基于表码的电量数据处理方法

从现场采集的电量表码数据直接用于电量结算时，计算出的电量值可能存在很大偏差。根据原始电量数据是等间隔的时序数据的特点，首先通过将缺失数据自动补录和异常数据自动校验修正，以保证数据的连续性和完整性;然后通过对回零、更换电表、更换电流互感器和电压互感器、旁代路等计量业务的自动处理，以简化电量计算方法;最后通过对缺失电量的手工追补和电量数据的比对校验，以减少电量的损失，进一步验证结算电量数据的正确性。该方法在河北购电管理系统中获得了很好的实践效果。     

兼顾效率与帕累托改进的电力市场竞价模式

基于“转轨经济学”的研究成果，从中国经济体制改革中计划与市场并存的“双轨制”方式出发，应用一般均衡分析比较了全电量竞价和部分电量竞价2种市场模式的优缺点，提出基于发电权和用电权交易等计划电量转让机制的部分电量竞价模式，是能够兼顾市场效率的提高和市场成员福利的帕累托改进的市场模式。在分析东北和华东区域电力市场实践经验的基础上，设计了基于计划电量转让机制的混合型部分电量竞价模式。根据中国国情，建议中国应首先采用基于发电权交易的部分电量竞价模式，在售电侧开放后增加用电权交易，待条件成熟后再逐步过渡到全电量竞价模式，以利于减小改革成本、促进节能降耗，实现电力市场化的平稳过渡。     

基于强夯施工时序影像的夯次智能监测方法

夯击次数是强夯法施工过程质量控制的关键指标,实现夯次自动计量对强夯施工具有重要意义.提出了一种基于强夯施工时序影像的夯次智能监测方法.首先,利用相机采集强夯施工过程中的夯锤运动时序影像并建立强夯施工过程中夯锤相对于相机测站点的运动时序模型;其次,基于采集到的影像序列提取夯锤运动速度特征,建立夯锤运动模式状态序列;最后,...     

确定性电量分解算法实证分析

确定性电量分解算法是一种直观、简单的分解方法，但相关实证性研究较少。文中提出平均合同电量比例、平均合同电量比例与电价相关性2项公平性评估指标，采用期望、标准差和半标准差评估年度基数合同对电厂的收益和风险的影响。选用华东区域市场实际数据，分析结果表明确定性电量分解算法公平地对待发购电双方，电厂签订年度基数合同可有效降低其风险。     

基于INMOPSO的含水风光电力系统优化调度研究

考虑水风光可再生能源消纳受阻问题,以运行成本最小和水风光弃电量最小为目标建立了电力系统多目标优化调度模型。运用多目标法改进约束条件处理方式,采用马氏距离改进适应值计算方式,提出了改进小生境多目标粒子群算法。实例计算结果表明,改进算法的近似Pareto前沿、算法收敛性和解分布的均匀性均优于对比算法,最佳均衡解的运行成本和弃电量也均小于对比算法,改进策略可行有效。     

一种简易闭环投矾控制算法的介绍

分析了净水厂投矾控制的现状,提出中小规模净水厂投矾控制中的问题。通过对比人工和自动投加的优缺点,确立了投矾控制的原则。采用时序分析的方法,阐述了不同时段的投药对絮凝效果的影响,进而使用递归的方法归纳出一种简易投矾闭环控制算法。并结合某水厂的投矾系统自动化改造过程介绍了该算法在实际中的实现方法和相关注意事项。     

基于复杂网络社团结构理论的同调等值算法

基于复杂网络社团结构理论，提出了一种同调等值的新算法。首先构造动态电力网络的加权Laplace矩阵，在此基础上利用谱平分法分析系统故障后的Laplace矩阵，将系统划分为2个区域，其中同步能力弱化系数最小的机组所在的区域被选为研究区域，另一个则为外部区域。然后基于模块度的概念构建分区评价指标，并利用凝聚算法分析故障前的Laplace矩阵，将外部区域划分为多个等值分区。对IEEE 39节点系统的仿真分析表明，所提出的同调等值算法能够自动确定研究区域和外部区域，自动确定外部区域中等值分区的数目，而且计算量小，迅速准确。     

贝叶斯框架下的大坝变形交互式时变预测模型及其验证

大坝变形是同一时刻内外多重风险因素综合作用的结果,应用时序分析方法挖掘历史监测数据潜在规律是变形预测的常用方法,现有时变预测模型不仅参数配置难度高,且难以融入专业知识,导致预测效果并不理想。本文提出一种耦合自动预测算法与大坝专业知识的交互式变形预测模型。该模型在贝叶斯框架下,以加法模型为基础重构各时序分解项作为模型底层,根据仿真结果甄选模型参数缺省值进行自动预测,通过结合参数化检测与直观参数配置实现交互式建模,并借助拟合可视化和统计指标准确反映预测误差来源,从而进一步修正参数以提高模型适用性。基于上述流程协同构建的大坝变形循环预测体系,以某混凝土坝多测点长期变形监测数据为例,对模型的准确性、鲁棒性和灵活性进行了有效验证与分析,为大坝变形安全预测与分析提供了新的模型和手段。     

龙羊峡水电站增容发电量复核分析

龙羊峡水电站机组具有增容的必要性和可能性。为探求电站增容后产生的效益，以梯级水电站调度图为依据，建立数学模型，采用优化算法，拟定6种方案，进行电站增容发电量复核分析，通过比较各方案的多年平均发电量，平均水头和发电保证率等指标，分析电量增加的主要因素，结论是电站增容后产生的电量增值效益是明显的，这可为电站增容项目的实施提供技术参考。     

改进YOLOv3的轻量化漂浮物检测算法

【目的】为解决水域监控下漂浮物检测效率低、检测模型复杂度高的问题，提出一种基于改进YOLOv3的轻量化漂浮物检测算法。【方法】使用轻量级网络MobileNetv3代替YOLOv3的主干特征提取网络Darknet53以降低模型计算量和参数；构建简化版加权双向特征金字塔网络(Bi-FPN-tiny)以进行多尺度特征的加权融合；利用Focal Loss优化损失函数，加强对于困难样本的学习。为验证所提算法的有效性，建立了PASCAL VOC格式的漂浮物数据集，并进行数据标注和增广。【结果】结果表明：改进后的算法平均精度均值(mAP)达到92.8%,比原算法提高了7.1%;在NVIDIA Quadro P2200显卡下检测速度达到了86 fps/s,高于YOLOv3算法的47 fps/s;模型体积为43.7 MB,仅为初始算法的17.7%。【结论】改进YOLOv3是一种性能优越且轻量化的模型，为在移动端进行实时漂浮物检测提供了新的契机。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。     

小湾水库大坝防渗面板及其裂缝的加固处理

小湾水库大坝防渗面板整体抗渗性能差,且存在多条裂缝,通过对面板钢丝网喷涂丙乳砂浆加固处理及其裂缝修补,大坝渗漏量明显减少,且左岸上灌浆廊道内及大坝下游坝面92～93 m高程下廊道入口处原有小股射流全部消失.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。