强塑积大于30 GPa%的热轧中碳TRIP钢组织及性能研究

为研究贝氏体相变温度对中碳热轧TRIP钢组织与性能的影响,采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)与高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)对含Ti与Mo的中碳热轧TRIP钢进行了显微组织观察、残余奥氏体含量测定以及析出相的表征与分析.结果表明:在400℃贝氏体相变温度下,试验钢的残奥含量与强塑积均达到最大值,分别为28.2%和31.14 GPa·%;同时在钢中发现了呈块状、无规则形状以及片层状形貌分布的残余奥氏体,对衍射斑标定后显示,片层状残余奥氏体与铁素体基体同时满足kurdjumov-Sachs(K-S)与Nishiyama-Wasserman(N-W)位向关系;HRTEM分析显示,Mo可以溶入TiC而生成(Ti,Mo)C粒子,而纳米级的(Ti,Mo)C粒子可以显著提高钢的沉淀析出强化效果.     

中锰Q&P钢残余奥氏体的稳定性及其TRIP效应

通过单向拉伸及平面应变实验研究了Mn含量为7%的中锰淬火-配分(QP)钢残余奥氏体的机械稳定性,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)测定试验钢残余奥氏体的含量,通过观察试验钢的拉伸曲线及扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)照片,分析变形前后的微观组织,研究中锰QP钢的变形机制。结果表明:应力状态对残余奥氏体稳定性有较大的影响,平面应变更有利于相变诱导塑性(TRIP)效应的发挥;中锰QP钢的拉伸变形特征是由超细晶硬化机制和TRIP效应相互作用产生的,通过微观组织观察发现中锰QP钢的塑性变形主要是残余奥氏体的TRIP效应,其中薄膜状的残余奥氏体的稳定性最高。     

配分时间对Q&P钢力学性能及显微组织的影响

设计了一种中碳中锰QP(Quenching and partitioning)钢,基于热力学平衡理论计算分析了其相变过程,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、背散射电子衍射(EBSD)和透射电镜(TEM)研究了实验钢经不同热处理后的微观组织,测试了其力学性能,并采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)进一步分析了拉伸断裂前后残留奥氏体含量的演变规律。结果表明:室温下实验钢微观组织为板条状马氏体和弥散分布的残留奥氏体;残留奥氏体主要存在于马氏体板条之间和原始奥氏体晶界处;随配分时间延长,抗拉强度逐渐降低,延伸率呈现升高趋势;试样拉断后,断口处残留奥氏体含量在3.5%~4.5%之间,明显低于拉伸前的含量(6.94%~10.78%),说明大部分残留奥氏体在拉伸过程中发生了TRIP效应,提高了实验钢的塑性。     

Mn含量对含铝中锰钢相变温度和显微组织的影响

基于Thermo-Calc热力学模拟设计，结合扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电子探针(EPMA)、背散射电子衍射(EBSD)及透射(TEM)技术，分析Mn含量对Fe-xMn-3.4Al-0.34C(x=4～8)实验钢相变温度、物相分布和微观组织的影响。结果表明：随着Mn的质量分数从4%增至8%,奥氏体开始转变温度(A_e1)从703.7℃持续降至501.2℃,奥氏体完全转变温度(A_e3)从1005.6℃近似线性地降至863.0℃;随着Mn含量增加，残余奥氏体由不可探测逐渐增加至12.6%;显微组织从渗碳体(θ)+高温铁素体(δ)双相逐渐转变为高温铁素体(δ)+马氏体(α′)+残余奥氏体(γ),残余奥氏体分布于δ铁素体边界处和马氏体板条中。     

