油田回注水达标处理

本文针对大港油田南一站采油污水中固体悬浮物含量、含油量超标、自身稳定性差等问题进行絮凝剂的筛选,筛选出效果较好的滨污絮凝剂,最佳浓度为50mg·L-1.同时考察了滨污絮凝剂与三防药剂(防垢剂、缓蚀剂和杀菌剂)的配伍性.结果表明:防垢剂对絮凝剂同时投加的不利影响更大,因此选择先加絮凝剂后加阻垢剂净水效果较好.杀菌剂对滨污絮凝剂净水效果不利,缓蚀剂对净水效果无影响,说明了该缓蚀剂和滨污絮凝剂有很好的配伍性.     

阻垢剂对悬浮液稳定性的影响

以油含量、固含量、界面张力及界面剪切黏度为指标,研究了阻垢剂羟基亚乙基二膦酸(HEDP)对胜利油田原油、模拟固体颗粒与模拟水所形成的悬浮液稳定性的影响。结果表明,HEDP浓度增加,悬浮液体系中固含量增加,油含量降低。当HEDP浓度为0~120 mg/L时,体系中固含量由136 mg/L增加至260 mg/L,而油含量由818 mg/L降至421 mg/L。HEDP浓度增加,油水界面张力降低,而界面剪切黏度增大,悬浮液体系稳定性增加。     

低渗透油田回注污水的强化絮凝技术及其机理

1．1原油脱出水的水质特点和处理要求 油田原油脱出水中含有油分、水不溶性的无机污染物（如粘土、重金属杂质）、大分子有机污染物（如油分、乳化油）与低分子水溶性有机污染物（如溶解油）等等，此外，还有伴随回注水进人地层的多种外添加物．如絮凝剂、缓蚀剂、杀菌剂、阻垢剂、消泡剂、润滑剂、稳定剂以及细菌、机械杂质等等。这种污水的组成十分复杂．其特点是有机污染物浓度和矿化度都很高。CODcr值和矿化度一般都在10000mg／L以上。     

油田化学剂在油田污水处理中的应用概况

介绍了杀菌剂、阻垢剂、缓蚀剂、絮凝剂、除硫剂的种类,以及它们在油田污水处理中的作用、优缺点及发展方向。     

延长油田某联合站污水处理药剂效果评价与筛选

延长油田经过多年的开发,目前已进入高含水期,产出液含水高,油田采出水作为注水水源处理后回注,而部分联合站采出水处理过程中药剂种类不合理,投加方式单一,加药效果不理想,难以满足低渗透油藏注水水质要求。为实现水质达标和降低水处理成本,对该站药剂进行了评价和筛选,调整药剂浓度以及投加方式。根据实验结果筛选满足技术要求的药剂:絮凝剂50 mg/L、有机助凝剂2 mg/L、缓蚀剂60 mg/L、杀菌剂80 mg/L、阻垢剂60 mg/L以及合理的加药方式。     

固体颗粒对油水界面性质及乳状液稳定性的影响

采用界面张力仪、表面粘弹性仪和Zeta电位仪,研究了固体颗粒对胜利原油油水界面性质及乳状液稳定性的影响。结果表明,固体颗粒的存在使得油水界面张力及界面剪切粘度增加,O/W型乳状液的稳定性增加,而且随固体颗粒浓度增加,乳状液稳定性增强;在0.21~500μm范围内,固体颗粒粒径减小,其与原油形成的O/W乳状液稳定性增强,乳状液内部油珠表面Zeta电位负值增加。     

采油联合站含油污水处理药剂筛选

某油田联合站采出水具有高含油、高悬浮物、高细菌、高含硫,并具有高腐蚀和结垢趋势等特点。为保证油田注水水质条件,对污水相应的净水剂、杀菌剂、缓蚀剂、防垢剂开展筛选评价。最终确定的药剂体系处理效果良好,其中净水剂在投加浓度为80 mg/L时,悬浮物可减低至20 mg/L以下,水中含油降低至5 mg/L以下;杀菌剂投加浓度为100 mg/L时,杀菌率可达90%以上;缓蚀剂投加浓度为50 mg/L时,腐蚀速率从0.127 mm/a降低至0.033 mm/a;阻垢剂投加浓度为20 mg/L时,阻垢率达到92%。     

油田水处理药剂研究进展

水处理剂是工业用水、生活用水、废水处理过程中所必需使用的化学药剂。介绍了缓蚀剂、阻垢剂、杀菌剂、絮凝剂四种水处理药剂在油田及石化工业中的研究应用现状,并分析提出了其发展趋势。     

