可为制订AZ31镁合金的热加工工艺提供理论与数据.     

复合材料层合板非线性热屈曲分析

本文基于高阶变形理论和修正型Hahn-Tsai非线性本构模型,提出一种复合材料层合板非线性热屈曲分析方法.针对四边简支反对称角铺设复合材料层合板,导出了非线性热屈曲临界温度封闭解.数值结果表明:材料非线性能显著降低层合板临界温度.      

7A04铝合金动态再结晶的临界应变研究

通过Gleeble热力模拟获得了7A04铝合金恒温和恒应变速率条件下的压缩应力-应变曲线,温度范围和应变速率范围分别为350～450℃和0.01～10s-1。在峰值应力的双曲正弦模型基础上,测定了7A04铝合金热变形激活能Q;并利用加工硬化率θ和Sellars模型结构,自主建立了7A04铝合金动态再结晶的临界应变本构模型。结果表明:由动态再结晶临界应变本构模型得到的结果与Gleeble热力模拟实验结果基本吻合,该本构模型可较准确地预测7A04铝合金热成形过程中的动态再结晶发生的临界点。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Friction Stir Processing Strategies for Uniform Distribution of Reinforcement in a Surface Composite

Friction stir processing (FSP) is an important technique for preparing surface composites. Fabricating defect-free surface composites with uniform particle distribution by FSP is a challenging task. In this study, silicon carbide particles reinforced AA5083 alloy surface composites was fabricated using different FSP strategies including variation in process parameters, dual-tool processing and tool offset overlapping. Material flow of the processed material with reinforcement particles demonstrated that the distribution of particles was influenced by the stirring action of the probe as well as the extrusion of the plasticized material due to the movement of the tool. Process parameters, particularly rotational speed, showed a dominant influence on the distribution of silicon carbide particles.