合金元素配分对珠光体相变热动力学及其奥氏体化影响的研究进展

珠光体相变及其奥氏体化作为涉及三相、两界面的复杂相变过程,其相变过程和物理本质仍有待探索和研究。本文综述了合金钢中珠光体的相变过程,阐述了间隙型合金元素C和置换型合金元素M在相变过程中的配分行为,并介绍了相场模拟在珠光体相变过程中的应用。基于本课题组前期大量的实验和计算结果,进一步讨论了组织与成分的不均匀性对于珠光体逆奥氏体化相变的影响,由于C与M在扩散系数上存在巨大差异,使得该过程中存在动力学发生显著变化的临界转变温度(PNTT)。在此基础上,本文创新性地提出了一种近共析成分含锰钢的热处理工艺,相比于传统QP工艺可极大地提高Mn在残余奥氏体中的富集程度,进而提高奥氏体稳定性,为更加系统深入地调控马氏体/奥氏体双相钢组织提供理论指导。     

合金元素配分对珠光体相变热动力学及其奥氏体化影响的研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

珠光体相变及其奥氏体化作为涉及三相、两界面的复杂相变过程,其相变过程和物理本质仍有待探索和研究。本文综述了合金钢中珠光体的相变过程,阐述了间隙型合金元素C和置换型合金元素M在相变过程中的配分行为,并介绍了相场模拟在珠光体相变过程中的应用。基于本课题组前期大量的实验和计算结果,进一步讨论了组织与成分的不均匀性对于珠光体逆奥氏体化相变的影响,由于C与M在扩散系数上存在巨大差异,使得该过程中存在动力学发生显著变化的临界转变温度(PNTT)。在此基础上,本文创新性地提出了一种近共析成分含锰钢的热处理工艺,相比于传统Q&P工艺可极大地提高Mn在残余奥氏体中的富集程度,进而提高奥氏体稳定性,为更加系统深入地调控马氏体/奥氏体双相钢组织提供理论指导。     

TRIP钢板在单向拉伸变形下的相变行为研究

TRIP钢的塑性取决于残余奥氏体的含量及其相变速度.研究TRIP钢中残余奥氏体在单向拉伸变形下的相变行为,首先回顾了TRIP钢板的研究进展,然后对一种低碳硅锰系TRIP700钢板在单向拉伸变形下的力学性能和相变性能进行了试验研究,并用扫描电镜方法分析了该TRIP钢在变形过程中微观组织的变化.结果表明,该低碳硅锰系TRIP钢板兼有高强度和高韧性的特点,在单向拉伸变形中残余奥氏体的含量与等效应变的关系可用来logfγ0-logγ=kε.表示.     

等温淬火对纳米贝氏体钢的组织和力学性能的影响

依据Thermo-Calc计算设计了一种成分为Fe-0.8C-2Mn-1.5Si-1.5Cr-0.25Mo-0.25Ni-1Al-0.25Co-0.1V可用于制造钢丝的纳米贝氏体钢,使用热膨胀相变仪、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和拉伸实验等手段研究了等温淬火温度和时间对其组织和力学性能影响。结果表明：这种纳米贝氏体钢低温等温淬火后的组织,由纳米结构的贝氏体铁素体板条、残余奥氏体和少量的马氏体组成。随着等温淬火温度的提高相变速率随之提高,贝氏体铁素体的体积分数增大。随着等温淬火时间的延长,贝氏体铁素体的体积分数增大而过冷奥氏体的量减少,在室温下生成的块状M/A岛的尺寸减小和体积分数降低,碳的配分使过冷奥氏体的稳定性提高,M/A岛中的脆性马氏体比例大幅度降低,拉伸断口由混合型断裂向准解理断裂转变。将这种钢在230℃保温48 h后强塑性匹配最佳,其抗拉强度和屈服强度分别达到1625和1505 MPa,延伸率达到34.5%。     

Mn含量对中锰钢微观组织及力学性能的影响

通过金相观察、X射线衍射、透射分析及力学性能测试,探索了Mn含量对中锰钢微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明,通过临界区退火处理,不同锰含量的中锰钢(w(Mn):3.86%～5.4%)在室温下均可获得铁素体和奥氏体复相组织,奥氏体含量随Mn含量的增加而增多,而其稳定性呈相反的变化趋势。试验钢强度随Mn含量的增加而增加,断后伸长率及断面收缩率两塑性指标随Mn含量变化呈相反的变化趋势,冲击韧性随Mn的增加而降低。试验钢力学性能随Mn含量的变化与试验钢中Mn的存在形式、逆转奥氏体的含量及稳定性相关。     