海上油田注水系统高效复配缓蚀剂的优选及性能评价

以海上某油田注水系统中的海水和采出水为研究对象,通过单一缓蚀剂的水溶性以及缓蚀效果评价,初步筛选出性能较好的缓蚀剂,再通过复配比例优化,优选出适合海上油田注水系统的高效复配缓蚀剂FHSJ-1,并对其性能进行了评价。试验结果表明:缓蚀剂的缓蚀性能较好,适用范围较大,在温度为20～100℃,矿化度为10～80 g/L的海水及采出水中缓蚀率均高于90%,同时对各类型的钢材的缓蚀率均高于95%;当缓蚀剂质量浓度为30 mg/L,海水与采出水的体积比为1∶1,矿化度为32 376.5 mg/L时,缓蚀率能够达到98%以上,缓蚀性能远优于市售缓蚀剂。研究结果能够为海上油田注水系统的防腐工作提供技术支持,保障注水作业的顺利进行。     

化学助剂对地层岩心吸附伤害及抑制剂优化研究

针对延长油田低渗透油藏注水困难的问题,选用延长油田长2地层的岩心,采用吸附伤害实验和吸附前后红外分析、扫描电镜定性分析,研究了阻垢剂和阳离子缓蚀剂在岩石颗粒表面的吸附伤害特性,筛选优化了抑制剂的防膨效果。结果表明,阻垢剂HEDP和咪唑啉缓蚀剂均对地层岩心吸附,伤害率达到70%。醋酸铵抑制剂在岩心颗粒表面吸附后,削弱了岩石表面电势,降低了岩石表面黏附能,对黏土颗粒具有较好的防膨效果,可降低近15%,能够降低注入水对岩心渗透性的伤害程度,明显提高低渗透油藏注水效率。     

磷酸陈化槽内桨叶高度对颗粒悬浮特性影响的数值模拟

以磷酸陈化槽为研究对象,使用计算流体力学软件FLUENT对陈化槽内的磷石膏固体颗粒的悬浮特性进行了数值模拟,模拟结果表明在高搅拌转速条件下,过大或过小的桨叶离底高度都不利于颗粒悬浮,搅拌功率随着桨叶的离底距离先增大,然后趋于稳定,但是离底距离对搅拌功率的影响较小,可以忽略不计,结合搅拌槽内固相的浓度分布情况,得出相对最好的桨叶离底距离为陈化槽直径的0.33倍。     

粒度分布与氧化铁凝聚悬浮体系的流变性

应用LVDV-Ⅲ＋型可编程流变仪测定了粒度分布与微米级氧化铁水悬浮液凝聚处理后的流变特性的关系。实验结果表明,在一定的固相体积分数下,悬浮液的表观粘度随悬浮液中颗粒中位径的增大而减小。颗粒半径越小,溶剂化导致的体积增加越多,颗粒在悬浮体系中所占的体积分数也越大,结果是运动阻力增大,悬浮液粘度增加。悬浮液固相体积分数从3...     

Coal–oil–water multiphase fuel: Rheological behavior and prediction of optimum particle size

As the coal–oil–water slurry is gaining importance in place of fuel oil, a better understanding of handling characteristics is in demand. Therefore, experimental investigations have been carried out to investigate the rheological properties of coal–oil–water suspension containing coal particles of different sizes. Different coal stocks with average particle sizes of 108 μm, 75.7 μm and 62.9 μm have been used. The concentration of solid for the experiment varies from 10% to 50% by weight. All experiments have been carried out in a cup and bob type coaxial cylindrical viscometer. Newtonian, shear thinning and shear thickening behavior of suspension has been observed depending on component content and operating conditions. Study with different particle sizes shows that it is possible to achieve an optimum particle size for better handling of such suspension. A generalized correlation has been developed to predict the apparent viscosity of coal–oil–water suspension incorporating the coal concentration, oil concentration, torque and particle diameter. The experimental data are in well agreement with proposed correlation.     

Suspension pattern and rising height of sedimentary particles with low concentration in a mechanically stirred vessel

In this study, the effects of impeller rotation speed, off‐bottom clearance, blade angle, types of solid and liquid, etc., on the suspension pattern of sedimentary particles and particle rise height in liquid were investigated with a hemispherical vessel without baffles under low particle concentration. The transition conditions of suspension pattern between regimes I and II, and regimes II and III, were observed visually, and their non‐dimensional equations were expressed with an acceptable correlation by varying the above operation factors a great deal. Here, regime I is stagnation of particles on a vessel bottom, II is partial suspension, and III is complete suspension in liquid. The non‐dimensional equation of the maximum particle rise height was also successfully obtained. The combination of the non‐dimensional equations of transition and maximum particle rise height permitted us to determine the adequate solid/liquid mixing operation conditions without collision of particles with device parts.     