800MPa级冷轧耐候双相钢连续冷却相变及组织性能研究

为了探索一种800 MPa级冷轧耐候双相钢的连续冷却转变规律及退火后组织性能变化,利用For-master-FⅡ全自动相变仪及连续退火模拟实验机,进行了连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线的测定及连续退火实验.结果表明:实验钢的过冷奥氏体在很低的冷却速度(0.5℃/s)下即可发生马氏体转变,而珠光体转变较少.当冷速为80℃/s时,仅发生马氏体转变;退火后实验钢显微组织中的马氏体呈带状分布,经最优工艺退火后实验钢的显微组织为多边形铁素体(79%)+块状马氏体(16%)+细小的残余奥氏体(5%),残余奥氏体主要分布于马氏体晶粒内部或铁素体的晶界处;实验钢屈服强度为387 MPa,抗拉强度为863 MPa,延伸率为18%,强塑积达到15534.     

前驱体对含Cu低碳钢I&Q&P处理后组织性能的影响

采用IQP工艺和EPMA、SEM和XRD等手段,研究了3种前驱体对含Cu低碳钢残余奥氏体含量及力学性能的影响。结果表明,双相区保温初期试验钢奥氏体长大由C配分控制,后期由合金元素Mn、Cu配分控制;双相区保温奥氏体化后,双相区配分后形成弥散分布的局部高浓度Mn、Cu区域仍保留富集效果,在随后的淬火-碳配分阶段易于形成残余奥氏体。经IQP处理后,前驱体为P+F的钢室温组织中马氏体板条较粗,原始奥氏体晶界并不明显;前驱体为F+M钢得到的马氏体板条有序细密;前驱体为M的钢室温组织中马氏体板条更加细密。其中,前驱体组织为M的钢中残余奥氏体量最高,延伸率为24.1%,强塑积可达25 338 MPa·%,综合性能最好。     

初始组织对低碳钢IQ&P工艺残留奥氏体及力学性能的影响

采用双相区再加热-淬火-碳配分(IQP)工艺,研究初始组织为铁素体+珠光体的IQP-Ⅰ多相钢和初始组织为马氏体的IQP-Ⅱ多相钢的组织形貌、残留奥氏体及力学性能。结果表明:初始组织为铁素体+珠光体的IQP-Ⅰ多相钢室温组织中,铁素体和马氏体基本呈块状分布,块状残留奥氏体存在于铁素体与马氏体界面处,薄膜状只存在于马氏体内的板条之间,且残留奥氏体含量较少,TRIP效应不明显,其抗拉强度为957 MPa,伸长率只有20%,强塑积为19905.6MPa·%。初始组织为马氏体的IQP-Ⅱ多相钢中铁素体和马氏体大多呈灰黑色的板条状或针状,且细小的针状马氏体均匀地分布在铁素体基体上,残留奥氏体只以薄膜状平行分布在铁素体基体上,体积分数达到了13.2%,且具有较高的稳定性,TRIP效应较明显,强塑积达到21560MPa·%,可以获得强度和塑性的良好结合。     

Q&P热处理工艺对含Cu TRIP钢组织和性能的影响

随着能源的短缺和环境污染的日益严重,汽车轻量化需求日益迫切,如何通过工艺及成分设计革新、获得兼具高强度和高塑性的钢板尤为重要.尝试将Cu作为合金元素加入TRIP钢中,采用淬火配分(QP)工艺对含Cu TRIP钢进行一步法和两步法热处理,通过拉伸试验、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜、透射电镜等实验手段,对热处理后的组织及性能进行测试和观察,探究了不同热处理工艺对组织和性能的影响.研究结果表明:一步法处理后的显微组织为铁素体、马氏体和残余奥氏体,两步法处理后不仅包含上述3种组织,还含有贝氏体.一步法处理后,抗拉强度达2 200 MPa,拉伸延展率为15%,强塑积为33 GPa·%;两步法处理后综合力学性能优于一步法,在400℃等温5 min后,抗拉强度为1 300 MPa,拉伸延展率为43%,强塑积超过55 GPa·%.实验钢良好的综合力学性能得益于铁素体、马氏体/贝氏体和残余奥氏体的合理配比,变形过程中残余奥氏体的相变诱导塑性效应,以及马氏体位错与Cu粒子的交互作用.     

Tuning austenite stability in a medium Mn steel and relationship to structure and mechanical properties

We study here the underlying factors that govern the stability of austenite in a medium Mn (Fe–0.18C–11Mn–3.8Al) (wt-%) steel. In this regard, a novel heat treatment involving intercritical quenching and tempering was designed to obtain high total elongation (TEL) and high ultimate tensile strength (UTS) in the cold-rolled steel. And the UTS and TEL approached 920–1150?MPa and 35–65%, respectively. The product of TEL and UTS (PSE) exceeded 40?GPa%, with a maximum value of 60?GPa%. A detailed analysis of microstructure before and after tensile deformation revealed that the TRIP effect occurred and the stability of austenite was predominantly governed by the grain sizes of austenite rather than the orientation of austenite grains. The theoretical analysis of work hardening data suggested that the superior elongation of medium Mn TRIP steel is related to the high stability of austenite and the cooperative deformation of ferrite.     

Relative effect of C and Mn on strength-toughness of medium Mn steels

In order to find an alternative choice for structural load-bearing components, an effort was made to improve the impact toughness of medium Mn steel through inter-critical annealing treatment without significant reduction in strength. Besides, the relative effect of C and Mn contents on microstructure and mechanical properties of medium Mn steels was also studied. Fibrous microstructures with fine, alternate films of ferrite and martensite with retained austenite were obtained. The low-C, high-Mn steel showed a superior combination of yield strength, ductility and impact toughness due to finer microstructure and higher retained austenite fraction, as compared to high-C, low-Mn steel. Thus, the beneficial effect of Mn enrichment in stabilising retained austenite and improving mechanical properties by transformation induced plasticity effect becomes evident.     

The role of grain size in static and cyclic deformation behaviour of a laser reversion annealed metastable austenitic steel

Different grain sizes were created in a metastable 17Cr‐7Mn‐7Ni steel by martensite‐to‐austenite reversion at different temperatures using a laser beam. Two fully reverted material states obtained at 990°C and 780°C exhibited average grain sizes of 7.7 and 2.7 μm, respectively. The third microstructure (610°C) consisted of grains at different stages of recrystallization and deformed austenite. A hot‐pressed, coarse‐grained counterpart was studied for reference. The yield and tensile strengths increased with refined grain size, maintaining reasonable elongation except for the heterogeneous microstructure. Total strain‐controlled fatigue tests revealed increasing initial stress amplitudes but decreasing cyclic hardening and fatigue‐induced α′‐martensite formation with decreasing grain size. Fatigue life was slightly improved for the 2.7‐μm grain size. Contrary, the heterogeneous microstructure yielded an inferior lifetime, especially at high strain amplitudes. Examinations of the cyclically deformed microstructure showed that the characteristic deformation band structure was less pronounced in refined grains.     

Microstructural evolution and tensile behaviour of medium carbon microalloyed steel processed through two thermomechanical routes

Abstract

A multiphase microstructure was obtained in a medium carbon microalloyed steel using two step cooling (TSC) from a lower than usual finish forging/rolling temperature (800–850°C). A low temperature anneal was then used to optimise the tensile properties. A multiphase microstructure (ferrite–bainite–martensite) resulted from forging as well as rolling. These were characterised using optical and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and hardness measurements were used for phase identification. Tensile properties and work hardening curves were obtained for both the forged and the rolled multiphase variants. A Jaoul–Crussard (J–C) analysis was carried out on the tensile data to understand the basic mode of deformation behaviour. Rolling followed by the TSC process produced a uniform microstructure with a very fine grain boundary allotriomorphic ferrite, in contrast to the forged variety, which contained in addition coarse idiomorphic ferrite. The volume fraction of ferrite and its contiguity ratio in the rolled microstructure were greater than in the forged grade. The rolled microstructure exhibited a better combination of strength and toughness than that of the forged material. The rolled steel work hardened more than the forged variety owing to its fine, uniform (bainite–martensite and ferrite) microstructure. Retained austenite present in these steels underwent a strain induced transformation to martensite during tensile deformation. The J–C analysis of the work hardening rates revealed typical three stage behaviour in both varieties during tensile deformation.     