固-液导流筒搅拌槽内流体流动和颗粒悬浮特性

在直径0.8 m的导流筒搅拌槽内,对单相液体的三维速度分布、固-液两相的固体颗粒浓度分布和离底悬浮特性进行了系统的实验研究. 结果表明,导流筒内外的轴向液相速度远大于径向和切向速度,导流筒外壁附近存在一个与主体轴向流动方向相反的二次流区域;搅拌槽底部结构对固体颗粒的临界离底悬浮转速(NJS)有显著的影响,浅锥底的NJS比平底的低14%以上;NJS随固相浓度的增加而增加,但当浓度超过50%时,NJS略有降低;槽内固相浓度分布的均匀性随固相浓度的增加而得到改善. 本研究结果对导流筒搅拌槽的优化设计具有一定的指导意义.     

Preparation and property of porous hydroxyapatite as an inorganic dispersant used in suspension polymerization

The porous hydroxyapatite (HAP) for suspension polymerization dispersant was prepared using calcium carbonate and phosphoric acid as raw materials. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET nitrogen adsorption. The results show that the prepared HAP has a porous structure, low particle density, large specific surface area, uniform particle size and does not agglomerate easily between the particles. The preparation conditions for the HAP were optimized as follows: solid content of calcium carbonate aqueous suspension 90 g/L, concentration of phosphoric acid 1.0 mol/L, reaction/aging temperature 50°C, and aging time 3 h. The HAP prepared under optimal preparation conditions has 106.8 m²·g^-1 of specific surface area, which is about 1.5–1.8 times as much as that of Japanese HAP or commercial HAP. Its application result in the suspension polymerization of styrene show that the porous HAP dispersant has high surface activity, excellent suspension dispersibility and stability and can markedly improve the quality of polystyrene beads.     

基于动态光散射下纳米二氧化硅分散性的影响因素研究

纳米二氧化硅是目前应用最为广泛的一种纳米材料,但其团聚行为对粒径测量和应用效果有不利的影响。为减少纳米二氧化硅颗粒的团聚行为,应用动态光散射粒度分析方法,考察了分散方式、分散剂种类、悬浮液条件对不同纳米二氧化硅的粒径及多分散性指数（PDI）的影响规律。实验结果表明,磁力搅拌条件下,0.1%（质量分数）的PEG-2000对各类纳米二氧化硅均具有较好的分散效果;随着悬浮液pH增大,硅溶胶悬浮液粒径和PDI均呈下降趋势,是因为悬浮液pH影响了硅溶胶的溶解平衡;而固态二氧化硅悬浮液的粒径和PDI则呈先上升后下降的趋势,这是由于悬浮液pH影响了双电层结构。实际测试和应用中应注意悬浮液配制条件和纳米二氧化硅类别对粒径和PDI的影响。     

Modeling of sedimentation of polydisperse spherical beads with a broad size distribution

This article deals with experimental and theoretical studies of the sedimentation of polydisperse agarose beads with broad particle size distributions. A light-extinction principle was used to measure the variation of solid concentration in the suspension with time and settling distance. Different experimental conditions have been used to show the influence of solid concentration and liquid density and viscosity on the settling behavior of the beads. The sedimentation process was described mathematically by a system of conservation law using Masliyah's hindered settling function. The physical properties of the beads and the optical properties of the suspension were carefully examined to enable a reliable comparison between experimental and simulation results. The model gives good predictions under all the conditions studied, showing its soundness in formulating the hindered settling process of polydisperse particles in a suspension.     

VISCOUS PARTICLE INTERACTIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON KINEMATIC WAVE ROPAGATION

This paper addresses the one-dimensional stability of non-Brownian concentrated suspensions of solid particles in a viscous, Newtonian host fluid. Recent developments have shown the particle phase pressure to strongly affect suspension stability, but a concensus on the representation of this quantity remains a subject of some controversy. Here, attention is focused on the particle phase pressure that has a viscous origin. The form of this viscous particle interaction is developed for suspensions using an energy dissipation approach, and it is included in the conservation equations for the suspension to determine its effect on sedimenting or fluidized particles at very high concentrations. By means of a linear perturbation analysis, its affect on stability is analyzed, and it is shown to have a highly altenuative and dispersive effect on concentration waves.