Tensile deformation of a duplex Fe-20Mn-9Al-0.6C steel having the reduced specific weight

The room temperature deformation characteristics of a duplex Fe-20Mn-9Al-0.6C steel with the reduced specific weight of 6.84 g/cm³ in the fully solutionized state were described in conjunction with the deformation mechanisms of its constituent phases. The phase fraction was insensitive to annealing temperature in the range of 800-1100 °C. The ferrite grain size was also nearly unaltered but the austenite grain size slightly increased with increasing annealing temperature. This revealed that there is little window to control the microstructure of the steel by annealing. The steel exhibited a good combination of strength over 800 MPa and ductility over 45% in the present annealing conditions. Ferrite was harder than austenite in this steel. Strain hardening of both phases was monotonic during tensile deformation, but the strain hardening exponent of austenite was higher than that of ferrite, indicating the better strain hardenability of austenite. In addition, the strain hardening exponent of austenite increased but that of ferrite remained unchanged with increasing annealing temperature. The overall strain hardening of the steel followed that of austenite. Considering element partitioning by annealing, the stacking fault energy of austenite of the steel was estimated as ∼70 mJ/m². Even with the relatively high stacking fault energy, planar glide dominantly occurred in austenite. Neither strain induced martensite nor mechanical twins formed in austenite during tensile deformation. Ferrite exhibited the deformed microstructures typically observed in the wavy glide materials, i.e. dislocation cells. The mechanical properties of the present duplex steel were compared to those of advance high strength automotive steels recently developed.     

Design of an effective heat treatment involving intercritical hardening for high-strength–high elongation of 0.2C–1.5Al–(6–8.5)Mn-Fe TRIP steels: microstructural evolution and deformation behaviour

ABSTRACT

We propose an effective heat treatment involving a combination of intercritical hardening and tempering to obtain high strength–high ductility in hot-rolled 0.2C–1.5Al–(6–8.5)Mn–Fe transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. An excellent combination of high ultimate tensile strength of 1045–1380?MPa and total elongation of 34–39% was obtained when the steels were subjected to intercritical hardening at 630–650?°C and tempered at 200?°C. Intercritical hardening impacted the co-existence of austenite, ferrite and martensite, such that the deformation behaviour varied with the Mn content. The excellent properties of the steels were attributed to cumulative contribution of enhanced TRIP effect of austenite and ferrite and martensite constituents. The discontinuous TRIP e?ect during tensile deformation involves stress relaxation and led to consequent enhancement of ductility.     

回火温度对两相区退火海工钢组织和性能的影响

对690 MPa级海工钢进行“淬火+两相区退火+回火”三步热处理,研究了回火温度对其组织和性能的影响、分析了力学性能变化与组织演变和残余奥氏体体积分数之间的关系。结果表明：回火后实验钢的显微组织为回火贝氏体/马氏体、临界铁素体和残余奥氏体的混合组织。随着回火温度的提高贝氏体/马氏体和临界铁素体逐渐分解成小尺寸晶粒,而残余奥氏体的体积分数逐渐增加;屈服强度由787 MPa降低到716 MPa,塑性和低温韧性明显增强,断后伸长率由20.30%增至29.24%,-40℃下的冲击功由77 J提升至150 J。残余奥氏体体积分数的增加引起裂纹扩展功增大,是低温韧性提高的主要原因。贝氏体/马氏体的分解和残余奥氏体的生成,引起组织细化、晶粒内低KAM值位错的比例逐渐提高和小角度晶界峰值的频率增大,使材料的塑性和韧性显著提高。